-

CHEMICAL

BONDING
•
Atoms do not exist
independently → except noble
gas
.

Group of atom exist → molecule →

The attractive force which holds to gather two /

atoms ions in

a molecule is called chemical Bond .

attraction
↑ energy ↓ Stability ↑
causeofchemicalbond.IO
gain
To
④
stability .

② configuration
inert nucleus 4)
To
gain gas
nucleus
. '

electron f) -
: i.
electron f)
.

PE attraction
③ PE ↓

I:[
%d length put > frets
,
§ radius

E- ÷
Frep > Fait - Fatt -_

Rrep
 Chemical Bond
=
Primysewndary
.

St
gBond weak Bond

200-4001<5)mN ) ( 2- 40kt / ma )
(
Ionic ( 2-81<5 / Mn ) Hydrogen Bond
Covalent ( 8- yoktmoi ) Vanderwall foraofaltrn
metallic ✗

Coordinate
 1onicBond_
◦ Bond between ions .

•
Bond b/w cation $ Anion .

◦
Bond formed by complete transfer of electron .

•
Bond b/w metals nonmetal .

Bond b/w different nature

of elements .
 loniccharackr

Y . ionic character : 16 ( BEN ) +3.5 ( DEN )2

% ionic character 2 DEN

QI ionic character
order
of
.

in
arrange
LIF < Naf < KF < Rbf < CSF

Nacl 7 Nair > NAI

Naf >

mgclz mgBrz >

Mtg -1-2
>
mgfz >

& Nacl 5 Kc / 6 Rbc /

Lie /
 Energy involved in Ionic Bond

Cation Ionization ( endothermic )

Energy always
→

② Anion → Electron
Affinity ( ie
-

add → exothermic
e- add endothermic )
③
2 →
Lattice
Energy ( exothermic)

Born Haber cycle Thermochemistry

→

↳ calculation Lattice
of
Energy
 2 factors affecting lattice
Energy
charge of ion dominating factor

%E1.fi?Compare+YE-
he ✗
② size
of ion

+3
+2

< { Alfz
Naf
mgfz
Ñazo < Ñgo { A%os
ii. au <
ingo
more LE soluble
more
strong bond → less
 solubility
Nature solvent
ionic
comp polar soluble in
polar
'
◦
→ →

o
process of
surrounding
solute with solvent .

{ attraction → energy
release
↓
° " " " " with water .
exothermic
}
{ Hydration Energy
↳
# More HE more
solubility energy release
+
exothermic
}
 Factors Affecting HE

{ HE ✗
µ)
solvent
Dielectric const
of solubility or

(µ )

④ Charge ion
of HE tchargeofion
③ Size
of ion
size
ofion-
-3
① 6 0-2 6
-

_
µ

Ait
mgt2
}
②
=
Nat
③ Lit > .

Nat > Kt > Rbt > Cst

 Application of HE

① size
of Hydrated ion → inversely proportional to size
of gaseous ion .

②
'

mobility → directly proportional to size of gaseous

③ conductivity →
directly 1 ,
" " " "
•

mobility Lit Nat K+ Rbt

g,¥i
000
✗
Or

Conductivity
◦
is
1- recharge
concentrated
.
 lit < Nat < Kt < Rbt < est
Od ion
compare
size
of hydrated ag ag ag ag
mobility / conductivity
ag

g)
lit > wat > Kt > Rbt > Cst
Cag ] Cap cap cap ↳
g)

mgᵗ2 , Bat mobility srt} Bat

'
cat srtz mgt2<
≥
> > →
cat }
Ot
"
9)
'
991
"
9)
aq ag 9 9
Cag , conductivity

F- > >
-

ci I
-

> Br '

Cag ) Cag f- 4 Ci < Bi { I

Cag ) Cag , ) → i,

ag ag g g
 i-ajarisRI.SC
- -
LA tells about covalent character in ionic bond .

small large
'

cation Anion ④ " :

;
18 e- in outermost shell
" "" "
or cation :-. :

;;;g
having pseudo gas configuration
cation noble (Smale)
↳ d block cation ( attract)→ e- cloud sharing
↓ ↳ covalent character

develops

}
small cation more
/op more Covalent polarizing *
power
large
large anion
polarization Character or

polarising ↓

polarization
Capacity
Lit > Nat > Kt > Rbt > est

BeBrz( Betz
cut
] Nat Beck <

-3
-2
( Beck > > caclz > Srdz
-

N L N N
mgclz

< <
-

<
_ Snclztsncly
F- a- Br I

Felon )z{ Felon )z

Noi 4 N°5

Lif
Ago { Ages
LIBR > Lies >
 Covalent Bond

◦
Bond formed by sharing of electron .

◦
Sharing is done to
complete its octet .

