SHS

Disciplines and Ideas

in the Social
Sciences
Quarter 1: Week 11 - Module
11
Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences
Grade 11 Quarter 1: Week 11, Module 11
First Edition, 2020

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without
written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: JERMIE B. SOTERO, T-II

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

ATTY. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, Ph.D, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Mario B. Paneda, Ed.D, EPS in Charge of Araling Panlipunan

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
 Disciplines and Ideas
in the Social Sciences
Quarter 1: Week 11 - Module 11
 Target

The course introduces you to basic concepts, subjects, and methods

of inquiry in the disciplines that comprise the Social Sciences. It then
discusses influential thinkers and ideas in these disciplines, and relates
these ideas to the Philippine setting and current global trends. In this first
module, we will define Social Sciences. Through this module, it is expected
that you will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the Social Sciences
and the different major social science ideas

After going through this module you are expected to:

 Analyze the basic concept and principles of Human-Environment

System
 Analyze the basic concept and principles of Rationale Choice Theory
 Analyze the basic concept and principles of Institutionalism

1
 Jumpstart

Let us start with a few activities in order to understand the lesson

Activity 1: Recall Me! The result will determine your prior knowledge.

1. What Social science studies humans, past and present?

a. Anthropology b. Economics c. Sociology
2. Which of the following is the study of scarcity, the study of how people use
resources, or the study of decision-making?
A. Economics B. Political Science C. Psychology
3. Which of the following is the study of places and the relationships between
people and their environments?
A. Anthropology B. Geography C. History
4. This is the study of the past as it is described in written documents. Events
occurring before written record are considered prehistory.
A. Demography B. Economics C. History
5. The scientific study of language and its structure is .
A. Anthology B. Linguistics C. Literature
6. Which branch of Natural Sciences studies non-living systems?
A. Environmental Science B. Life Science C. Physical Science
7. What is the study of atomic matter, especially its chemical reactions, but also
including its properties, structure, composition, behavior and changes?
A. Chemistry B. Physics C. Quantum science
8. Entomology studies insects while Ichthyology studies .
A. Amphibians B. Fish C. Reptiles
9. Which science studies organisms and their environment?
A. Biology B. Ecology C. Life Science
10. Microscopic organisms are important too thus studies the
important roles in life processes of single-celled organisms.
A. Biology B. Macrobiology C. Microbiology

2
 Discover

Concepts and Principles of the Major Social Sciences Ideas

Overarching Questions
What are the dominant approaches and ideas in the social sciences? How varied or diverse are these approach

Lesson 1 Topics Guide Questions

Empirical Analytical
Approaches in the
Social Sciences
Microlevel Approach in the Social Sciences
Rational Choice Theory What is a rational choice
theory? How does it
explain individual
behavior? What are the
objections to or critiques
of the rational choice
theory?
Institutionalism What is the difference
between old and new
institutionalism? Do
institutional contexts
matter in explaining
human behavior?
Human-Environmental- What is the human-
System Approach environmental approach in
the social sciences? Why is
it important to understand
the reciprocal relationship
or mutual dependence
between human (persons)
and environmental
(nature) systems? How
useful and relevant is the
human-environment
system in the analysis of
environmental and social
issues?

3
 Social scientists have always been preoccupied with basic questions such as
how people and why people behave the way they do, why institutions and policies
change, and why certain actions produce or result in different outcomes. The
search for answers and explanations on these questions brings out different factors
and forces that would account for a particular behavior.

Rational Choice Theory

What is Rational Choice Theory? How does it explain soc
Rational Choice Theory (RCT) is a
powerful tool in making sense of why people
act or behave in the way they do.
Nonetheless, it is not a comprehensive
theory that can fully account for one’s
behavior or action. According to Elster 1989
(in Ward 2002,65), “(t)he essence of rational choice theory is that when faced with
several courses of action, people usually do what they believe likely to have best
overall outcome.” Individuals’ actions are based on their preferences, beliefs, and
feasible strategies (Ward 2002). But as Ward (2002,65) observed, rational choice
theory “needs other perspectives to help explain why individuals have the interests
they do, how they perceive those interests, and distribution of rules, powers, and
social roles that determine the constraints on their actions.

The beginning of the rational choice theory (RCT) can be traced back to the
behavioral revolution in American political science of the 1950’s and the 1960’s
(Ward 2002) instigated by behavioralists or scholars following the behavioral
tradition or persuasion, and hence, the name behavioral movement.

Rational choice theorists’ explanations of individual actions and the

outcomes they lead are anchored on three pillars, namely:
1. Strategies or courses of action open and available to them,
2. Their preference over the end-states to which combinations of actions
chosen by the various players lead, and
3. Their beliefs about important parameters such as others preferences.

In making predictions, rational choice theory proceeds by applying logic and

mathematics to a set of assumptions. These assumptions may include axioms
about rational behavior as well as auxiliary assumptions about the context that
players find themselves in (Ward 2002).

