Chapter One

outline :
→
What is Organic Chemistry ?

Organic Inorganic
=

vs .

→ Structural Theory of Matter

=
Valence Electrons &
Bonding
=
What are Bonds ?
→
Predicting Molecular Geometry : VSEPR

formal charges
=
Lewis structures &
=
VSEPR Theory Char#
purpose
:

*understanding the nature & versatility

of carbon will give us better

insight about molecular

.
-

our

world .
Organic chemistry → Focus on carbon
-
Topics to cover:

Inorganic vs .
Organic
•
Inorganic materials are derived from
minerals metals
nonliving Somes ,
salts
,

•
Organic materials are derived from
living sources plants & animals

no
☐
7 do not contain
Organic comp .

C bonded to
contain C & H
H

-
Structural Theory of matter
Each element will
generally form
•

#
a
predictable of bonds .

This is based on valence electron

configuration
on
[What are valence electrons?]
electrons that the outermost
•

shell occupy

factor to
•

determining
will react
how an atom
.

#I
page
y wecanmwr.at#avesions:y|
* How can we determine how
many
valence electrons an atom has ?

* From that , how can we determine how

many bonds that element can form
?

toansvertheseqwests.cn#
another easier

1. Write the electron configuration for the atom way of

example :C = 15252 p
'
determining #
of v. e is
2. Count the number of electron that make up the highest energy shell to get # of valence electrons
BY identifying
shell 2 :
2s②2p② :
2+2=4 its
group # in
3. Subtract the valence electrons from 8 (octet rule) to get the number of bonds that said atom can form the
periodic
8- 4=4 table
carbon can form 4 bonds
=
Tetravalent

If you have an atom of interest,

you can identify what group
number it falls under.
That group number let’s you
know the number of valence
electrons that atom possesses.

(
Can form two
bonds =
Divalent

Can form
←
One bond
=
monovalent

↳ Can form
bonds =
three
Tri Valen

2
page #
 Before talking further about bonding, lets discuss how we can use
the info about valence electrons to draw lewis structures

has 4 V. e-

* The lewis dot structure of

an individual atom indicates

as dots around the periodic

symbol
of the atom .

If you're asked to draw a carbon anion or cation:

Formal charges:
000
associated with atoms

i.
that do not exhibit the
appropriate number of
valence electrons

What if you are asked to draw CH2O?

F- Octet rule: tendency of

atoms to prefer to have
8 electrons in the

/H:|
valence shell
4 bonds / bond 1 bond 2 bonds

c : :O
•

Answer:
-
• @ • •

A-
3
page #
 Bon¥→
¥7
Covalent Ionic
A covalent bond results when two Valence electron from one atom is lost
atoms share a pair of electrons
1 to more electronegative atom &

.#µm
results in oppositely charged ions

examples :

Li -
N , Na -
CI

"" ">

g-
non
polar
-

polar
mm
One atom will love electrons more
Two-atoms share a pair of
than the other. = more
electrons equally (no great
electronegative. Polar covalent bonds
difference) in
exhibit induction, causing the
electronegativity
formation of partially + and - charges
- -

examples : examples :c -
O, C -

lifo.5CE.lv#//ifENCO.5-
C -
C
,
C H
-

electronegativity is the
measure of the ability of
an atom to attract e- .

page #4
 valence
electrons VSEPR
Lewis
structures t formal

t charges Valence shell electron pair repulsion

t
-
Used to predict molecular

geometries .

① -
information you can extract :

understanding molecular
*
Dipole moment
geometries *
Reactivity
=
VSEPR

-
Helps you predict the three dimensional shape of molecules and ions. Electrons
around atom will take the configuration that minimizes repulsion

1-8 .

page # 4
What we learned last time:
.org#aniVs.norganic chemistry → focus on CARBON (focus on block )
p
•
Valence Electrons
→ two different to determine
ways
tells
→
you alot about an atom
like how it will bond & to what
• Lewis structures
→ method used based on v. e① that
shows how atoms bond to each other
→ octet rule & formal
charges
Bonding
•

