CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

The ability to effectively manage time is one of the characteristics that

students employ to achieve academic performance. Focusing on efficient time

management is the key to attaining success in life. In the late 1950s, the

behavior of time management was first characterized. Time management is the

process of maximizing the use of available time, which includes organization,

goal setting, prioritizing goals and activities, communication, and delegation. By

controlling oneself at the same time, individuals are able to perform many tasks,

recognize their tasks, and adjust to their limitations. The development of other

resources is contingent upon the presence and availability of time

(Mohamadkhani et. al, 2018)

Time management is crucial, as it can affect an individual's overall

performance and successes. All of these, however, are connected by how

individuals manage their time to adapt their everyday lives or make it flow

smoothly with their routines. In addition to their teachers' excellent lectures,

conducive settings and environment will undoubtedly encourage

beneficial outcomes among students. Nonetheless, time management is

one of the factors that can influence a student's performance as a student. Time
management is crucial for academic success. However, some students lack

effective time management abilities, which have a severe impact on their

personal and academic lives (Nasrullah and Khan, 2019).

Absent of students, the value of schools, colleges, and universities are

worthless. Students are an educational institution's most valuable asset.

The academic performance of students has a significant effect on the country's

social and economic growth. The students' performance plays a crucial role in

producing graduates of the finest quality who will become great leaders

and manpower for the country, so contributing to its economic and social

progress (Ali et.al, 2018). Student academic performance measurement has

received much attention in prior study; it is a difficult element of academic

literature; and scientific student performance is influenced bysocial,

psychological, economic, environmental, and personal factors. These variables

vary from person to person and country to country, but have a significant impact

on student success. (Mushtaq & Khan, 2020).

According to Krashen (2018) students with educated parents outperform

those with uneducated pa1rents unstandardized tests. Educated parents

can communicate with their children more effectively about schoolwork,

activities, and information being taught in school. They can help their children

do their homework and participate in school more effectively (Fantuzzo

& Tighe, 2000; Trusty, 1999 and cited in Farooq, 2019)

Students' academic performance is also influenced by their home

environment. Educated parents can create an environment conducive to their

parents on how to create a positive home environment in order to improve

students' work quality (Marzano, 2003). Students' academic performance is

heavily reliant on parental involvement in their academic activities in order

to achieve a higher level of quality in academic success (Barnard, 2004;

Henderson, 1988; Shumox & Lomax, 2001).

Prioritization is the process of assigning importance to tasks and

determining when they must be completed. When one uses the prioritization

process, it means that one’s energy, time, attention, and focus are all prioritized

for that specific task, from top to bottom. Prioritization has numerous advantages

that must be taken advantage of. To begin with, prioritization makes work more

efficient. Workflow is critical for completing tasks on time and without stumbling

blocks or distractions. It also aids in the prevention of stress, anxiety, physical

exhaustion, and mental breakdowns. Another advantage is that prioritization and

time management are essential life skills (Tumanishvili, 2022). Time

management is a skill that has an impact on a student's academic success.

Students, on the other hand, do not believe that prioritizing tasks based on

importance is necessary (Aduke, 2015). This causes academic anxiety.

Academic stress can occur as a result of situations such as students rushing to

finish an assignment, feeling the pressure of cramming for exams; or sleeping for

only a few hours due to disorganization and worry. Students are frustrated when

they try to get themselves to start working because they lack time management

skills such as task prioritization (Aduke, 2015 and cited in Peng & Kamil, 2018).
All of the different tasks and academic grades were determined. As a result,

students must be able to manage their time, as time management is an important

partof academic success (Aduke, 2015). Prioritizing the tasks will make studying

and doing

assignments less overwhelming and more enjoyable. To achieve both

success and peace of mind, effective time management techniques should be

applied to students ‘overall schedules. The student should plan their

time according to their priorities (Aduke, 2015). According to Al-Zoubi

(2016), the best use of time is to prioritize tasks based on their importance.

According to Al-Zoubi (2016), one must take priority (Peng &Kamil, 2018).

In the relevant literature there are great number of academic studies

focusing on the relation between time management and academic achievements.

The related literature showed that the time management attitude and skill levels

of university students and the effects of these skills on their academic

achievement. The research revealed that a majority student possesses moderate

level time management skills and only a significantly small portion has high level

time management skills (Yilmaz, Yoncalik & Bektaş, 2017).

Time management is a skill that every student should not only know, but

also apply. A lot of university students complain about running out of time when

asked to do a certain task, they get frustrated because they are not able to make

it before the deadline. Time management is extremely important, especially when

it comes to university students because it will boost their grades and enhance

their productivity (Laurie & Hellsten, 2018).

their academic achievement at a significant level and the skills are one of the

predictors of academic performance. The relevant literature suggested that

students should start to acquire time management senses on their own in their

primary school years by reading materials on the issue or via the framework of

psychological counseling and guidance studies applied in schools and adopt

effective time management attitudes and techniques to determine how and

where they spend their time (Lisa & Robert, 2019).

To calculate the cumulative time spent working during a week, these

objects were also added. Time management practices have been proven to be

some of the top indicators toward achieving a high level of academic

success and performance. They not only influence on the achievement but using

time management techniques also serve only one reason meaning that there are

multipurpose fulfilled by time management (Fazal, 2019). Taking part in

proceedings and being engaged in other outside class activities, not inevitably a

job, but being energetic in institution also has a strong correlation to reaching

high academic achievements. Various studies showed that time management

practices serve for many purposes not only for challenging performance of the

students. Time management practices show the way not only to a high level of

academic performance, but to good physical condition and lower levels of stress.

The foremost purpose of the present study was educational competency, using

time managing techniques, test pressure, and test proficiency (Faisal, Miqdadi,

Abdulla & Mohammad, 2014). Academic competence scores were established

course material/content encouraging and enjoying their classes.

Effective time management and organization can aid in the timely

completion of projects. While it may appear that certain people are

naturally organized, the vast majority of people must actively struggle

to become structured. Being organized enables people to swiftly locate

anything they require (Contributor, 2021).

Essentially, time management is the process of organizing and

planning the amount of time a person or organization spends on specified

activities in order to attain goals. Effective time management, according to

Gregusson (2018), promotes organizational productivity. He proposed seven

principles that individuals can follow tube more productive and efficient in

attaining organizational objectives. Create a list; establish priorities; ensure you

have everything you need before you begin; concentration the essentials; do not

stray; and stay organized (Irikefe, 2017).

People can improve their productivity. By staying organized, people will

spend less time searching for items and more time completing essential

activities. It can lessen their stress level. You can be prompt. It can assure that it

will meet deadlines. When tasks begin to build up, it is easy to forget small but

vital tasks (Wolch, n.d).

Motivation has been demonstrated to positively affect students' study

strategies, academic performance, adjustment, and well-being in educational

secondary, and higher education, it has been found that motivation influences

academic performance through study effort as a mediator (Vansteenkiste et al.

2005). There are various theories of motivation; some emphasize the quantity

of motivation while others emphasize its quality. Motivation could be high

or lacking in quantity. Whether a source of motivation is internal or external

affects the quality of motivation. Self-Determination Theory (SDT) of motivation

holds that the quality of motivation is more essential than its quantity and

presents a continuum for quality of motivation (Ryan and Deci 2000a, b and cited

in Kusurak, 2018).