UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN

PHILIPPINES

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINE PERFORMANCE

INTERFACING IN POWERTRAIN SYSTEM

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Autotronics

College of Technology

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in

Autotronics

Prof. Arnelo Naelga

Thesis Adviser/Department chair

Genon, Maria Theresa

Bacas, King Cyrus

Gallego, Jerry Boy

Ponce, Reymond

Rementizo, Louie

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ABSTRACT

The goal of this study is to create and test an Engine Performance interfacing

in Powertrain system to eliminate or considerably reduce the risk of a sudden accident

caused by engine components malfunctioning. A system that provides an advanced

monitoring system that automatically addresses problems of engine components.

Common issues inevitably encountered when travelling is the unexpected damage of

the automobile engine wherein do not have a basic understanding of how to diagnose

the problem. In this situation, engine performance interfacing in powertrain system is

extremely beneficial in terms of emergency travel or urgent use of vehicle. This

innovation will have capability to display the current condition and troubleshoot the

engine. The software for this system is developed, and it can display the system’s

flaws by showing diagnostic trouble codes. This device aids automobile owners in

determining the present status of their automobile engine and makes it easier to check

for problems in the vehicle’s engine systems and subsystems. Functionality,

Aesthetics, Portability, Cost Effectiveness, Safety, and Durability were among the six

criteria used by the researchers in this study, which were scored by respondents. The

researchers have concluded that the development of engine performance interfacing in

powertrain system is viable. All of the project’s pieces and features have been tested,

and it is now operational. Based on the results of the designer’s study, several

recommendations have been made to further improve the project. Keywords: On-

Board Diagnostics (OBD), Diagnostics Trouble Codes (DTC).

CHAPTER I

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THE PROBLEM

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Vehicle systems are difficult to maintain since they are

complicated in both hardware and software. The typical maintenance

technique utilized in the automotive industry is reactive, which reduces

the vehicle's lifetime and costs money. To overcome these challenges,

predictive maintenance is essential at this point. It is reported by

European Commission that there will be 50% increment in transport

vehicles within 20 years. Maintaining vehicle performance will

necessitate appropriate techniques. A vehicle with a complex

construction necessitates a well-thought-out maintenance approach

(Asad Safi, 2018).

Early detection and repair of a problem is beneficial in nearly

any situation since it reduces the inevitable buildup of damage down

the road. This cause-and-effect idea holds true for automobile engines

as well. Engine problems should be diagnosed as soon as possible

because engines are more repairable at this time. If a problem is

ignored, it will worsen and end up costing a motorist hundreds of

dollars to fix. And if the problem worsens, a complete engine

replacement maybe require.

For many people, this means that their cars are wrecked because

the cost of a new automobile engine exceeds the worth of their car. To

avoid having to buy a new car engine, make sure you notice and solve

problems as soon as possible ( NORTHEAST Auto Service, 2017). A car's

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engine is its beating heart. It's a complex machine that transfers heat

from burning gas into the force that propels the vehicle forward. By

igniting a mixture of fuel vapour and compressed air inside a

momentarily sealed cylinder and forcing it to burn quickly, a spark sets

in motion a cascade of operations that achieves that purpose. It is for

this reason that the machine is known as an internal combustion engine.

The mixture expands as it burns, generating the necessary power to

move the car. The engine must have a sturdy construction to endure its

enormous duty. The cylinder block, a casing for the engine's major

moving elements is the bottom, heavier section; the cylinder head, a

detachable upper cover, is the higher, lighter section.

The cylinder head has valve-controlled channels through which

the air and fuel mixture enters the cylinders, as well as tubes through

which the combustion gases are evacuated.The crankshaft, which

converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotary motion at

the crankshaft, is housed in the block. The camshaft, which controls the

mechanics that open and close the valves in the cylinder head, is

frequently housed in the block. The camshaft can be either in the head

or placed above it ( How a Car Works, 2017).

Engine failures can happen in a wide range of machines,

vehicles, and applications. On rare occasions, a single vehicle type or

equipment family will encounter several engine failures, necessitating

the unavoidable necessity to figure out what caused one or all of the

failures. This comprehensive engine performance interfacing introduces

participants to the methods and techniques used to understand the types

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of variables and inputs that can affect engine reliability and then

determine the most likely cause of a single engine failure or a cluster

of engine failures in the field. Predictive maintenance, corrective

maintenance, and preventive maintenance are the three types of

maintenance procedures utilized in the automotive industry. In the

automotive business, preventive maintenance is typical practice, with

car parts being upgraded on a regular basis.

Diagnostics, in contrast to preventative and prognostic processes,

is concerned with the current status of any subsystem, whereas

prognosis is concerned with the subsystem's future state. There are

serious challenges when we deal with prognostic maintenance. On-

board data is handled through prognostic maintenance. Because the

expense of developing on-board diagnostics in a vehicle is limited,

there are only a few sensors available. When the vehicle is in motion,

these sensors generate thousands of signals or data streams. Wireless

communication is used to send these signals to a mobile phone or a

laptop connected to the car ( Vehicle Remote Health and Prognostic

Maintenance System, 2018).

It necessitates a large storage capacity, resulting in a hefty cost.

As a result, these types of systems are rarely used. During the last

decade, there has been a remarkable surge in research on car

diagnostics. Prytz presents a comprehensive examination of how

machine learning algorithms are employed in the automobile sector for

defect prediction, as well as a detailed discussion of predictive

maintenance in the car industry. “Consensus self-organized models for

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fault detection (COSMO)” was presented in which sensor’s data is

used. Experiments were conducted with heavy vehicles and municipal

buses. COSMO is a concept that aims to extend the life of a vehicle.