→
Different types of bonding : covalent
& ionic
→
electronegativity
•
VS E PR
bonded
→
Knowing how atoms are

to form molecules now , we can

geometry
predict the molecular

Practice Problems:
7
-

Draw the Lewis structure for CH3OH

① Draw the valence electrons for
each atom

• • • • o o •

•
C •
H H H O °
H
[
0

• • a

② How each atom

many bonds can
form ?
⑨ • • • o o •

@
C •
H H H 0
O °
H
• • a

④ ① ① ① ② ①
keep in mind that you want to satisfy the octet rule

③ what is the best to bond these?

way
H follows the octet ne he for
•
each atom
H -
C -
O -
H
only the C & 0 atom can form
Ñ more than bond so
one we begin
by
connecting them

#5
page
①DrawthevalenUelectronsf#
Borane (BH3) is very unstable and quite reactive. Draw the Lewis structure and explain the source of
instability
7
each atom

@ 0 @ @

•
B •
H H H
② How
many bonds can each atom L
form ?
@ • • •

•
B •
H H H
⑤ ① ① ①
> keep in mind that you want to satisfy the octet rule

③ what is the best to bond these?

way
= H The central boron lacks
1 an octet of electrons ,
& it is
B therefore very unstable
' '
H It & reactive

ÉÉi
Identify any polar covalent bonds

'

L
-
H
6
page #
Use VSEPR theory to predict the geometry for each of the following structure

H atom
a) Does the central
I
haveanylonepar.rs?H-N+O-
H -
N has 5 v. e
-

l - N +
has 4 v. e-

N
H has 4 bonds
- *

to H where they share

2 e-1 bond .

N t has 4
-

v. e- here
so lone
pairs

b) How around the

many groups
centralatom?_
-
4 around N all
groups ,

are bonds & no tone pairs

IN
- -
→ H l H
H

Tetrahedral ! !
Use VSEPR theory to predict the geometry for each of the following structure
0 atom
a) Does the central
11
haveanylonepar.rs?Cf
C / -

charges
- C -

There are no

on the carbon &

it obeys the octet
rule so no lone pairs

b) How around the

many groups
centralatom?_
-

3 groups around the carbon

atom , 3 bonds & no lone pair
-
remember a double bond counts
as
group

H : "

①
'
'
→ a a
outline :
→Aoaes
orbitals & electron
density
•

filling atomic
•

orbitals
→ Valence Bond
Theory
•

Sigma & pi bonds

→ Brief mention of molecular orbital

theory
→
Hybridized atomic orbitals

Sp 3 2
•
S
, sp , p

An atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wavelike behavior of electron(s).
It’s important because it can be used to calculate the probability of finding an electron in the region
around the nucleus.
• what sort of regions form around the
nucleus ? s d f orbitals
, p, ,

( different shapes , different

probability distributions)
chemical bonds
•
reactivity &

Valence bond and molecular orbital theories are used to explain chemical bonding
•
NOW if have two atoms that
you
have unpaired elections , they
way they overlap & the chemical
bond Thet is formed is described

by such theories

Hybridization the main forms

single double triple

 electrons source
Lewis structure → →
atom
of
bonding

7
Particles
G.
'

Wave-particle
Introduction of Quantum
duality
Mechanics
Ian Waves -

/equation/ functions
-

/ / Locations
-

wave →
/ spatial
Wave →

* An orbital is a
region of space that can

be electron
occupied by an

electron
density
-

occupied orbital must

-

an be
treated as a cloud of electron density
= ATOMIC ORBITAL
 ,,wy
The energy of
an electron

depends on

the type of
orbital that

The order in which the orbitals are filled by electrons is determined

by just three simple principles:
Aufbau principle:

Thetwest energy orbital is

filled first
Pauli exclusion principle:
-

Each orbital can accommodate a

maximum of two electrons that

have opposite spin
Hund’s rule:
→

One electron is
placed in each

degenerate orbital first before

electrons are paired up .
?⃝
 -
We understand: •••
Atomic orbitals describe electron

µBam
density
of an ATOM
Hr
Valence Bond theory describes what
happens when atomic orbitals overlap ⑧
@B.
COVALENT BONDING

Constructive Interference

Destructive Interference

According to valence bond theory, a bond is simply the sharing of electron density between two
atoms as a result of the constructive interference of their atomic orbitals.

