CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter accounts with the theories related to the research. It elucidates

the definition of learning management, expextation, and organisation.

2.1 Learning Management

Learning management is setting to use our time properly in leaning. According

to King (2018) Learning management is improving knowledge through planning,

organizing, motivating, and controlling of people. Some students utilize their time

to reach some goals like academic achievement or others. To reach their goal, they

have to be able manage their time properly so that it becomes true.

2.1.1 Time Management

Academic achievement for students is very important because academic

achievement describes a picture of the success rate during the process of the

lectures. In fulfilling the demands for good academics achievement, there are some

efforts to get the academic achievement. There are rule oriented, procedural, and

intellectual (Carbonaro, 2005). Rule oriented means that students must follow the

rule which is in school or university. Procedure has meaning that student must meet

the specific demands set by teacher or lecturer such finish task and submit on time.

However, intellectual is applying their cognition to understanding curriculum

challenges. Other researchers also support that students must study hard and

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manage well their time despite being faced with the constraints associated with

setting up a college schedule with time organisation (Puspitasari, 2013).

Time management is one of the important approaches in the attainment of

academic achievement. By doing time management, it can control our weakness in

learning process (Puspitasari, 2013). Moreover, Lakein ( 1973, as cited in

Robertson, 1999) involves time management as determining needs, setting goals to

achieve the needs, prioritizing the tasks required and matching tasks to time and

resources through planning, scheduling and making lists. It will also bring us to the

emotional intelligence sub dimensions of self-control, conscientiousness, initiative,

self-confidence, and achievement drive (Clark, Callister, & Wallace, 2003). It

means that time management assists big rule for the success of learning.

Another researcher mentioned also that time management is planning,

controlling things that can be controlled and spending the most productive time on

important issues (Behnam, Jenani, & Ahangari, 2014). Time management also is

not about doing many things in one day. It is about doing the most important things

(Adu-Oppong, Agyin-birikorang, Darko, & Aikins, 2014). By prioritizing the

important things, students will save their time wisely.

2.1.1.1 The strategy managing time

Implementing time management, there some strategies which must do. The

strategies had purposes to create our activity run well and get good result. Chase et

al., (2013) also states that if the increasing of time focused on developing things,

generally predicts the quantity of these products. These strategies are set realistic

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and attainable goals, optimise realistic planning, prioritise, and effective

scheduling. Therefore, students must be able to manage their schedule and further

plans. In addition, doing an activity by setting our time properly will bring up to

our goal (Stallings, 1980).

Other researchers also support that time management must be used properly.

Rombe, M (2016) asserts to make time management to be successful, students must

create schedule, record all activities, set goal, stop procrastination, create an

environment conducive to effectiveness and set priorities. Not only that, Lawrence

also adds commitment because time management will be useless if it is not done.

2.1.1.2 Benefit time management

Time management has benefit for some students. Time management has been

described such as having advantageous for both individual and organisation for

some years. It is the most basic self- management (Conley, 2011). Therefore, we

can control our daily academic or non-academic activity well.

Guiding our time properly, it will carry out us to academic achievement. We

must determine again from what we will start until the academic achievement can

hold in our hand. Time management also is an ability for making a decision to what

is most important for the academic, the organisation and life. Time management

refers to planning the time available in line with personal goals and lifestyles. The

criterion for efficient time management lies not only in achieving set goals but also

in attaining them in the minimum time possible (Kaya, Kaya, Palloş, & Küçük,

2012). Time management is self-regulation in using time as effectively and

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efficiently as possible by doing planning, scheduling, control over time, always

prioritizing according to their interests, as well as the desire to be organized that

can be seen from behaviours as organizing the workplace and not procrastinating

work (Macan & Hoffmacan, 2016).

Planning and well-outlined schedule are one of the primary keys to be active

students. By planning and well outline schedule, it can help students to improve

their quality of academic well. In addition, students are able to reach their goals and

priorities. From all process planning and well outlined, it influences into

undergraduates’ grades or GPA (Alsalem, Alamodi, & Hazazi, 2018).

2.1.1.3 Problem inability time management

Inability to goal setting, planning, and monitoring activities is the reason why

students cannot manage their time. Procrastination is often faced by students who

cannot manage time properly so that their results in academic achievement is poor

(Aeon & Aguinis, 2017). Therefore, a late individual can be indicated from the way

they manage their time schedule improperly (Mbonu & D, 2018).

