International Journal of Service Science, Management and Engineering

2014; 1(1): 6-16

Published online March 10, 2014 (http://www.openscienceonline.com/journal/ssme)

Failure mode and effects analysis of diesel engine

for ship navigation system improvement
Danny Faturachman1, Shariman Mustafa2, Fanny Octaviany3, Theresia D. Novita3
1
Universitas Darma Persada, University Malaysia, Jl. Radin Inten 2 No.1, Pondok Kelapa, Jakarta, Indonesia
2
University Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Kuantan, Malaysia
3
Universitas Darma Persada, Jl. Radin Inten 2 No.1, Pondok Kelapa, Jakarta, Indonesia

Email address
[email protected] (D. Faturachman), [email protected] (S. Mustafa), [email protected] (F. Octaviany),
[email protected] (T. D. Novita)

To cite this article

Danny Faturachman, Shariman Mustafa, Fanny Octaviany, Theresia D. Novita. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis of Diesel Engine
for Ship Navigation System Improvement, International Journal of Service Science, Management and Engineering.
Vol. 1, No. 1, 2014, pp. 6-16.

Abstract
Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago, 2/3 of the country is covered by sea. But due to many factors a lot of ship
accidents occurred every year, and claiming a large number of casualties. Efforts have been done to improve the safety
of domestic sea transportation, as the result to be fully compliance to the SOLAS (Safety Of Live At Sea) regulations
regarding to the IMO (International Maritime Organization) convention, worsen by varying sea and cargo characteristic,
and low educated passengers, they are very vulnerable to accidents. There are so many accidents in sea transportation in
Indonesia, especially in 2005-2010 is due to human errors and only a few caused by natural factors and others. Most of
the accidents occur due to the low awareness of the aspects of security and safety. Equipment’s and system on board
ship, will not remain safe or reliable if they are not maintained. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) approach is
chosen as a risk assessment methodology in this paper to synthesize the potential failure modes and their associated
causes for product design, especially in ship diesel engine. In this paper, the study proposes the fuel oil system in the
ship diesel engine. Fuel oil system is extremely important system on a ship which is designed to supply clean fuel oil to
main engine, diesel generators and emergency diesel generators. FMEA is an effective tool or technique used for
identifying possible failures and mitigating their effects. In various life cycle phase of diesel engine, FMEA activities are
executed, and detailed FMEA documents are usually used as reference. Design changes can be executed according to the
existing FMEA documents, especially for the most dangerous failure modes with high prevention difficulty.
Keywords
FMEA, Diesel Engine, Indonesia, Ship, Accident

operational robustness and efficient performance. These

1. Introduction attributes make them a leading choice for prime movers in
critical industrial, and mobility applications. Despite the
The lack of the ship as a means of transport caused by diesel engine's known reliability, there are some operational
unplanned maintenance system resulted in a decrease of issues that justify monitoring critical engine components
existing equipment performance on his boat in particular and subsystems in order to increase the overall availability
motor carrier. Treatment cannot be regarded as excluded and readiness of diesel-powered systems. Moreover,
because when in the process performance of a motor carrier engines typically constitute a significant fraction (1/10-1/5)
does not do care, then the motor carriers will decline slowly of the acquisition cost and a comparable fraction of the life
but surely. A motor carrier in ship usually called diesel cycle cost for mobility applications, thereby providing the
engines. A diesel engines are well known for their motivation for engine condition monitoring on the basis of
 International Journal of Service Science, Management and Engineering 2014, 1(1): 6-16 7