( Hydrogens duplet)
◦
Bond formed btw non -
metal & nonmetal ( DENIO )

H -
H
O o

i:
covalent 0=0
Singh bond double covalent
Ñ=ij
bond triple covalent bond
dots astr is called lewis dofstr
represent valence e- .
" 2
:c: _
ii :

o e
G -

b o

H2O O -
H
H
-

L O

: :

ccly i
•
i
t.ci .

:
÷
,

CO2 .

÷=c-÷
 covalent Bond
Theory of
-
em's theory
② VBT

③ VSEPR Theory

⑨ MOT
 Lewis Theory
Electronic
-
theory of covalent bond

Lefsel
Draw Levis dot str : -

① Select Central atom ( least EN ,

less in num
, high atomic number ,

② large size forms multiple bond)

,

Li Be B C M O F

1 2 3 Y 3 2 I → num
of bonds
* * P S Cl

Bahubali 'D
+ me
:
bondpairttonefair-43.to 2-(8-2) 1-(8-1)
* *
3¥ 2-6 I -7
 NF }
'

•
É :

:# -
ni -
É :
r o

r u

-2
coz :O :

i
? !
TINO } o=Ñ -
O -
H

:O :

03 ① , jt
É=N+_ ii. →

:O O

% ?o÷
"

e
?⃝
 co
c CEO :O IF :O
00
-

4+2 donor

:O :
-2
soy "
:O - s - is :
11
" ° • •

:O :
:É :É :

IES ÷ ÷ :

:p :

&=ii ÷
.

- :
Noi
?⃝
SFY i. É : NO
. .
/ oo

:F -

s -

:O
÷ : :Ñ=
?
I
"

:F
- r
:
: N = °O°
N

NHy+
r

µ
(Unstable ) Oddémoecale

/ 1402

H -
N+- H
D u e

/ : "o←①N= ?
"

H oddémoleall

octetmkfail
.
 Drrawbacksoflevristheory
① do not tell about Str
/ shape of a
comp .

② Bond length . Bond order , Bond Energy → no discussion .

③ Hypo valent → less than 8 e- in Valence shell

Li CI Beltz , Bfz Belz, BBB

-

, ,

① thgperralent → more than 85 in Valence shell

Pfs ,
Pets , PBr5 , Hzsoy ,
IF 7

⑤ odd e-
species →
NO
,
N 02
,
☒ CIOZ

⑥ Compounds of noble
gases an
formed .

✗ efz Kortz ✗ ✗ eozfz

, ,
log ,
 formal indirisnal atom
charge →
Charge on .

:
so ; co
poy → complete charge
Fc = Valence e- _

( bonds 1- dot )
↳ e-
01

|
-

CN
G
(3+2)
¥
Fc
-

-
→
= 1

¥
①"
! = "
.

!
: _

Fc =
6-(1+6) ↓
" ±
5-
(3+2)
Fc= 6-(2-14) 4-(31-2) ◦

=D - I
 H
NHy*
↳ -
is

/ I 5-(4+0)
↳
f. I

1- (1+0)
0
Resonance
.
.⊕ ⊕
%
=
/ to .

:O :-O
or
:O o_O
.

:O .
⊖ : :
.

O_0
148pm # due to

develops .
Resonance
partial double bond character

0=0
121pm
double
Style bond > partialbond double >
bond
Experimentally
O_0
128pm ↓ ↑
 -2

i?
Coz -

i
◦

n°5 1
C

É_
C C

-0
/
-0/+0 o
◦

tcÉᵈ
-

Resonance
Resonance hybrid →
Real Str Hybrid

str
canonical Str →
Hypothetical
The most stable Str is Resonance hybrid ,( least Grunts)
 coz-i-c-o.it
1

}
C. = 0 121
→
pm "'ⁿᵈ
bond
but
Experimentally
c- ii.
length ±
→
pm
bond
c- 0
length
a D
c
- is
115pm
.

u •

[% ]
"
:-&:-C
'

≤ : 0

+ :O _=c -
:O
.
: -
 Bond order

'_
neutral Radical
molecule ( charged molecule)
( more a- bond more Bond order
single bond 130=1
Bo =
Ttt
g-
more stable

double i. BO =L
-3
5052
-

Puy Cloy
triple i.
BO =3
:O : :O :
:

:&
.
-
F-÷ : -
--s"÷ : -

ii=ci=é
/

:b!
¥
"
"

:O .

i.

4-1
4-1,1 } 4+1
y
Bond
¥
order Bond & Bond
a
strength Energy a stab ✗

B. 0 = tire
Comp stable

01 -
re Unstable
Hat
= +
{ Unstable ( but exist ) ↳
Heat
Fraction
( less than
1)
=

→ comp shows isomerism