One of the factors which influenced the students at university in arranging their

time is the university self. Besides the student, the university also has an important

role to determine the students’ time management (van der Meer, Jansen, &

Torenbeek, 2010). Students do not only study but they also have activity outside of

learning at college. Giving assignments from different lecturers all at the same time,

making students are unable to arrange their time management well.

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 2.1.1.4 Impact of inability to manage time

Poor time management behaviours, such as, not allocating time properly or

last-minute cramming for exams, are sources of stress. A poorly managed schedule

is a recipe for stress and unhappiness as all of those jobs pile up around us and we

do not seem to have enough time to get them all done (Vennila, 2018). On the others

hand, impact inability managing time has effect for poor academic performance.

Some students do not pay attention to their times so that some of them fail in

academic (Alay & Koçak, 2002). To avoid that case, the students must pay attention

again for scheduling, listing, and arranging their time activity.

2.2 Reasons for joining students club

As stated before, students who join an organization have diverse expectation.

They have many kinds of goal joining the organization. The expectation is

individual beliefs or beliefs about what must be happened or be obtained in certain

situations (Subethra & Nirmala, 2018). This is also supported by other researchers

that expectations is a person's belief in the efforts they make at work, the

performance they achieve from that effort, and the rewards they receive from effort

and performance (Lunenburg, 2011).

Besides that, Students who are involved in organisation had motivation to

change their lives to be batter so that they expect something from involvement in

the organization. Other researchers also said that expectation that they have is from

their motivation (Sloof & van Praag, 2008). They join in organisation because they

believe it has big influence.

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 2.2.1 Expectation factors

Implementation of expectation in person's life has some factors. The factors

which influence the purpose of expectations according to Baldwin, Kiviniemi, &

Snyder (2009) includes:

a. How much is the value of the results endeavoured.

b. Solving can be successful toward result and expectation.

c. Self-thinking and how effectively a person will follow his path in an

effort to achieve goals.

Meanwhile, according to Crisp et al., (2009) factors which influence expectation

factor described in their research are social support, religious belief and control.

2.3 Students club

Academic achievement is very needed for all students. To get that

achievement, some students join an organisation. An organisation is a group of

people has a common goal to be achieved. In organisation, there is a process called

by organising. Organising is all process in an organisation from collecting or

gathering human being, tasks, tools, authorities and responsibilities that can create

an organization as unite to get a common goal of the organisation which has a deal

by other members before (Holt, Sims, Fineman, & Gabriel, 1995).

To get academic achievement, some students strengthen their reliance on an

organization. A student that active in an organization is called as an activist. Activist

can use organisation to get academic achievement. Being active in an organisation

can cover knowledge that cannot be obtained in college. They believe joining an

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organisation the knowledge that they absorb can be perfect when they are learning

also in the organisation. The big problem which faces by the students who process

in academic and organisation is managing their time.

2.3.1 Benefits of joining organisation

Students involve in an organization have a positive expectation in several areas

of social development. One example occurs in higher education is that students who

are members of the organisation hope good education and career (Foubert &

Grainger, 2006). The usefulness of following an organization also help students in

higher education students and faculty, let students interact in a non-formal setting,

and enable students to strengthen their leadership and communication skills

(Hegedus & Student, 1993).

There some benefits for students who active organisation. Some of them are

leadership, knowledge, etc. According to Letithwood (2013), Students’

involvement in organizations gave them access to peers who then provided

leadership skill, friendship, support, and knowledge (K. Leithwood, 2013). In

addition, students who engaged with their college organisation have some benefits

such as learning skills, acquiring knowledge, completing their degrees, and an

easier path in obtaining employment (Holzweiss, Rahn, & Wickline, 2005).

Being active in organisation has good impact for our psychic. Extra-curricular

or organisation activities are effective to the extent that they create opportunities

for students to develop self-confidence, to improve their mental health, strengthen

relationships with others, try new things and expand their interests (Park, 2015).

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Many variations of student expectation join an organisation in college. That is very

interesting for me to observe how they manage their time in the organization and

what the expectation of joining an organization.

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