reducing life cycle costs. Review of the available literature Maintenance, repair, and overhaul of complex industrial
indicates that the fuel injection and cooling subsystems are and marine systems have received considerable attention in
among the most problematic on diesel engines contributing the last decades, due to the high amounts of capital invested
to reduced readiness and increased maintenance costs. and the high availability rates requested. Especially to
These faults can be addressed and studied using scaled prevent the risky situations and to increase systems
testing to build the necessary knowledge base to quickly reliability on board ships, the prestigious marine engine
transition the methods to full-scale, more costly diesel manufacturers and ship operators have continuously
engines (Banks, et al 2001). evidence gathered from the past experiences.
Diesel engines play major roles in automotive and Current methods used to assess system reliability are
stationary applications (Nunney, 1998). The life cycle cost focused primarily on the hardware component of the
of diesel engine is largely determined by the design phase, system. At one end of the spectrum are the qualitative
and its inherent reliability is also heavily influenced by this methods that use historical and experimental hardware fail
phase. In order to improve the reliability of the engine, data to predict future failure rates and how various
similar diesel engine which have detailed FMEA (Failure hardware can fail by using Failure Modes and Effects
Mode and Effects Analysis) documents are usually used as Analysis (FMEA). By using FMEA we could identify
references for priority identification and risk estimation of where and how it might fail human factor tabulation data,
failures model in FMEA. assessing the relative impact of different failures, and
FMEA is a methodology designed to identify potential identifying the parts of the process most in need of
failure modes for the product, to assess the risk associated improvement with factor analysis. We can make the
with those failure modes, to rank the issues in term of worksheet data after determining the failure mode with the
importance, and to carry out corrective actions to address validation matrix.
the most serious failure modes. Failure modes may be In this paper, the ship has an important role in the
introduced in design, manufacture, and/or usage, and can shipping industry, and need to do an analysis of engine
be potential or actual. Effects analysis refers to studying the system service. This is done to prevent the failure of
consequences of those failures. FMEA is widely used in the components within the system that could cause a failure of
manufacturing industry in whole life cycle of a product the punitive damage portion of the ship's functions will
(Bowles & Bonnell, 1998). ultimately lead to decreased safety level and can endanger
In diesel engine design and manufacturing, it is common passengers and cargo transported even ships nearby. Bad
to perform FMEA. The aim of diesel engine FMEA is to fuel distribution system on a ship caused a breakdown in
find potential failure modes and implement design changes, the fuel to the main engines. This resulted in a delay in the
to eliminate critical failure modes, and to decrease the ship's anchor, necessitating regular care and held continue
maintenance cost when the engine is put into use. on the fuel distribution system. A technique used to identify,
prioritize and eliminate potential failure in systems used for
2. Problem Statement reviewing a process or operation in which systematically
acquainted with FMEA. FMEA is used as a risk assessment
Analyzed of the caused of accidents involving complex technique which synthesizes failure modes in order to
technological systems clearly indicates that a small identify early response and to take appropriate actions into
percentage of the major accidents are caused by failures of account. As a case application, crucial troubles in fuel oil
the systems (something less than 20%). Rather, the systems on board ship are investigated deeply to adopt an
accidents that caused by unanticipated actions of people effective preventive maintenance strategy for fuel oil
have undesirable outcomes (something more than 80 %). system in marine diesel engine.
These an unanticipated actions and outcomes can have root
source in design, construction, operation, and maintenance. 3. Ship Accident in Indonesia
Perrow (1999) states that the error inducing character of
the system in shipping lies in the social organization of the Indonesia is the maritime area that has a unique-features
personnel on board, economic pressure, the structure of in terms of its transport system, especially the technical and
industry and insurance and difficulties in international economic aspects, that should be examined more deeply
regulation. This review examines the current status of because the age of the current fleet are mostly old, this can
safety in the maritime industry and the human factors that cause damage that is not entirely unexpected and it may
may contribute to the causal chain in shipping accidents. also affect safety of other ships.
There is a particular combination of demand characteristic From the report of Trend Analysis of Sea Accident by PT.
of the maritime industry such as fatigue, stress, work Trans Asia Konsultan in year 2009, it states that the vessel
pressure, communication, environmental factors, and long must meet the requirements of the materials, the
periods of time away from home, which could be potential construction of buildings, machinery, and the electrification,
contributors. Exemplifying that in shipping “there are a governance, stability and structure of radio
number of workplace dangers in combination, something equipment/ship's electronics, accredited by a certificate,
rare in other industries” (Mc Namara, et al, 2000). that is obviously required after the inspection and testing.
8 Danny Faturachman et al.: Failure Mode and Effects Analysis of Diesel Engine for Ship Navigation System Improvement