A central feature of rational choice

theories is the predominant focus on the
individual as the actor making the
decisions (Lalman et al 1993, 81). An
assumption of the mainstream variant of
RCT is that “individuals have all rational
capacity, time, and emotional detachment
necessary to choose the best course of
action, no matter how complex the choice”
(Ward 2002: 1995). Rational choice
theorists try to explain political
phenomena by using the behavioral
conjecture that actors are rational, that is, they make purposive, goal-seeking
choices based on their own preferences, are able to rank alternatives from best to

4
worst, and choose according to what is best for them given their own preference or
tastes (Lalman et al. 1997; 79).

Nonetheless, rationality in itself is silent about whether preference of an

individual is benevolent or evil. RCT does not explain where preferences come from
and how these are mediated or negotiated. RCT only assumes that individual
pursue self-serving goals by doing a rational calculation of what is strategically best
among alternatives to achieve their goals. This implies a cost-benefit analysis of
alternatives and strategies.

As it exemplifies the deductive-nomological approach to explanation (Ward

2002), RCT enjoys the advantages associated with this method. Some of these
advantages include:
 It forces you to be explicit about assumptions that are often left
implicit in verbal arguments
 It provides a positive heuristic (Lakatos 1978)- a set of categories that
help in constructing explanations, a set of exemplary examples of
good explanation to emulate, and suggestions about fruitful lines of
research.
 It provides a unified framework of explanation across different fields of
the social sciences and across sub disciplines, allowing cross-
fertilization of ideas and viewpoint from which common patterns can
be seen across diverse phenomena.
 Even in circumstances in which action is irrational, it provides a
standard against which action can be judged and indicates variables
that might lead to departures from rationality (Mansbridge 1990b, 20
in Ward 2002, 70).

Nonetheless, RCT has been a target of criticism not only forms political
science but also from other disciplines in the social sciences. Ward (1995 & 2002)
grouped these criticisms into four modes, namely:
1. The “heretics” critique who wish to emphasize bounded rationality;
2. The sociologists critique of RCT’s tendency to play down social
structure and holistic modes of explanations;
3. The psychologists critique of RCT’s main assumption that individuals
often act rationally; and
4. Critique from mainstream political science on the basis of the
implausibility of the assumptions made and the predictive failures of
the model.

On the work of
Herbert Simon on bounded
rationality, some rational
choice theorists question
the highly implausible
assumptions of RCT about
the rational capacity of
individuals. Given limited
information, time, and
cognitive capacity to
process information, Simon
believes that individuals
use standard operating

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procedures as a heuristic device and as a shorthand guide to rational action. For
Simon, an action is procedurally rational if it is based on beliefs that are
reasonable given the context the actor is in (Ward 2002 &1995).

Since individuals cannot have all the rational capacity, time and emotional
detachment necessary to choose the best course of action, individuals resort to a
range of heuristic in dealing with any problems. Individuals can copy the methods
used by those who are more successful.

In contrasts to rational choice theorists, sociologists believe “that individual

behavior is largely a function of social structures” and not based on individual
choice (Ward 2002 &1995, 74). Sociologists find it implausible that individuals are
fully autonomous. For instance, structural factors can shape decisions made by
individuals. These may include social norms, ideologies, as well as rules and
conventions.

Institutionalism
Overarching Questions

What is the differnec between old and new institutionalism? Do institutions and institutional contexts matter

The institutional approach can be understood as a

subject matter, as a method, and
as a theory. As a subject matter, KEY CONCEPTS
the study of political institution is
central to the identity of the
discipline of political science
(Rhodes 1995). AS a method, the
traditional or classic institutional
approach is “descriptive inductive”
formal legal, and historical
comparative. It is descriptive
because it employs the technique
of the historian and explores
specific events, eras, people, and
institutions and
inductive because inferences
aredrawn from repeated observations. (Rhodes 1995, 43).

The behavioral revolution in the 1960s and 1970s sought to understand how
and why individuals acted as they did in real life.

The rational choice model also in the 1960s and 1070s explained politics in
terms of the interplay of the individual’s self-interest. The major contention of
rational choice theorists is that when faced with several courses of action, people
usually do what they believe is likely to have the best overall effect.Neo-Marxists
focused on how systemic power largely derived from capital-labor relationship play
in the structuring of government.

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 Most
al-legal methods in the study of political institutions is constitutional analysts
studies before the 1980s
(Rhodes 1995)
believed that there was more to politics than
the formal arrangements for representation,
decision-making, and policy implementation.
Others also continued to practice their art
on the assumption that “you need to sit still,
it all comes round again”.By the 1980s institutionalism emerged with more potency
and rigor. Institutionalism is now used to examine systems ranging from micro
interpersonal interactions to macro global frameworks.As such the classical
institutional approach systematically describes and analyzes phenomena that have
occurred in the past and explain contemporary political phenomena with reference
to past events. The goal is to explain and understand but not to formulate laws
(Kavanagh 1991, 482 in Rhodes 1995, 42).

The institutional approach also applies the formal-legal inquiry.

Formal since it comprises the study of formal governmental organizations
and legal because it contains the study of public law.

The Classic or traditional institutional approach is also comparative.