Another method for predicting vehicle compressor faults was examined,

which relied on logged on-board data. This approach was shown on a

Volvo truck, and it was presented as a way to predict the need for air

compressor replacement in buses and trucks. For prediction, a random

forest was applied to logged on-board data.

Because of the rising complexity of the automotive sector, the

focus has shifted to automated data analysis. Meanwhile, with the low

cost of wireless connection and the growing popularity of Android

phone applications, on-board car diagnostic systems for vehicle health

monitoring were developed, with the driver being warned in the event

of any alarming situations ( Vehicle Remote Health and Prognostic Maintenance

System 2018). There are numerous ways for performing diagnostic and

prognostic maintenance for each of the approaches outlined above. We

propose completed infrastructure of Engine performance interfacing

using data collected when vehicle is on move. On the dashboard, engine

performance interfacing refers to remotely monitoring and forecasting

faults in various engine components. Our contributions are twofold:

defect prediction in various engine components and real-time engine

monitoring.

One significant benefit of the proposed method might be in the

current automotive industry projects, such as driverless cars, in which

every system in the automobile is automated. This study describes a

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method for analyzing subsystems and predicting faults utilizing

flexible brackets and machine learning algorithms, as well as smart

phone applications (Android tablet, Bluetooth scanner).

1.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The researchers aimed to design and develop an engine performance interfac-

ing in powertrain system in order to troubleshoot, prevent sudden malfunctions and

underlying problems of the engine. For the study to come into fruition, the following

framework is used (see fig. 1.1).

Input Variable Process Variable

 Problem  Designing
identification Output Variable
 Testing DESIGN AND
 Principles and DEVELOPMENT
 Evaluating OF ENGINE
theories
PERFORMANCE
 Development
 Tools and INTERFACING IN
Equipment POWERTRAIN
SYSTEM
 Supplies and
materials

Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework of the Study

First, researcher must gather data from various sources such as but not limited

to the internet, news and interviews from automotive technicians in relation to the

study conducted. The collated data can help in the identification of the problem as

well as provide input as to the design, development and evaluation of the system. The

process includes initially the designing of the device, and then followed by the actual

development of the prototype. The prototype is then evaluated for its functionality,

safety, cost effectiveness and durability.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

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The research objectives for the project undertaken are as follows:

1. To design and develop a real-time performance monitoring system of

automobile engine.

2. Minimize the production hours lost to maintenance.

3. Evaluate the performance of engine performance interfacing.

1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Predictive maintenance has grown more significant in numerous industries, in-

cluding the automotive vehicle industry. Because of the restricted availability of sen-

sors and some of design efforts, it is difficult to diagnose failure in advance in the au-

tomobile sector. However with the great development in automotive industry, it

looks feasible today to analyze sensor’s data along with machine learning techniques

for failure prediction. In this paper, an approach is presented for designing and devel-

oping of vehicle monitoring system using engine performance interfacing in vehi-

cles. Specifically, this paper seeks to give dissertation to the following questions.

1. What should be taken into account when building and constructing an engine

performance interfacing?

2. What elements, components, and specifications are required to create an

engine performance interfacing?

3. What are the function and effects of this innovation in designing and

developing the vehicle’s monitoring system?

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What needed?

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An advance monitoring system to monitor the condition and performance of

engine of vehicle that can help reduce the risk of sudden malfunction of

engine components.

What can we offer?

The Engine performance interfacing has the potential to eliminate or

considerably reduce the risk of sudden accident caused by a vehicle’s engine

components malfunctioning. A system that provides an advanced monitoring

system that automatically addresses problems of engine components.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The information gathered in this investigation will be used to develop a new

vehicle monitoring system. The study’s findings would be extremely beneficial to

anyone who is concerned about their vehicle’s predictive maintenance and fault

prediction. In addition, this study is significant for car owners to secure the condition

of their automobile engine; reduce the repair cost and avoid sudden vehicle fault.

1.7 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study focuses on designing and developing the engine performance

interfacing. This study will mainly identify and assess different factors that could

possibly be useful to finish this study. Moreover, this study will be conducted with

limited amount of financial resources and time framework.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Monitoring System – A monitoring system is software that helps system

administrators monitor their infrastructure. These tools monitor system

devices, traffic, and applications, and sound the alarm in the event of

malfunctions and disruptions.

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Networking device – Networking devices, or networking hardware, are

physical devices that are required for communication and interaction between

hardware on a computer network.

Engine – The engine is the part of a vehicle that burns fuel and converts it into

mechanical power.

Vehicle owner – Means the registered owner or any person who is a purchaser

of a vehicle whether by way of conditional sale or otherwise howsoever, and

any person who has title to or possession, conditional or otherwise, of a

vehicle.

Industry expert – Ultimately, it’s someone who has considerable expertise in

a field and is willing to share this knowledge with others.

Academic expert – Most often include professors who research, publish

and/or lecture in their field of expertise. Academic experts who regularly teach

courses may also have developed remarkable skill at breaking down complex

topics for a lay audience.

Design – To create fashion, execute, or construct according to the plan:

devise, contrive design, a system for tracking inventory.