Vessels whose condition is excellent, and in accordance necessary to make a standardization of regulation system
with the legal provisions, and declared fit to sail, would be and procedures, as well as human resource professionals to
safe to take people and goods, otherwise the ship which is realize the service organization of the transport and works
in questionable when the condition is likely to find in order to hold everything intact. Then it is necessary to
resistance from maritime transport authority. If the ship was have a system of good governance, where Governments
damaged during the trip, it will require additional costs, have function in the transportation services which include
such as the exploitation of costs due to delay. It is certainly coaching in the aspects of setting up, monitoring and
not an easy thing to maintain. The State of the vessel which controlling the system (PT. Trans Asia Konsultan, 2009).
complies with the requirements and security, the prevention
of pollution, control of cargo, the health and well-being of 3.1. Indonesian Ship Accident Data (2005-
the crew, all of these require additional capital. In addition, 2010)
companies in business from cruise ships also require full The accident happened on a river, lake, and river
cooperation and assistance of the shipyards, while the crossings that are up to the Marine Court over voyage
current conditions of the shipyards are also faced with caused by human error, and just a little accident in the
lethargy. Therefore, the Government has a rule to play in waters caused by natural factors. Tracing the reason
devising desirable policy, particularly the aspects of the mentioned above should all the events of the accident can
capital and the creation of a favorable business climate, so be minimized while there are preventive efforts from all
that transport and shipbuilding company implement parties so as not to stumble on the same stone. As the image
rehabilitation, replacement and expansion of the current comparison between amphibious insertions accidents
fleet. caused by human error and natural factors can be seen in
Accidents occurring in sea, rivers, lakes, and crossing Figure 1.
that reached Marine Court in 2005-2010 was mostly due to
human error (65%), and only a few accidents in the waters
caused by natural factors (Danny & Shariman, 2012).
Given the reasons mentioned above, all accidents can be
minimized if prevention efforts are seriously performed by
all parties so as not to stumble on the same stone. Water
transport accidents occur mainly due to overcrowding and
navigation system, which is characterized by a large
number of passengers and goods compared to the draft Figure 1. Ship Accidents Factor.
Commission. For passengers who do not have the expertise
and skills in emergency situations, it is important to note A lot of ship accidents occurred every year on Indonesia
that users of the waterway in the category of vulnerable water, described in Table 1, source from Marine Court,
population groups. Efforts to ensure the safety of Secretary General, Ministry of Transportation (2011).
passengers and crew must be considered as a serious issue,
including this trivial security equipment such as buoys. 4. Safety of the Ship
Current conditions, many ships that do not have safety
equipment should be able to buoy passengers and crew 4.1. Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) of the
when the vessel having accident. Most of the accidents Ship
occur due to the low awareness on the aspects of security
and safety of the crew. The figures differ from the manifest Current models of Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) is a
of passengers and number of passengers on the ground model widely used to analyze accidents at sea where the
become common place. Transportation is the lifeblood of safety assessment is based on the model risk. Formal Safety
society and the economy in Indonesia. Transportation Assessment (FSA) was developed by the UK Marine Safety
development activities in Indonesia are out of various Agency (1992). The concept of the FSA adopted by IMO in
dimensions (marine transport and others) and increasing. the form Guidelines to Formal Safety Assessment (FSA)
This is an impacts of economic activity and socio-cultural through memorandum MSC/Circ. 1023-MEPC/Circ. 392
activities and community. In addition, the process of (IMO, 2002) and updated through 2006 included an
regulatory reform in the field of national transportation evaluation of FSA Guidelines risk criteria. The FSA is
deregulation has also triggered an increase in transport basically put their risk factors, in which the process is
activity. To understand fully that human consciousness systematically using the scientific method approach.
towards the preservation of the environment are International Maritime Organization (IMO), Maritime
increasingly high, so that sea transportation accidents Safety Committee (MSC) in 1995 decided to adopt the
which can cause damage to the environment (pollution) concept of FSA. This was done in the hope of improving
should be a significant consideration. In order to further the IMO rule-making process, and thus further enhancing
integrate transport infrastructure and facilities that meet the the safety of shipping. As stated by Wang (2001), it is
requirements of security and safety of transport, it is considered that ‘‘Marine safety may be significantly
 International Journal of Service Science, Management and Engineering 2014, 1(1): 6-16 9

improved by introducing a formal ‘goal-setting’ safety support its application and further development in practice.
assessment approach so that the challenge of new Since that time, several FSA trial applications and case
technologies and their application to ship design and studies have been carried out in various IMO member
operation may be dealt with properly’’. For a more specific states around the world. Some of the studies have been
discussion on the expected benefits of the FSA as a issued in direct support for the formulation of new IMO
regulatory tool, and as a potential framework for safety safety regulations (e.g. DNV (Det Norke Veritas), 1997a;
assurance in shipping companies, the reader is referred to IMO, 1997b, 2000a,b), while in some other studies the
MSA (1993),Wang (2001) and Peachey (2002). Following objective has been to provide the justification for rule
the development and introduction of the FSA method, amendments or provisions allowing deviation/exemptions
interim guidelines for FSA application were issued by IMO from a particular rule (e.g. DNV, 1997b). For a further
(1997a) to describe and explain the new method and to discussion on ways of FSA applications, see Wang (2001).
Table 1. Number of Ship Accident According to Marine Court Decision 2005-2010.

