Covalent Bond

Examples of covalent Bonding

- formation of Hydrogen molecule
-
formation of chlorine molecule
-

formation of Oxygen molecule

-
formation of Nitrogen molecule
-

formation of Methane
-

formation of sulphur
properties of covalent Bond

Allotropes of carbon

f- graphite
Diamond
-

- fullerenes

Hydrocarbons
-
saturated → Alkanes
-

Unsaturated Alkenes→
& Alkynes
Carbon and it’s
Compounds IUPAC Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons
f- Nomenclature rules
1- How to draw structure

functional Groups
series
Homologous
structural Isomerism

some compounds
Important carbon
-
Ethanol
-
Ethan oic acid .
 Atomic number of carbon 6
{ &
-

Hat at stable tetetgtend

-

stable
configuration
:O Its electronic
att I hit 85041¥ etat (in
,
→

outermost shell) but UET 4k¥ Ha at tf -

274 that 21T 4 lose the II

gain
gain four electrons forming Ct anion , but it would be difficult for the
-

° It could

olnyfkahfdtfosheoldougixefechrtoonnstfoohmoihdg.nu
of energy to
#catenane' Tutto't would
,
'

require a large amount

f remove four electrons . .

⑧ hfgt.ge#afaf*tagilEH5Tl9hThFeHGuyzz9i
,
But of stat carbon

20M
Therefore in order to
,
this problem, overcome
carbon shares its valence electrons with other
atoms of carbon or with atoms of other
elements These shared electrons
. to the belong
outermost shells of both atoms and in this
way , both atoms attain the nearest noble gas
configuration This
type of bonding is called
.

covalent Bonding .

EXAMPLES OF COVALENT BONDING

IN
formation of Hydrogen Molecule ( Hz) :

Hg Atomic no .
=L '
I
Electronic configuration =

-0 to
Need I more e till K shell -

completely ooo two H atoms

.
-

share their electrons

gas configuration
to form a Hz molecule , also it will attain nearest noble ie
of helium .

H* t * H -
H ¥ H or t.ee H .

T covalent bond
III Formation of chlorine Molecule (Ck) : k3B*
f single bond ( because aint
-

-0
Eti th e share D
Cdg Atomic no =
17 single bond
E b II
.
•-• =

Electronic configuration g I .
I no

Need 1 more e
-0 in outermost shell to complete octet .

:c :* . +
¥¥¥ -

¥:* : i:*
or
eerie
single covalent
bond .
III formation of Molecule CO2 )
Oxygen
or

0g Atomic number 8
I I
-
-

Electronic configuration =

Need 2 more e
-0 to
complete octet 4 attain Noble gas
.

configuration .

¥: : + :
:O: -

:O:* : : oooo

-0
2e share →
singlebond G-d
Yeo share →
double bond :(2.9

similarly it 60 share ?
↳ triple bond t.EE)
INI formation of Nitrogen Molecule ( Nz ) : -

Ng Atomic No .
=
7
E I
Electronic
configuration
=

Need 3 more eos to complete octet 4 achieve noble

gas configuration .

.
ii. ¥ +
*¥ -
:
n ¥
:* .
ii. or NEN

N formation of Methane cc Hy) :

H
.
H H
*
* l
H . * ( K . H → H •
* C * .
H →
H -
C -

H
* *
•
I
• H H
H
k¥3 Methane also called marsh
gas g
used as a fuel and B a
major
component of CNG ( compressed Natural Gas) and
Biogas .

ttf HI GIT
compounds IT 3447 3-HT 9.413¥ : -

→
Ammonia ( N Hs)
→ Water ( H2O)
-
carbon Dioxide ( CO2)
HIT formation of Sulphur (Ss) : -

# Properties of covalent Bond: ( 20181 ,

° Low
melting and
boiling points too weak inter molecular forces) .

in
As electrons are shared between atoms and no
charged particles are formed
°

these compounds .

Allotropes of carbon
↳
Allotropy is the property by which an element exists in more than one form
and each form has different physical Properties but identical chemical prop .

DIAMOND GRAPHITE

Very Hard diamond ,

Property lighter than slippery
- o o

o
Non conductor of
-

colourless transparent
Electricity 0
o
conduct
Electricity
Greyish black , opaque
Uses - o Used as a
cutting instrument o used as a lubricant
°
Making jewellery 0
Used in electric cell
°
To make core of pencil .