Development – Growth, progress, positive change, and the addition of

physical, economic, environmental, social, and demographic components are

all part of the development process.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

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The Engine performance interfacing in powertrain system has the potential to

eliminate or considerably reduce the risk of a sudden accident caused by engine

components malfunctioning. A system that provides an advanced monitoring system

that automatically addresses problems of engine components.

Related Study

Machine learning approaches are being used in vehicle industry since last

decade to improve vehicle up-time. The existing technologies being used in vehicle

industry include machine learning approaches, soft computing, and on-board data

analysis. A new algorithm named “Sequential Pattern Mining Algorithm” was

proposed in which proposed algorithm learned patterns from warranty data of vehicles

and the learned pattern are converted to rule based expert system. An overview of

application being used in manufacturing industry using machine learning approaches

including classification, clustering, and prediction. Then with development in

manufacturing of vehicle, trend moved from diagnostic of vehicles to prognostic

using sensor data as large number of sensors were being implemented in vehicles. An

innovative fault prediction model called “Consensus Self-Organized Model for Fault

Prediction” was developed using the data from these sensors. In which model learned

interesting relationship between sensor’s data in vehicles and also in small

mechatronic systems.

Since traffic is getting crowded day by day, accident danger increases. To

overcome this situation, intelligent systems are being used with new technologies.

Turker and Kutlu presented an overview of existing systems using OBD2 tools and

systems using communication through OBD2 interface. A comprehensive analysis of

vehicle maintenance used unsupervised and supervised techniques with the help of

telematics gateways which enables the vehicles to communicate with back-end server.

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On-board and off-board data was used for vehicle fault diagnostic and prognostics.

Then a novel data cloud service in Internet of things for vehicle was proposed in

which two data mining algorithms were used including Naïve Bayes and Logistic

Regression for warranty analysis using warranty data record of vehicles while the

Multisensor fusion technique to monitor vehicle’s health using oil data and vibration

signals. A comprehensive discussion on how smart sensors could be used for health

monitoring of a system and to diagnose a problem (Another vehicle health monitoring

system using data base, data distribution network, and a communication system). One

more system for health monitoring was demonstrated on a passenger vehicle. System

was able to detect any problem or fault in sensors or actuators. There are cost

constraints when sensor data is being used as large memory space and processor

speeds are required.

One solution for data reduction is using different machine learning techniques

for engine. Another prognostic health monitoring system is used for sensor data in

which agent based system was used. Using on-board data, another remote health

monitoring system in which vehicle no start condition was analyzed in detail. A

vehicle embedded system for health monitoring analyzes the internal condition of

vehicles components by using traveler’s information. The said system was also able to

predict future failures to avoid interruption in journey. To monitor health state of

machines and technical vehicles, a remote diagnostic and monitoring system was

proposed by Manakov et al. An application development project was presented by

Ganesan and Mydhile to monitor vehicles health condition remotely using self-

adaptive technique.

Failure analysis was used to create a prognostic vehicle health monitoring

system for electric vehicles. A model for prognosis and health monitoring for electric

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vehicles has been developed to improve safety and dependability. In the railway

business, a survey of wireless sensor networks was conducted. Another android

application based vehicle health monitoring system was introduced in which engine’s

condition, battery condition, and emission system were monitored, and driver of

vehicle was notified about the condition of mentioned systems via android phone.

A vehicle health maintenance system using Kalman model; sensor data was

used for fault prediction; moreover engine abnormal behavior was also observed by

anomaly detection. Then in the same year another vehicle maintenance system was

proposed for diagnostic and remote prognostic of vehicles based on least squares

support vector machine classifier; the system promoted the use of smart phones in

automotive industry.

There are a large number of devices that conduct diagnosis for abnormality of

vehicle in the market. However, those devices support only C-CAN signal among the

vehicle signals; therefore, it is not possible to diagnose parts that use B-CAN signal.

A majority of vehicle parts generate analog signal in order to operate sensor and

actuator. On that account, it is essential to collect electric signal for an accurate

diagnosis. However, it is required to connect a number of individual devices in order

to diagnose by using the existing equipment; thus, the level of reliability of collected

data will be reduced. Moreover, it is also required for an user to undergo data

extraction process manually in order to extract valid data from the collected data. As a

result, it takes a lot of time and the efficiency of overall inspection and verification

will be reduced.

It is possible to acquire C-CAN data through the equipment called vehicle

diagnostic equipment or vehicle diagnostic device. One can conduct self-diagnosis of

a vehicle through connecting this equipment to OBD (On Board Diagnosis) port of a

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vehicle. Some of the prominent domestic devices thereof include 'Carmanscan' of

Nextech and 'G-Scan' of GIT. C-CAN is able to measure airbag control module,

parking guide module, vehicle diagnostic module, electronic parking brake module,

tire pressure monitoring module, lane departure detection module, smart cruise

control module, ABS control module.

The service sector of industry also known as the tertiary sector is one of the

three major sectors in the industry. The service sector emerged as the major sector of

the economy both in growth and share in gross domestic product (GDP) in the 1990s.

This sector has shown uniform growth and has shown that it is resilient even to the

economic adversities even during down turn of the industry. The global automotive

repair and maintenance services industry is expected to be worth almost billions by

2015. The Indian automotive aftermarket is currently estimated at 2.3% in

contributing of India's GDP. The automotive aftermarket for parts in India is a large

and growing market that spans manufacturers, distributors, retailers, service

providers, and garages. The auto services sector currently employs an estimated

manpower of 787, 7702 and increasing at the rate of 12% p.a. This service sector is

more prevalent in the rural areas when compared to the urban areas due to lower

penetration of the organized sector into this areas.