No Description Accidents Type Quantity 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
1 Sunk Accidents 7 12 9 13 11 4
2 Collision Accidents 10 9 4 15 9 2
3 Grounded Accidents 5 5 5 2 3 6
4 Fired Accidents 5 6 9 4 5 5
5 Others Accidents 2 6 5 1 5 2
Total 29 38 32 35 33 19

Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) is a rational and comparison between existing and possibly improved
systematic process for the proactive management of safety regulations, with a view to achieving a balance between the
based on principles of hazard identification, risk analysis various technical and operational issues, including the
and cost-effectiveness evaluation of the efforts in human element, and between maritime safety or protection
controlling the risks. FSA can be used as a tool to help in of the marine environment and costs.
the development of new safety regulations or in analyzing FSA consists of five steps:
an existing set of regulations, and thus achieve a balance 1 Identification of hazards (a list of all relevant
between various technical and operational issues, including accident scenarios with potential causes and
human element and costs. The characterization of hazards outcomes);
and risks should be both qualitative and quantitative, 2 Assessment of risks (evaluation of risk factors);
consistent with the available data, and should be broad 3 Risk control options (devising regulatory measures
enough to include the range of options for reduction of to control and reduce the identified risks);
risks. A typical FSA exercise in a ship type according to the 4 Cost benefit assessment (determining cost
IMO Guideline would proceed as follows: effectiveness of each risk control option); and
Problem definition: 5 Recommendations for decision-making
The problem under analysis and its boundaries should be (information about the hazards, their associated
carefully defined. While defining the problem, the risks and the cost effectiveness of alternative risk
following parameters may be considered relevant; control options is provided).
a) Ship category (e.g. type, length or gross tonnage, new In simple terms, these steps can be reduced to:
or existing) 1 What might go wrong? = identification of hazards
(a list of all relevant accident scenarios with
a) Ship systems (e.g. type layout, subdivision, potential causes and outcomes)
propulsion,) 2 How bad and how likely? = assessment of risks
b) Ship operation (e.g. in ports and/or during (evaluation of risk factors);
navigation) 3 Can matters be improved? = risk control options
c) Accident category (e.g. collision, explosion, fire) (devising regulatory measures to control and reduce
d) Risk category (e.g. injuries and/or fatalities to the identified risks)
passengers and crew, environmental impact, 4 What would it cost and how much better would it
damage to ship or port). be? = cost benefit assessment (determining cost
By considering the characteristic of the ship, a formal effectiveness of each risk control option);
safety assessment of the ship is described in detail in this 5 What actions should be taken? = recommendations
chapter regarding by IMO. FSA is a structured and for decision-making (information about the hazards,
systematic methodology, aimed at enhancing maritime their associated risks and the cost effectiveness of
safety, including protection of life, health, the marine alternative risk control options is provided).
environment and property, by using risk analysis and cost It is equally admitted however, that the application of
benefit assessment. FSA can be used as a tool to help in the absolute numerical risk criteria may not always be
evaluation of new regulations for maritime safety and appropriate as the whole process of risk assessment
protection of the marine environment or in making a
10 Danny Faturachman et al.: Failure Mode and Effects Analysis of Diesel Engine for Ship Navigation System Improvement

involves uncertainties. Furthermore, opinions on acceptable 4.2. FMEA Analysis

numerical risk criteria may differentiate between
individuals and societies with different cultures, experience Initially used by the U.S military after World War II as a
and mentalities. process tool, FMEA gradually spread into industry. It
became widely known within the quality community as a
total quality management tool in the 1980s and as a Six
Sigma tool in the 1990s. A team should apply FMEA to
perform risk assessment to see what the customer will
experience if a key process input (X) were to fail. The team
should then take action to minimize risk and document
processes and improvement activities. FMEA is living
document that should be reviewed and updated whenever
the process is changed (Jogger, 2002). It can be used in the
Figure 2. Information Flow in FSA Process. define phase of the define, measure, analyze improve and
control strategy as a voice of the customer input, but is
Prior to application of the FSA steps in Figure 2 (Source more commonly created in the measure phase, updated in
from Dasgupta J, 2003 additional information would the analyze and improve phases and is a vital element of
require to be compiled on the following:
the control phase. FMEA is one of the most efficient low-
a) Identification of existing design concepts and
risk tools for prevention of problems and for identification
review of existing rules/regulations
of more efficacious solutions, in cost terms, in order to
b) Identification of existing operational
prevent such problems.
procedures/concepts
To develop the FMEA, initially was done a survey on the
c) Compilation of materials under consideration and
functions of each component, as well as on its failure
their properties.
modes and effects. Where been used, as support for the
d) Identification of involved parties responsible/liable
analysis, the system textual description, contained in the
for safety.
technical operation instructions, the fault registers in the
In general, the problem under consideration should be
abnormality cards (service orders for maintenance) of the
characterized by a number of functions. Where the problem
plant, the maintenance plans currently used and the
refers to a type of ship, these functions include carriage of
instrumentation descriptions of the equipment and
payload, emergency response, communication,
components. It was also performed a brainstorming in a
maneuverability etc. Where the problem relates to a type of
join into the plant operators, so that it was possible to get
hazard, for instance Fire, the functions include prevention,
with more details about the description of the possible
detection, alarm, containment, escape, suppression etc. It is
failures of each component.
imperative that a comprehensive view is taken of the ship
For the analysis, the data was taken from the field data,
‘hardware’ (i.e. technical & engineering system)
from the ship KM (Kapal Motor) Karisma in Table 2 the
dynamically integrated to the ‘software’ (i.e. human
specification data from the ship and main engine
behavior governed by organization & management
specification.
infrastructure).
Table 2. Data Spec and Main Engine of KM Karisma.