# fullerenes : fullerene ( Coo) was named

Buk Minster fullerene The first known .

fullerene was Go which contains 60

carbon atoms .
 -

K'B CAR what arethe factors thatenables carbon

to form
large no .
of compounds?
⑧ ,
versatile Nature of carbon : -

(Cbse 20201
L . CATENATION carbon has a self linking property in which C- atoms
: -

links through covalent bonds to form long , straight or bra need chains
and rings Carbon shows maximum catenation in the periodic table
.
.

due to its small size and

strong C C bond
-
.

2. TETRA VALENCY OF CARBON : carbon has 4 eos in outermost shell Hence, its .

valency
is four ie it is capable of
bonding or pairing with four other carbon
.

atoms or with the atoms of some other monovalent elements like hydrogen ,
halogen ( chlorine , bromine ) etc .

3. TENDENCY FORM MULTIPLE BONDS : Due to its small size carbon has a strong
TO

tendency to form multiple bonds ( double and triple bonds) by sharing more than
pair with its own atoms or with the atoms like oxygen , nitrogen etc
-0
one .

⑧ Compounds of carbon are called Organic compounds .

Hydrocarbons .
lcbse 2017.20121
A compound made of hydrogen and carbon only is called hydrocarbon .

Types of Hydrocarbons -

I . SATURATED :
compounds of carbon which are linked only by single bonds between
the carbon atoms .

Types of saturated hydrocarbons -

Alkanes .

2. UNSATURATED :
Compounds of carbon having
carbon atoms
double or triple bonds between
their .

Types of Unsatured hydrocarbons

-
Alkenes g Alkynes .

¥10 WAYKanes : The hydrocarbons in which all the carbon atoms are linked by only
single covalent bonds are called alkanes or paraffin s .

General formula Cn Hzntz

Alkenes : Those unsaturated hydrocarbons which have at least one double bond
along with single bonds are called alkenes .
or Olefins .

General formula Cn Hzn In > 4

Alkynes : Those unsaturated hydrocarbons which have one or more triple bonds
 along with the single bonds are called alkynes .

*
. General formula : Cntkn -
z In > IT
here In Dire
>
minimum no .
of carbon for double triple or bond must be two .

=
↳ HAT carbon at
doublet triple bond
et that insist !
IUPAC Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons HIATT )
↳ 4141907 AT IT lit : -

PREFIX + SUFFIX - left aettittl If

→
Prefix is based on number of carbon atoms in the chain .

Prefix
Cs → Meth
Cz → Eth
# Rata MaarLo :
-

Cz →
Poop
Cy →
But
Cs →
pent
CG →
Hex
→
Suffix is based on it hydrocarbon is alkane , alkene g alkyne .

Suffix
Alkane -
ane
# Rata Maar lo :
Alkene →
ene

Alkyne →
yne
Method : o
suffix I total no of carbon at lifted DWI
31K¥ at .

° THAT hydrocarbon E 2741T him if ro of Gte compound ight fat

tidal formulae tf Att It (like Cn In iz g Cn Heng Cn Han 2) -
-

" "

: Cz Hy carbon 2 :O Eth is prefix

elf →
-

alkene
"

in Cn Han we
"

If we put A- 2
get catty - so its → To ene
is suffix .

% Name → Prefix -1 Suffix -

Ethene
''

G- Hu prefix i' Pent

fs Pentane
-

suffix →
"
ane
"
f : put n -5in -
Cn Hantz to
get G- His ) -

tf
Ctb CHIH , -
Get club up -
th
simplify that ) i

= CzH8
Prefix
"
↳ Now
"

,
Affix →
→
"
prop
ane
" Is propane -

"
"

Cz Hy Prefix prop
t Propylene
-
→

" "
suffix →
yne
 → fc bye 20151
# HOW TO DRAW STRUCTURE OF SATURATED AND UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS:
CB connect all the carbon atoms together with single bond .

EB After that use the hydrogen atoms to satisfy the remaining valencies of carbon (as
we know, carbon forms 4 bonds due to its 4
valency) .

Iii) It number of available H atoms are less than what is required , satisfy
-

remaining
valency by using double or triple bond .