Studies among this sector has shown employees suffer long working hours

combined with poor remuneration and little social security, in the event of disease,

disability, or death. The owners of such small workplaces are generally found to

discount the health hazards and leave it to the workers themselves to manage their

health problems. Occupational risk among technicians working in these places range

from exposure to various chemicals such as gasoline, benzene, lead, asbestos, exhaust

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fumes to work related accidents, musculo-skeletal trauma due to poor ergonomics at

work places and psycho social problems like alcohol and nicotine dependence.

A study done in France to identify risk factors of laryngeal and hypo

pharyngeal cancers showed that there was an excess risk among auto service workers

(odds ratio-2.2, 95% confidence intervals-1.3-3.9). Another study done among

automobile radiator repair workers in New York City revealed that 67% of workers

had blood lead levels in excess of permitted hazard levels. A similar study assessing

lead exposure in automobile workers in India showed a significant increase in levels

of lead and an associated significant reduction in levels of zinc. A 10years follow up

study among automobile repair workers in The Netherlands, to assess because specific

mortality showed an increased mortality due to mesothelioma, urinary tract cancer,

pancreatic cancer and ischemic heart disease. A proportionate mortality ratio analysis

of deaths in New Hampshire state of the United States of America among automobile

mechanics, revealed increases in mortality from leukemia, lymphoma, oral, lung, and

bladder cancers apart from an increased mortality due to cirrhosis of liver and suicide.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

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Engine Performance Interfacing in Powertrain System is a networking device

for determining and troubleshooting automobile engine problems. Researchers must

develop a real-time performance monitoring system of automobile engine and

minimizing the production hours lost to maintenance.

3.1 RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

Car owners from all form all across Cagayan de Oro City and

professors/experts from the Department of Autotronics, College of Technology,

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-CDO are among the

study’s respondents.

3.2 RESEARCH LOCATION

This study was conducted at the heart of the gateway of Northern Mindanao

rises the third state-run University System of the Philippines in Cagayan de Oro,

geared towards excellence in education, research, extension and innovation. USTP

Cagayan de Oro is recognized as the CHED Center of Excellence in Information

Technology and Center of Development in Electrical Engineering and Mathematics.

3.3 RESEARCH DATA ANALYSIS

The goal of this research is to find out consumer or car owner’s satisfaction in

using the proposed system. Researchers were able to contextualize this data study in

current research by using significant terms from the previous literature, which also

helped them find similar studies.

To demonstrate, we conducted extensive research and discovery on this

study’s engine performance interfacing, to show how data can be managed, analyzed,

and presented. The technique will result in the development of large amounts of data,

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regardless of the researcher’s philosophical perspective or data collection method.

This study uses quantitative research; to quantify opinions, attitudes, behaviors, and

other defined variables with the goal to support or refute hypothesis about a specific

phenomenon, and potentially contextualize the results from the study sample in a

wider population (or specific groups).

3.4 RESEARCH DESIGN

ENGINE

F
L
E INTERFACING MONITOR
X
I
OBD PORT B ANDROID TABLET
(16 PINS) L
E
B
R
A
C
K

The goal of this research is to get information from customers about how the

engine performance interfacing is implemented. The Engine performance interfacing

has the potential to eliminate or considerably reduce the risk of a sudden accident

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caused by engine failure. A technology that enhances vehicle predictive maintenance

by addressing any faults with the engine’s performance or condition automatically.

Components and parts and its function

OBD Port – To perform a variety of tasks on the vehicle’s computer,

including emissions tests and diagnostics.

Android Tablet – To display services such as GPS maps, Hands-free calls,

Messaging, Music, and more.

Flexible Bracket – Capable of being bent, usually without breaking easily and

easily bent.

3.5 RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT

Designing and Planning

When discussing how to install an engine performance interfacing, this study

considered the relevance of hands-on expertise. The right connection and arrangement

of components and terminals will be assured to prevent lost contact and minimize

wire interference. The design will also examine the safety aspect of using engine

performance interfacing.

Process of the Engine Performance Interfacing in Powertrain System

Manual Process

HOW TO USE TORQUE LITE

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Initial set-up

To begin, look for the vehicle diagnostics socket, which should have a similar

shape to the adapter, under the driver’s side dashboard, or behind a flap near or

behind the steering wheel, are two frequent hiding spots. Some vauxhall/GM vehicles

have them in the ‘tunnel’ between the drivers and passengers’ seats beneath the ash

tray, whereas Alfas may have them in the passenger glove box. Once you have

located the socket, plug the adapter into it. Some lights on it should light up. The

adapter must now be paired with the device. ‘0000’ and ‘1234’ are two typical pairing

codes in this area. You may need to pair the device ‘twice’ with older Android

versions (1.5 & 1.6). (Check the notification bar for the pairing request after pairing

for the first time).

Pairing the adapter with the device is relatively simple:

 Go to the device Bluetooth settings, accessible via the device ‘Setting-

>wireless and networks->Bluetooth settings’.

 Scan for devices.

 Wait until the Bluetooth device shows in the list. It should say

‘scantool’,obdkey’,’plx …’,’cbt’ or something similar.

 Select the device, you will be asked for a pairing code, enter the pairing

code for the device.

 You are now paired.

If you are using Android 1.5, you may get asked a second time (in the

notification bar) to authorize the pairing and use the same pin code here as well.