Principal Dimension Description

Gross Tonnage 2059 GT
LWT (Light Weigh Tonnage) 1329 Ton
LOA / LPP (Length of All) / (Length
88,636 / 81,50 m
Between Perpendicular)
Breadth 13 m
Draft 5,409 m
Velocity 10 Knot
Main Engine MAN B&W 6S26MC
HP / Kw / R.P.M 2382 PS / 1752 / 250
Crews 21 peoples
Year Making- Country Made 1990 – South Korea
Main Engine Spec
1 No. Of Set : 1 Set
2 Type : Marine Use, Vertical In-Line Two (2) Stroke
Single Acting, Direct Reversible Crosshead
Diesel Engine With Exhaust Turbocharger
3 Model : MAN B&W 6 S26MC
4 Rating : MCR : 2400 BHP at 250 RPM
 International Journal of Service Science, Management and Engineering 2014, 1(1): 6-16 11

Principal Dimension Description

CSR : 2160 BHP at 241,4 RPM
OR : 2648 BHP at 258 RPM
5 Direction of Rotation : Clock Wise Viewed From After
6 Starting : Compresed air max 30 Kg/cm^2
7 Using Of Fuel Oil : HFO
8 Fuel Oil Consumption : 130g/BHP.hr

Table 3. FMEA of Effect of Main Engine.

Item/Function
Iden Mission Failure Effects
al Failure Failure Effect For
tifica Phase/
Identification Function Modes and Next Detection M/E
tion Operationa Local
(Nomenclature Causes Higher End effects Method Critical
No. l Mode effects
) Effects
Fuel oil Fire Danger of Direct
Leakage Fuel losses
Fuel oil supply less hazard explosion observation
1 Storage Tank No
storage Fuel oil Excess Fire Danger of Direct
Clogged
supply less charge hazard explosion observation
Less pressure
The
and the
Reduce the supply of
resulting lack Main
fuel flow fuel to
of Fuel oil engine Pressure
and the flow another
capacity.(Low supply less performanc indicator
become sub-
output) e decrease
small system
(OREDA
disturbed
Drain the 2002)
fuel oil Noise and
The
from vibration on
supply of Main
service pump Damaged
Fuel oil fuel to the engine Direct
tank to (Vibration pumping
supply less main performanc observation
main and Noise) fast
2 Transfer Pump engine e decreased Yes
engine (OREDA
disturbed
2002)
Raise the The
Leakage on
pressure supply of Main
pump seal Damaged
low of Fuel oil fuel to the engine Direct
(Leakage) pumping
fuel oil supply less main performanc observation
(OREDA fast
engine e decreased
2002)
disturbed
Pump cannot
Main
spin Damaged The fuel
Fuel oil engine Direct
(Breakdown) pumping supply is
supply less cannot observation
(OREDA fast cut off.
operating
2002)
Shelter
early and Fuel oil Fire Danger of Direct
3 Settling Tank Leakage Fuel losses No
heating supply less hazard explosion observation
fuel oil
Separate
Purity Main Water
the fuel Purifier Fuel oil
levels of Viscosity engine transducer
4 Purifier oilfrom cleaning is viscosity is Yes
fuel does ineligible burning not Direct
water and bad not enough
not qualify perfect observation
dirt
Increasing
The unit Low fuel
Regulatin the
cannot be quality as
g the flow pressure
The seal has spinning as well as a
De-Aerator of fuel oil Seal tight on the Direct
5 corrosion and well as the decline in Yes
chamber to the decreased pipe observation
leakage presence of performanc
main leading to
fluid out of e of main
engine the main
the seal unit engine
engine
A place of Fuel oil Fire Danger of Direct
shelter Leakage Fuel losses
supply less hazard explosion observation
6 Service Tank fuel No
advanced Fuel oil Excess Fire Danger of Direct
Leakage
that ready supply less charge hazard explosion observation
12 Danny Faturachman et al.: Failure Mode and Effects Analysis of Diesel Engine for Ship Navigation System Improvement