-
all
single bonds are 0 bonds

• + •a =
0088m£
S S

-
double bonds consist of one 0
bond & one IT bond

FB Bf + =
8am
☐
•

&
•
s
+ •a
s
=
Ogie
p p
Hybridized Atomic Orbitals

What is hybridization?
•
mathematical procedure that is used
to arrive at a
satisfactory
description of the observed
bonding
Why does this occur?
•
ENERGY ( lower)
The best way to understand this concept is through an example => methane
H
C :/ 522521>2 I 7L It 7 7
H -
C -

H - - - - -

l 15 25 Zp Zp ZP
H

So how do we
explain Cha ?
The only way to explain this is if the 2s and the three 2p orbitals fused to form four
sp3 hybrid orbitals with lower energy.

c I -11-1--1
' ' ' '
Is sp sp sp sp

|notes:25%scharae
75%praeter|
How do we explain czH6 ?
H " The only way to explain this is
-
c =L \
H
if the 2s and two 2p orbitals
fused to form three sp2 hybrid
/
H orbitals with lower energy.

C I 7- -7 7- 7- |notes:33.J%scharact
66.ci/.Poharaetrlssp2sp2sp22p
7

L
How do we explain CzHz ?
The only way to explain this is if the 2s and
HCECH one 2p orbitals fused to form two sp hybrid
orbitals with lower energy.

C I 7-
Is sp
-7
sp
1-
zp
-7
zp
µtes:50%scharacte#
5O%Pcharaeter-

L
 What we learned last time:
-
* Atomic orbitals
•

to
Describes where an electron is
likely
be found in an atom
Gives rise to orbitals
probability
•

orbitals 1- rules
Filling
•

* Valence Bond
Theory
•
Used to describe chemical
What bonding
•

happens to orbitals
bonding ?
during
•
Sigma vs.
pi bonds

Orbital
* Molecular Theory
•
More advanced
description of chemical
bonding
* Hybridized Atomic orbitals
Some
bonding
" "
atom's abilities doesnt
• -

make sense

Solution in atomic orbitals

mixing
•

energetically favorable hybridized

toform
orbitals to form chemical bonds
•
Sps , Sp 2 ,
sp

-
Practice Problems:
Identify the electron configuration for the
following ion:
- A nitrogen atom with a positive charge

-
"

Electron configuration of N I 25
3
1522522 p
If it has Charge.it I5
a

loses an electron

Is 22s 22ps 2
Consider the structure of the formaldehyde:

[|
a) identify the type of bonds that form the C=O double bond.
b) identify the atomic orbitals that form each C-H bond.
111 c) what type of atomic orbitals do the lone pairs occupy?

, c- , gauge gong
µ µ a a , ,
gmpn.ge, of one
g gon , , one y gon,

☒ -

Hoc
OH
-

b) Each C- H bond is formed from the

interaction b/w an
sp
2
hybridized
orbital from carbon & an s orbital
from
hydrogen
if a bond is
Note How do know
you
:

3 2 ?
sp ,
sp ,
or
sp
Ask different groups
how
many
around atom ?

①
,
É ,
s'p2
I -12=3
b/c

② ③

c) The
oxygen
is
spa so the lone pair
occupy sp2 hybridized orbital

① ° • •

@ ③
• '
2
s p b/c
1+2=3
I/
②
Determine the hybridization state of each carbon atom in the molecule
⑧

É
H
H
#
µ
# EH
-

1 ② "
H

1- !
① Carbon has 4 diff .

groups around
(4 0 bonds) s 'p3 b/c I -13=4

② Carbon has 3 diff around

.

groups
bonds, 1 IT )
'
( 3 0 s P2 b/c 1+2=3

③ Carbon has 3 diff around

.

groups
bonds, 1 IT )
'
( 3 0 s P2 b/c 1+2=3

④ carbon has 3 diff .

groups
around

bonds, 1 IT )
'
( 3 0 s P2 b/c 1+2=3
•oa•mEo•
•

.
6