Selecting the adapter with torque lite:

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 Launch Torque, and go in the applications setting’s menu.

 Select the “OBD2 Bluetooth Settings” settings option.

 Scroll down the list of items until you see ‘Connection Type’ in the list.

Make sure this is set to ‘Bluetooth’.

 Scroll down to the Bluetooth preferences section, select ‘Choose

Bluetooth Device’ and select the adapter you paired with earlier.

 Torque is now set-up, and should connect to the adapter. To speed things

up, you might want to quit the app and restart it.

Make sure the ignition is turned on (the automobile does not have to be

running) and torque will begin reading sensor data from the ECU. All the flashing

icons in the top right corner of the main screen should turn blue and stay solid when

torque is properly connected.

When scanning for fault codes:

Click the “settings” icon on the torque lite app and choose “Fault codes” and

“Show logged faults” and it will show you the scanned fault codes. You can click the

displayed fault code and it will show you what the fault code description is.

When clearing logged faults:

Click the “settings” icon on the torque lite app and choose “Fault Codes” and

then click “Clear logged faults” and it will automatically delete the logged fault codes.

To show pending faults:

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Click the “settings” icon on the torque lite app and choose “Fault Codes” and

then click “Show Pending Faults” and it will display the pending fault code.

To show historic faults:

Click the “settings” icon on the torque lite app and choose “Fault Codes” and

then click “Show Historic Faults” and it will display all the historical faults.

DIAGNOSTICS - ENGINE

DIAGNOSTIC TROUBLE CODES CHART

HINT:

Due to the type of equipment or other factors, the parameters listed in the chart

may not be exactly the same as your reading.

If a malfunction code is displayed during the DTC check in check mode,

check the circuit for the codes listed in the table below.

SAE CONTROLLED:

DTC NO. DETECTION ITEM TROUBLE AREA MIL* MEMORY

P0100 Mass air flow circuit  Open or short in mass 0 0
malfunction airflow meter circuit

 Mass airflow meter

 ECM

PO101 Mass airflow circuit  Mass airflow meter 0 0

range/performance
problem
PO110 Intake air temperature  Open or short in intake air 0 0
circuits malfunction temperature sensor circuit

 Intake air temperature

sensor (built into mass
airflow meter

 ECM

P0115 Engine coolant  Open or short in engine 0 0

temperature circuit coolant temperature sensor
malfunction

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 Engine coolant temperature

 ECM

PO116 Engine coolant  Cooling system 0 0

temperature circuit
range/performance  Engine coolant temperature
problem sensor

PO120 Throttle/pedal position  Open or short in throttle 0 0

sensor/switch position sensor circuit
“A”/circuit malfunction
 Throttle position sensor

 ECM

PO121 Throttle/pedal position  Throttle position sensor 0 0

sensor/switch “A”
circuit
range/performance
problem
PO125 Insufficient coolant  Open or short in heated 0 0
temperature for closed oxygen sensor (bank 1,2
loop fuel control sensor 1) circuit

 Heated oxygen sensor

(bank 1,2 sensor 1)

 Air induction system

 Fuel pressure

 Injector

 Gas leakage on exhaust

system

 ECM

PO130 Oxygen sensor circuit  Open or short in heated 0 0

malfunction (Bank 1 oxygen sensor circuit
sensor 1)
 Heated oxygen sensor

 Air induction system

 Fuel pressure

 Injector

 ECM

PO133 Oxygen sensor circuit  Open or short in heated 0 0

slow response (bank 1 oxygen sensor circuit
sensor 1)
 Heated oxygen sensor

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 Air induction system

 Fuel pressure

 Injector

 ECM

PO135 Oxygen sensor heater  Open or short in heater 0 0

circuit malfunction circuit of heated oxygen
(bank 1 sensor 1) sensor.

 Heated oxygen sensor

heater

 ECM

PO136 Oxygen sensor circuit  Open or short in heated 0 0

malfunction (bank 1 oxygen sensor circuit
sensor 2)
 Heated oxygen sensor

PO141 Oxygen sensor heater  Same as DTC No. PO135 0 0

circuit malfunction
(bank 1 sensor 2)
PO150 Oxygen sensor circuit  Same as DTC No. PO130 0 0
malfunction (bank 2
sensor 1)
PO153 Oxygen sensor circuit  Same as DTC No. PO133 0 0
slow response (bank 2
sensor 1)
PO155 Oxygen sensor heater  Same as DTC No. PO135 0 0
circuit malfunction
(bank 2 sensor 1)
PO171 System too lean (fuel  Air induction system 0 0
trim)(bank 1)
 Injector blockage

 Mass airflow meter

 Engine coolant temperature

sensor

 Fuel pressure

 Gas leakage on exhaust

system

 Open or short in heated

oxygen sensor (bank 1
sensor 1) circuit

 Heated oxygen sensor

(bank 1 sensor 1)

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 ECM

PO172 System too rich (fuel  Injector leak, blockage 0 0

trim)(bank 1)
 Mass airflow meter

 Engine coolant temperature

sensor

 Ignition system

 Fuel pressure

 Gas leakage on exhaust

system

 Open or short in heated

oxygen sensor (bank 1,
sensor 1) circuit

 Heated oxygen sensor

(bank 1, sensor 1)