Item/Function
Iden Mission Failure Effects
al Failure Failure Effect For
tifica Phase/
Identification Function Modes and Next Detection M/E
tion Operationa Local
(Nomenclature Causes Higher End effects Method Critical
No. l Mode effects
) Effects
to use

Impeller get Fuel supply

corrosion and become
Fuel
erosion small, Fuel oil
supply to
Cavitation Less Overheat supply to Pressure
another
happened pressure pump, main engine indicator
system
Pump leakage Speed up stopped
disturbed
(OREDA the wear of
2002) pump
Section and
discharge
clogged
Electric
May cause
supply less Lack of
damage on Fuel oil
Electric fuel Flow
Less pump supply to
voltage discharge indicator,
Flow the pressure Bearing will main engine
unstable for main Voltmeter
fuel from quickly to stopped
Driving the engine
service wear
pump get
tank to
overload
main
(OREDA
engine
2002)
7 Supply Pump Yes
The
The pump
particles
vibrates and
enter into a Fuel
Raise the the sound Fuel oil
pump, Damaged supply to
pressure which is very supply to Direct
Cavitation pumping main
flow of noisy(Vibrati main engine observation
happened. fast engine
fuel oil on and Noise) stopped
Pump disturbed
(OREDA
foundation
2002)
is not good
The
presence of
impurities
The pump is
which
spinning and
enters into a Fuel oil
suddenly Damaged Fuel
pump, supply to Direct
stopped pumping supply
Deformatio main engine observation
(Breakdown) fast terminated
n occurs stopped
(OREDA
due to the
2002)
heat so that
the impeller
was broken
Fuel oil
Any dirt The fuel
Filter clogged Damaged supply to Viscometer
that cannot oil can not
To filter by the dirt filter main engine Flow meter
be cleaned flow
Filter 1 the stopped
8 Yes
Filter 2 impurities Fuel supply
Any dirt
in fuel oil The filter not Dirty fuel Damaged to main Viscometer
that cannot
maximum oil pump engine Flow meter
be cleaned
stopped
Holding
excess
No
Drain Tank fuel oil Plate Fire Danger of Direct
9 Leakage Fuel losses
from the corrosion hazard explosion observation
main
engine

System : Main Engine Suporting System

Indenture Level : Fuel Oil System
Reference Drawing : Schematic Piping Diagram KM.Karisma
Mission : Fuel Oil System Failure
 International Journal of Service Science, Management and Engineering 2014, 1(1): 6-16 13

Table 4. FMEA Severity Class of Fuel Oil System.

Item/Fun Failure Effects

ctional Failure Mission
Identi Failure
Identifica Modes Phase/ Next Compensatin Severity
ficatio Function Local End Detection
tion and Operatio Higher g Provisions Class
n No. effects effects Method
(Nomencl Causes nal Mode Effects
ature)
Fuel Oil Direct
Fuel oil Fire Danger of Patching the
Leakage supply observatio
losses hazard explosion leaking plate
FO- Storage Fuel oil less n Catastrophi
01 Tank storage Fuel Oil Direct c
Excess Fire Danger of Patching the
Clogged supply observatio
charge hazard explosion leaking plate
less n
Changing the
impeller,
Opening
suction valve,
The flow Checking and
of fuel oil The fixing the
Less
decreased, supply of Main part contained
pressure
Fuel Oil Overheat fuel oil to engine air to go in,
and the Pressure
supply pump, another performan Treatment
resulting indicator
less Speed up sub- ce fuel oil in
lack of
the system decrease order to have
capacity
wearing disturbed the right
of a pump viscosity,
Setting again
flow
Drain fuel regulating
oil from valve
service Cleaning the
tank to suction valve
main and discharge,
FO- Transfer
engine Adjusting the Critical
02 Pump
power enters
Raise the to the pump
pressure The needs,
The pump Main
flow of supply of Repairing the
vibrates Fuel Oil Damage engine Direct
fuel oil fuel oil to pump
and the supply pumping performan observatio
main foundation,
sound is less fast ce n
engine tighten the
very noisy decrease
disturbed bolt fastener,
Add the
bearing on the
foundation of
the pump,
Changing the
Impeller
The Repairing if
supply of Main the damage of
The pump Fuel Oil Damage Direct
fuel oil engine the pump
cannot supply not pumping observatio
cut by failed to minor,
spin enough fast n
system operate changing if
failure major
Shelter
Fuel Oil Direct
FO- Settling early and Fuel oil Fire Danger of Patching the Catastrophi
Leakage supply not observatio
03 Tank heating losses hazard explosion leaking plate c
enough n
fuel oil
Temperat
ure Checking the
controller temperature
Separate Fuel oil
s not Main controller.
fuel oil purity Viscosity Direct
Bad functionin engine Checking the
Purifier from levels are does not observatio Critical
cleaning g burner flow rate of
water and not eligible n
properly, imperfect the pump,
dirt eligible
Viscosity Checking the
fuel not valve
meet
14 Danny Faturachman et al.: Failure Mode and Effects Analysis of Diesel Engine for Ship Navigation System Improvement