↳ Trick →
→ yet et ITT at # Alkane , alkene at Alkyne Ehs formulae tf I
at IBT Helf et Ite htt etat tf double gtriple AT MYATT Bond 41¥
=

et Rs Cz H 8 Name Propane
→

all single bonds HIT steps follow tht

+, +,
Is .
To simple 34T

l l l
H -
C -
C -

C -
H
l l l
H H H

Eu, ez Hy
Ethenes
→

, double bond
H H

H - c' =D -

ai, Cz Hy →

PROPHET le
boyd .

Triple bond 91¥ tf tf That sit the DHT at# ofgiant

H -

C E C -

C
I

1
-

H ←
f Triple bond
IF carbon ¥
HTT Hydrogen 44114 GT TH HIT WHIT 4244T
4 tf salat Bond AT IT TITI ]
H
t
Ev, cyclohexane ( GHz) "
FT ¥3 enzene Cca Hs) ( Ratt do)
(Cbse 2018 ) M \ IH H
H '
C
GH
'
d
* d c H -
H Y - H
l - ' l
C
H H ll l
tf
'
H C
-

H
C
H
E
-

-
Functional Groups l
H
.

L atom that makes

An atom or
group of a carbon
compound reactive and
decides its chemical bro Peaty is called a functional group .

fcbse 20161
.

M
fornicator : functional is
present in the compound
It
group it is
-

,
indicated in the name of the compound with either prefix a or suffix
(given on next
page)
 Pretty suffix

f-
Prefix -
Chloro , Bromo - - -

loose zones
Tutti's: oaf :

suffix -

one

suffix -
Oic acid

o : for nomenclature do → Prefix Hydrocarbon+

org Hydrocarbon + Suffix

'
final and add the
'
In suffix case
,
delete the e
appropriate suffix .

→
egg CHZCL or H -

¥ ,
-
Ce →
Prefix + Hydrocarbon
Chloroethane

ft ft Hydrocarbon suffix (
but delete e )
' '

CHSCHZOH or H - - -

OH → +

Ethane # Ethanol
,

e
H

CHZCHO or H -

¥ - E- O →
Hydrocarbon + suffix
H Ethane ¥ Ethanol

CHS COCH
,
or H -

¥ -8¥
, H
-

H
Propane tones Propanone
O

C
Hz COOH or H - -
E -

OH Ethane ±ds Ethan ope

e
acid
-

Homologous series ( cbse 2017,20133

↳ A is similar structure
homologous series having
group of organic compounds differ
a
and chemical property in which successive compound group by -

CH,
group .

(Hy GHG GHS

eg
:
- -

g
-

g
- -

characteristics : o
All members are represented by same General formula
° 2 adjacent members differ by Ctb
-

group .

o -2 members
adjacent differ by Mol masses of Hu
.
.

° All shows similar chemical properties .

( but not physical)
 STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM
↳ compounds with identical molecular formula but different structures

'¥÷÷¥÷÷ ti
¥ f 's:# ¥ :: sunt :*:*:its
"
* a . e
.
Igo mess .

Some Important carbon compounds

Ethanol ( C Hz CHZOH) :
°
Liquid soluble in water
,
°
Commonly
it is a
called alcohol and is active
ingredient
solvent , it is used in medicines such as tincture iodine,
As
good
°

cough syrups and many tonics .

°
Preparation obtained
-

fermentation of molasses which are obtained

by
from sugarcane juice

III C-than Oic Acid kHz COOH) :

°
Commonly called acetic acid .

° 5- 8% solution of acetic acid in water is called

vinegar which is used as presentation
in pickle .

290k , so freezes during winter

°
Melting point .

0
Carboxylic acid are weak acids .

ans →
=

⑧④ frozen acetic acid Cats OH) is also called glacial acetic acid .

°
DENATURED ALCOHOL : consumption of Alcohol in large quantity is not good for
health It tends to slow metabolic
.

processes and depress the central nervous system

which in turn results in lack of coordination drowsiness etc Therefore gin order
,
.
.

to stop misuse of alcohol, it is made unfit for drinking by adding poisonous substances
like methanol , pyridine etc and coloured substances likes dyes Such alcohol is .

called denatured alcohol .

KHAI AM