 ECM

PO174 System too lean (fuel  Same as the DTC NO. 0 0

trim)(bank 2) PO171

PO175 System too rich (fuel  Same as DTC No. PO172 0 0

trim)(bank 2)
PO300 Random misfire  Faulty spark plugs or wires 0 0

 Faulty coil packs

 Bad O2 sensors

PO301 Misfire detected  Faulty spark plug for 0 0

cylinder 1 cylinder 1

 Faulty cylinder 1 coil pack

 Bad 02 sensors

 Bad fuel injector for

cylinder 1

 Burned exhaust valve

 Faulty catalytic converter

 Fuel depravation (running

out of fuel or blockage in
the system)

PO302 Misfire detected  Faulty spark plug for 0 0

cylinder 2 cylinder 2

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 Faulty cylinder 2 coil pack

 Bad 02 sensors

 Bad fuel injector for

cylinder 2

 Burned exhaust valve

 Faulty catalytic converter

 Fuel depravation (running

out of fuel or blockage in
the system)

PO303 Misfire detected  Faulty spark plug for 0 0

cylinder 3 cylinder 3

 Faulty cylinder 3 coil pack

 Bad O2 sensors

 Bad fuel injector for

cylinder 3

 Burned exhaust valve

 Faulty catalytic converter

 Fuel depravation (running

out of fuel or blockage in
the system)

PO304 Misfire detected  Faulty spark plug for 0 0

cylinder 4 cylinder 4

 Faulty cylinder 4 coil pack

 Bad O2 sensors

 Bad fuel injector for

cylinder 4

 Burned exhaust valve

 Faulty catalytic converter

 Fuel depravation (running

out of fuel or blockage in
the system)

PO325 Knock sensor 1 circuit  Open or short in knock 0 0

malfunction (bank 1) sensor circuit

 Knock sensor (looseness)

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 ECM

PO335 Crankshaft position  Open or short in crankshaft 0 0

sensor “A” circuit position sensor circuit
malfunction
 Crankshaft position sensor

 Crank angle sensor plate

 ECM

PO340 Camshaft position  Open or short in camshaft 0 0

sensor circuit position sensor
malfunction
 Camshaft position sensor

 Intake camshaft

 ECM

PO420 Catalyst system  Gas leakage on exhaust 0 0

efficiency below system
threshold (bank 1)
 Heated oxygen sensor

 Three-way catalytic
converter

PO440 Evaporative emission  Leaking or faulty gas cap 0 0

control system
malfunction  Failed purge solenoid

 Plugged canister

PO441 Evaporative emission  Vacuum hose cracked, 0 0

control system incorrect holed, blocked damage or
purge flow disconnected

 Fuel tank cap incorrectly

installed

 Fuel tank cap cracked or

damaged

 Open or short in vapor

pressure sensor circuit

 Vapor pressure sensor

 Open or short in VSV

circuit for EVAP

 VSP for EVAP

 Open or short in VSV

circuit for pressure

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PHILIPPINES
switching valve

 VSV for pressure switching

valve

 Fuel tank cracked or

damaged

 Charcoal canister cracked,

holed or damaged

 Fuel tank overfill check

valve cracked or damaged

 ECM

PO446 Evaporative emission  Same as DTC No. PO441 0 0

control system vent
control malfunction
PO450 Evaporative emission  Open or short in vapor 0 0
control system pressure pressure sensor circuit
sensor malfunction
 Vapor pressure sensor

 ECM

PO451 Evaporative emission  Same as DTC No. PO450 0 0

control system pressure
sensor
range/performance
malfunction
PO500 Vehicle speed sensor  Combination meter 0 0
malfunction
 Open or short in vehicle
speed sensor circuit

 Vehicle speed sensor

 ECM

PO505 Idle control system  Open or short in IAC valve 0 0

malfunction circuit

 IAC valve is stocked or

closed

 Open or short in A/C

switch circuit

 Air induction system

 ECM

*:0···MIL- lights up

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PHILIPPINES
MANUFACTURER CONTROLLED:

DTC NO. DETECTION ITEM TROUBLE AREA MIL* MEMORY

(SEE PAGE)
P1300 Igniter circuit  Ignition system 0 0
malfunction (No.1)
 Open or short in IGF and
IGT1 circuit from No.1
ignition coil with igniter to
ECM

 No. 1 ignition coil with

igniter

 ECM

P1305 Igniter circuit  Ignition system 0 0

malfunction (No. 2)
 Open or short in IGF and
IGT2 circuit from No.2
ignition coil with igniter to
ECM

 No.2 ignition coil with

igniter

 ECM

P1310 Igniter circuit  Ignition system 0 0

malfunction (No.3)
 Open or short in IGF and
IGT3 circuit from No.3
ignition coil with igniter to
ECM

 No.3 ignition coil with

igniter

 ECM

P1315 Igniter circuit  Ignition system 0 0

malfunction (No.4)
 Open or short in IGF and
IGT4 circuit from No.4
ignition coil with igniter to
ECM

 No.4 ignition coil with

igniter

 ECM

P1335 Crankshaft position  Same as DTC No. PO335 - 0

sensor circuit
malfunction (during
engine running)

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PHILIPPINES
P1346 VVT sensor/camshaft  Mechanical system 0 0
position sensor circuit (jumping teeth of timing
range/performance chain, chain stretched)
problem (bank 1)
P1349 VVT system  Valve timing
malfunction (bank 1)
 OCV 0 0
 VVT controller assembly

 ECM

P1600 ECM BATT  Open in back up power 0 0

malfunction source circuit

 ECM

P1645 Body ECU  Body ECU - -

malfunction
 A/CECU

 Vane pump assembly with

motor

 ABSECU

 Combination meter

 Airbag sensor assembly

 Communication bus

P1656 OCV circuit  Open or short in OCV 0 0

malfunction (bank 1) circuit

 OCV

 ECM

*:0···MIL- lights up.–···MIL- does not light up.