Item/Fun Failure Effects

ctional Failure Mission
Identi Failure
Identifica Modes Phase/ Next Compensatin Severity
ficatio Function Local End Detection
tion and Operatio Higher g Provisions Class
n No. effects effects Method
(Nomencl Causes nal Mode Effects
ature)
Slow
Unit
start,
difficult
Fuel
Regulatin or cannot Cleaning the
Pressure quality is
De- g the flow Impermea be rotated, Direct rust,
FO- Rust Seal pipe to the not good,
Aerator of fuel oil bility The observatio Painting, Marginal
05 leakage engine Knock
Chamber to main down presence n Changing the
increase misfiring,
engine of fluid broken seal
Poor Idle
out of the
performan
seal unit
ce engine
A place of Fuel Oil Direct
Fuel oil Fire Danger of Patching the
shelter Leakage supply observatio
losses hazard explosion leaking plate
FO- Service fuel oil less n Catastrophi
06 Tank and Fuel Oil Direct c
Outlet Excess Fire Danger of Cleaning the
prepared supply observatio
clogged charge hazard explosion output line
for use less n
Impeller
get the
corrosion Changing the
The flow
and impeller,
of fuel oil
erosion, Opening the
decreased,
There is suction valve,
Overheat
the air Checking and
pump,
into the Fuel oil repairing part
Accelerat Fuel oil
pump, supply to contained air
e the wear supply to
Suction Less another Pressure to go in,
and tear main Critical
valve pressure sub indicator Fuel oil
of the engine
closed, system treatment for
pump, stopped
Fuel oil disturbed the right of
Interface
viscosity viscosity,
in
is too Setting again
Flow the separator
high, flow
fuel oil is
Cavitation regulating
from changed
happened, valve
service
The pump
tank to
leakage
main
FO- Supply Section
engine
07 Pump and
discharge
channel
Raise the
clogged,
pressure Opening and
The
flow of cleaning the
supply
fuel oil inlet and
voltage is
Can cause outlet valve,
reduced,
damage Debit fuel Fuel oil Cleaning the
Electric
on a oil to supply to Flow filter
voltage is Less
pump, main main indicator, regularly
not stable, pressure
Bearing engine not engine Voltmeter Stabilizing
Pump
will be match stopped supply
does not
broken voltage so
meet the
that the
capacity
pump's power
specificati
needs are met
on,
Driving
the pump
get
overload
 International Journal of Service Science, Management and Engineering 2014, 1(1): 6-16 15

Item/Fun Failure Effects

ctional Failure Mission
Identi Failure
Identifica Modes Phase/ Next Compensatin Severity
ficatio Function Local End Detection
tion and Operatio Higher g Provisions Class
n No. effects effects Method
(Nomencl Causes nal Mode Effects
ature)
The Cleaning the
existence suction valve
of objects and discharge,
which Adjusting the
enter into power enters
the pump, to the pump
The pump Resources needs,
Fuel oil Fuel oil
vibrates used Repairing the
Damaged supply to supply to Direct
and the exceeded pump
pumping main main observatio
sound the foundation,
fast engine engine n
which is maximum tighten the
disturbed stopped
very noisy , bolt fastener,
Cavitation Add the
happened, bearing on the
The pump foundation of
foundatio the pump,
n is not Changing the
good. Impeller
The
existence
of objects
which Direct
The pump enter into Fuel oil observatio Repairing if
Fuel oil
is the pump, supply n the damage of
Damaged supply to
spinning Deformati terminate the pump
pumping main
and on occurs d, minor,
fast engine
suddenly due to the System changing if
stopped
stopped heat so failure major
that the
impeller
was
broken
The Direct
presence Fuel oil observatio
Filters of Fuel oil supply to n
Filter was Changing the
clogged impurities cannot main
broken filter
To filter by dirt that flow engine
FO- the cannot stopped
Filter Critical
08 impurities clear
in fuel oil Fuel oil
Any dirt Viscomete
The filter supply to
that Dirty fuel Damage r, Changing the
not main
cannot be oil pump Flow filter
maximum engine
cleaned meter
stopped
The
Holding
presence
excess
of Direct
FO- Drain fuel oil Fuel oil Fire Danger of Patching the Catastrophi
Leakage corrosion observatio
09 Tank from the losses hazard explosion leaking plate c
and n
main
porous on
engine
the plate