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PHILIPPINES
3.6 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical

data. It can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal

relationships, and generalize results to wider populations. Quantitative research is the

opposite of qualitative research, which involves collecting and analyzing non-

numerical data (e.g. text, video, or audio).

3.7 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

A likert scale is a unidimensional scale that researchers use to collect

respondent’s attitude and opinions. Researchers often use this psychometric scale to

understand the views and perspective towards a brand, product, or target market.

Different variations of likert scales are focused directly on measuring people’s

opinions, such as the Guttman scale, Bogardus scale, and Thurstone scale.

Psychologist rensis likert established a distinction between a scale that materializes

from a collection of responses to a group of items (maybe 8 or more). Responses are

measured in a range of values.

When responding to a likert scale item, the user expresses their level of

agreement or disagreement. These scales allow in determining the level of agreement

or disagreement of the respondents. The likert scale assumes that the strength and

intensity of the experience are linear. Therefore it goes from a complete agreement to

a complete disagreement, assuming that attitudes can be measured.

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1 = Strongly Disagree

2 = Disagree

3 = Neither agree nor disagree

4 = Agree

5 = Strongly Agree

Table 3.1 Shows the Evaluation Scale

RATING SCALE ADJECTIVAL RATING

1 Strongly Disagree

2 Disagree

3 Neither agree nor disagree

4 Agree

5 Strongly Agree

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CHAPTER IV

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 COMPLETED DESIGN

The illustration depicts a demonstration of networking device in -

stallation which designed and developed the vehicles. As per the illus -

tration it has OBD Port, Android Tablet, Flexible Bracket and automo -

bile for testing. The engine performance interfacing is a networking de -

vice that is capable of monitoring the condition of automobile engine.

Auto mechanics or shop workers can use this device to naturally locate

the problem if there is malfunction of engine components. The re-

searchers put the networking device properly positioned on the dash -

board so that the driver or owner of the car is comfortable to check the

condition of their automobile engine by looking only in the android

tablet.

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DEMO INSTALLATION OF PROROTYPE

4.2 CERTAIN IMPLEMENTATION

DEVICE TESTING

Test Result Conducting on the Device

The Engine Performance Interfacing in Powertrain System has

successfully reached the main goal of researcher’s expectations. During

testing, the device was effectively functioning in performing diagnos -

tics of automobile engine. It succeeded in determining what the current

condition of the engine.

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Materials needed in testing the device:

OBD ANDROID TABLET TORQUE LITE APP

4.3 ACCEPTABILITY OF THE DEVICE

The Engine Performance Interfacing in Powertrain System was

evaluated using quantitative statistics based on a systematic survey, ob -

servation, or analysis of the subject, and measuring the data gathered

from 15 respondents who were given a survey questionnaire to rate the

project in terms of functionality, aesthetics, cost and effectiveness,

portability, safety and durability. It specifies that the device is suit -

able.

4.4 RESULTS AND FINDINGS

4.4.1 Functionality

The data in Table 4.1 indicates the respondent’s rating of

the device that is easy to use with a mean of 4.53. On the second

parameter shown below has a mean of 4.53, as to efficiency in

disseminating information has or mean of 4.33 while be light -

weight and the portable of the device has a mean of 4.27. As to

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the 4 t h Parameter that indicates “the components are simply to

identify” has a mean of 4.40 while the parameter that indicates

the usefulness of the products in all vehicles has a mean of 4.67.

TABLE 4.1 Mean responses in terms of Functionality

PARAMETER MEAN

The device is easy to use. 4.53

The device is efficient in dis - 4.33

seminating information.
The device is lightweight and 4.27
portable.
The components are simple to 4.40
identify.
The product is useful in all ve - 4.67
hicles.

4.4.2 Aesthetics

The data in Table 4.2 shows the five (5) parameters in

terms of aesthetics. The respondent’s rating as to the first param -

eter on whether the device is really prepared has a mean of 4.53,

while the second that indicates “the device is properly installed”

has a mean of 4.53. The data that indicates “the components of

the device are safety installed has a mean of 4.60, while the

fourth that indicates “all components are simple to comprehend"

has a mean of 4.40 and the parameter that indicates if the data is

all pleasing appearance has a mean of 4.47.

TABLE 4.2 Mean responses in terms of Aesthetics

PARAMETER MEAN

The device is really prepared. 4.53

The device is properly installed. 4.53

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The components of the devices 4.60

are safely installed.
All components are simple to 4.40
comprehend.
The device has a pleasing ap - 4.47
pearance.

4.4.3 Cost and Effectiveness

The data in Table 4.3 shows the five (5) parameters in

terms of cost and effectiveness. The respondent’s rating on first

parameter on whether the devices parts can be bound at any auto

parts store or on the online shop has a mean of 4.47, while the

second that indicates “the devices parts are inexpensive” has a

mean of 4.40. The data that indicates “the device is made at a

modest cost” has a mean of 4.53, while the fourth that indicates

“the output given is worth the total cost of manufacturing” has a

mean of 4.67 and the parameter that indicates if the device can

be set-up by instructors and students has a mean of 4.67.

TABLE 4.3 Mean responses in terms of Cost and Effectiveness

PARAMETER MEAN

The devices parts can be bound 4.47

at any auto parts store or on the
online shop.
The devices parts are inexpen - 4.40
sive.
The device is made at a modest 4.53
cost.
The output given is worth the 4.67
total cost of manufacturing.
The device can be set-up by in - 4.67
structors and students.

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4.4.4 Portability

The data in Table 4.4 indicates the respondent’s response

rating if the device is simple to move from one location to an -

other has a mean of 4.67, the device is light or tiny enough to be

readily carried and transported with a mean of 4.80, a vehicle of

medium size can be fitted with the device with a mean of 4.53,

the device is manually turned on with a mean of 4.67, and there

is a light indicator on the device with a mean of 4.67.

TABLE 4.4 Mean responses in terms of Portability

PARAMETER MEAN

It is simple to move from one 4.67

location to another.
The device is light or tiny 4.80
enough to be readily carried and
transported.
A vehicle of medium size can 4.53
be fitted with the device.
The device is manually turned 4.67
on.
There is a light indicator on the 4.67
device.

4.4.5 Safety

The data in Table 4.5 indicates the respondent’s response

rating if the device has the ability to be operated both automati -

cally and manually has a mean of 4.67, the device is completely

safe to use with a mean of 4.67, the device has been designed and

fitted correctly with a mean of 4.60, the components are properly

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sealed with a mean of 4.60, and the devices components are prop -

erly installed with a mean of 4.73.

TABLE 4.5 Mean responses in terms of Safety

PARAMETER MEAN

It has the ability to be operated 4.67

both automatically and manu -
ally.
The device is completely safe to 4.67
use.
The device has been designed 4.60
and fitted correctly.
The components are properly 4.60
sealed.
The devices components are 4.73
properly installed.

4.4.6 Durability

The data in Table 4.6 indicates the respondent’s response

rating if the device has the right size to do its operation has a

mean of 4.60, the operation of device is durable with a mean of

4.67, the device is both practical and secure with a mean of 4.67,

it is a good device that is simple with a mean of 4.80, and the de -

vice can easily respond with a mean of 4.80.

TABLE 4.6 Mean responses in terms of Durability

PARAMETER MEAN

The device is the right size to 4.60

do its operation.
The operation of device is 4.67
durable.
The device is both practical and 4.67
secure.
It is a good device that is sim - 4.80
ple.
The device can easily respond. 4.80

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PHILIPPINES

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDA -

TIONS

This chapter contains a summary of the study’s findings, conclu -

sions, and recommendations.

SUMMARY

The engine performance interfacing in powertrain system was in -

vestigated in this study. The researchers wanted to see if the said sys -

tem will be effective for future usage. The following questions were in -

vestigated in this study: 1.) What should be taken into account when

building and constructing an engine performance interfacing? 2.) What

elements, components, and specifications are required to create an en -

gine performance interfacing? 3.) What are the function and effects of

this innovation in designing and developing the vehicle’s monitoring

system? 4.) What is needed? And 5.) What can we offer? What impres -

sions and feedback did the respondents perceived in terms of Function -

ality, Aesthetics, Portability, Cost Effectiveness, Safety, and Durabil -

ity.

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PHILIPPINES

The descriptive research design was used in this study to show

the device of engine performance interfacing in powertrain system. As

shown in this paper, the components that are needed to completely in -

stall the device are only three, which are the OBD, Android Tablet, and

Flexible Bracket. In terms of Functionality, Aesthetics, Portability,

Cost Effectiveness, Safety, and Durability that was reviewed by stu -

dents from the University of Science and Technology of Southern

Philippines and random car owners. It signifies that the device’s func -

tion and operation are satisfactory to the respondents.

COCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Based on the average mean score of 22.2 in terms of Functional -

ity, 22.53 in terms of Aesthetics, 22.73 in terms of Cost and Effective -

ness, 23.33 in terms of Portability, 23.27 in terms of Safety, and 23.53

in terms of Durability from a six-questions evaluation for each crite -

rion. The evaluation’s overall average result is 1.53; it denotes a suc -

cessful research project. The engine performance interfacing in power -

train system has been evaluated and tested, and the results show that

the device can be operated manually. It claims that the device is suit -

able for troubleshooting automobile engines, which is particularly cru -

cial for those drivers who lack fundamental knowledge of their vehi -

cle’s engine.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

The research project contains flaws and limits in various areas.

This provides an opportunity for the initiative to expand in the next

years. The panels offered the following suggestions for improving en -

gine performance interfacing in powertrain system.

1. Use the equipment according to its principle and limitation.

2. A follow-up study should be constructed on the actual uti -

lization of the project for further improvement.

3. Proper handling and utilization of the equipment may im -

prove.

4. For future researchers you can add foult codes for another

brand for educational purposes of the driver or car owner

5. Use the equipment according to its principle and limitation.

6. Networking of available technologies make some new inova -

tion

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 UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN
PHILIPPINES

APPENDIX A

A. Bill of Materials

Materials

Quantity Unit Name and Description Unit cost Total cost

On-Board Diagnostics

(OBD)

Android Tablet

Flexible Bracket

Overall Total

Materials

Grand Total

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References

Indian J Occup Environ Med (2014, Jan-April) A study on morbidity

among automobile service and repair workers in an urban area of

South India

Northeast Auto Service (2017, April 7) Early Diagnosis of Engine

Problems is important

Uferah Shafi (2018, Jan 18) Vehicle Remote Health Monitoring and

Prognostic Maintenance System

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44