System: General Service System Of Main Engine

Indenture Level: Sub System
Mission: Fuel Oil System Failure

2. From Table 3 there is a critical effect for Main Engine

5. Conclusion in Fuel Oil System:
1. From the Indonesian ship accident data from 2005- a Transfer Pump: with the function for distributing
2010 were 65% caused by human error, 24% caused by the fuel to main engine from service tank and raise
natural factor and 11% caused by other’s factor. the fuel pressure.
16 Danny Faturachman et al.: Failure Mode and Effects Analysis of Diesel Engine for Ship Navigation System Improvement

b Purifier: with the function for separating fuel from References

the dirt and water.
[1] Banks, J., Hines, J., Lebold, M., Campbell, R., Begg R.,
c De-Aeration Tank: with the function for controlling Byington, C. 2001. Failure Modes and Predictive
the flow to main engine. Diagnostics Considerations for Diesel Engines. Proceedings
d Supply Pump: with the function for distributing the of the 55th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure
fuel oil from service tank to main engine and Prevention Technology , 93-102.
raising the fuel pressure. [2] Bowles, J.B. and Bonnel, R.D. 1998. Failure Mode, Effect
e Filter: with the function for filter out the dirt from and Criticality Analysis: What It Is and How to Use It, Topic
fuel. in Reliability and Maintainability and Statistic, Annual
f Circulating Tank: with the function for keeping the Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, Proceeding
pressure in injection pump and circulating the fuel Anaheim.
on the system to keep the viscosity and operational [3] Danny Faturachman, Shariman Mustafa, 2012. Sea
temperature Transportation Accident Analysis in Indonesia, Procedia Vol.
g Purifier Heater: with the function for raising the 40 (2012) 616-621.
temperature and viscosity of the fuel [4] Dasgupta, J. 2003. Quality Management of Formal Safety
h Fuel Oil (FO) Line Heater: with the function for Assessment (FSA) Process.SNAME 2003 Annual Meeting.
raising the temperature and viscosity of the fuel. Vol 111. pp. 331-352.
3. In Table 4 there is Severity Class for Fuel Oil System
[5] IMO. 2002. Guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment (FSA)
Failure: for Use in the IMO Rule-Making Process, MSC/Circ.1023-
i Storage Tank : Catastrophic MEPC/Circ.392, 5 April 2002.
ii Transfer Pump : Critical
iii Settling Tank : Catastrophic [6] Komisi Nasional Keselamatan Transportasi (National
Transportation Safety Committee) 2009, Number of Marine
iv Purifier : Critical Court Accident by Factor Ship Accident, Jakarta.
v De-Aerator Tank : Marginal (Significant)
vi Service Tank : Catastrophic [7] Jogger, 2002. The Black Belt Memory Jogger, first edition,
vii Supply Pump : Critical GOAL/QPC, pp. 211-220.
viii Filter : Critical [8] Marine Safety Agency, 1993. Formal Safety Assessment
ix Drain Tank : Catastrophic MSC66/14. Submitted by the United Kingdom to IMO
4. The writer chose the FMEA of diesel engine because Maritime Safety Committee.
to prevent fire accident from happening. From the whole [9] McNamara, R., Collins, A., & Matthews, V. 2000. A review
accident that happened in sea transportation accident, only of research into fatigue in offshore shipping. Maritime
fired ship could been used for this FMEA analysis. FMEA Review, 118−122.
is a risk assessment technique with synthesizes the potential
[10] Nunney, M.J. 1998. Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology,
failure modes in order to identify early response and to take Elsevier.
appropriate actions into account. FMEA is a systematic
technique in analysing a form of failure and its emphasis on [11] PT. Trans Asia Konsultan, 2009. Laporan Analisis Tren
bottom-up approach. The point of the bottom-up approach Kecelakaan Laut, Jakarta.
here is an engineering analysis that was done starting from [12] Peachey, J.H. 1999. Managing Risk Through Legislation,
the equipment or components and then forward to the Managing Risk in Shipping, A Practical Guide. London: The
system level or a higher level. FMEA activity is aimed to Nautical of Institute’s Publication, pp 93-100.
get the most critical components or necessary component [13] Perrow, Charles 1999. Normal Accidents: Living with High-
significant against the failure of the system of fuel. Risk Technologies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University
Press (earlier edition published by Basic Books in 1984).
[14] The Safety of Live At Sea (SOLAS) Convention, 1974.
[15] Wang, J. 2001. Current Status of Future Aspects of Formal
Safety Assessment of Ships. Safety Science, 38. 19-30.