Woodrow Wilson argued that one’s “institutions can be understood and
appreciated only by those who know other systems of government. By the
use of a thorough comparative and historical method, a general clarification
of views may be obtained.”

As a theory, the classic or traditional institutional approach does not

only make statements about the causes and consequences of political
institutions. It also espouses the political value of democracy (Rhodes 1995).

Traditional Institutional Approach

 It deals with the deeper and more resilient aspect of social structure
 It considers the processes by which structures, including schemas, rules
and norms and routines become established as authoritative guidelines for
social behavior.
 It inquires into how these elements are created, diffused, adopted and
adapted over time and space, and how they fall into disuse and decline.
 Institutions are regular, stable, recurring patterns of behaviour.
 Institutionalism is an approach to the study of political institutions, a set of
theoretical ideas and hypothesis concerning the relations between
institutional characteristics and political agency, performance and change.
Institutionalism is considered the “historic heart” of Political Science and
part of the toolkit of every political scientist.
 Institutionalism covers the rules, procedures, and formal organization of
government.
 Embedded in the definition of institutionalism is a formal structure whose
existence has both symbolic and action-generating properties.
 Formal structure include mission statements, structural arrangements, and
top level, members
 Formal structures also signal the commitment of an organization to rational,
efficient standards of organizing, etc.

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Features of Traditional Institutional Approach

Features of Traditional Institutional Approach include the following:

 Legalism-it deals with the dominant role of law in governance. law

constitutes both the framework of the public sector itself and the major way
by which the government can affect the behaviour of people.

 Structuralism- the contention here is that structure not only mattered but
also determined behaviour. It concentrated on the major institutional
features of political systems and undertook comparative analysis of different
political systems.

 Holism- it was also concerned with constitutions and formal structures.

The analysis of political institutions was done within their historical
development Socio-economic milieu

 Normative – Political Science emerged from normative roots and so

traditional institutionalists linked their descriptive analysis of politics with
the concern for “good government”

Criticisms of Traditional Institutionalism

 The over reliance on structure by old institutionalists leaves very little room
for the impact of individuals, which is not good enough.
 The concentration of old institutionalists on whole systems as the basis of
comparison made generalization and theory building too difficult.
 The concentration of traditional institutionalists on normative analysis
undermines the subject matter of political science. The institutionalists
concern with norms and values meant that this work could not be scientific
 The focus on formal governmental institutions, constitutional issues and
public law was unpalatably formalistic and old-fashion
 It was insensitive to the non-political determinants of political behavior and
hence to the non-political bases of governmental institutions.

New Institutionalism

The term ‘new institutionalism’ was coined by March and Olsen to

emphasize the theoretical importance of institutions. The new interest in
institutionalism has been expressed in the slogan ‘bringing the state back in’ and
‘structuring politics’. The new institutionalism is relatively new theoretical
perspective that has been accepted by social scientists. New institutionalists have
made a case for giving institutions analytical primacy. Institutions play a more
autonomous role in shaping political outcomes because the organization of political
life makes a difference. Institutions are political actors in their own right.

Assumptions of New Institutionalism

Institutions create order and predictability in the actions of governments and

individuals. The translation of structures into political action and action into
institutional continuity and change, are generated by comprehensive and routine
process. Political order is created by a collection of institutions that fit more or less

8
into a coherent system. Institutions give order to social relations, reduce flexibility
and variability of behaviour, and restrict the possibility of a one-sided pursuit of self-
interest drives.

Approaches to New Institutionalism

There are three main variants of the new institutionalism. These are:
1. Normative institutionalism
2. Historical institutionalism
3. Rational choice institutionalism

Normative institutionalism

Normative institutionalism was advanced by March and Olsen. They

posit that the best way to understand political behaviour at both the
individual and collective levels is to through the “logic of appropriateness”
that individuals acquire through their membership of institutions. People
functioning within institutions behave as they do because of normative
standards rather than because of their desire to maximize individual taste
and preference.
Normative institutionalism reflects the important role assigned to
norms and values within an organization in explaining behavior of an actor

Historical institutionalism

This approach is associated with the writings of Steinmo, Thelen and

Longstreth. The proponents of historical institutionalism built on the old
tradition of political science that assigned importance to formal political
institutions. The argument of this approach is that the policy and structural
choices made at the inception of the institution will have a persistent
influence over its behaviour for the remainder of its existence. The basic
explanatory principle of historical institutionalism is “path dependency”.

It is concerned about the persistence of organization after they are

formed. It argues for the historical analysis of institutions by adapting the
concept of path dependency. Institutions are regarded as somewhat stable
and rigid for reforms and environmental changes.

They can range from;

 the rules of a constitutional order or the standard operating procedures of
bureaucracy to;
 the conventions governing trade union behavior.
This approach is well-suited to explaining the persistence of policies but
less promising as a means of explaining the change in policies or structures.

Rational choice institutionalism

Rational choice institutionalism (RCI) emerged from the study on the

Congress in the United States. It sought to explain the unusual stability
associated with congressional outcomes. The basic tenet of rational choice
institutionalism is that institutions are arrangements of rules and
incentives, and that the members of the institutions behave in response to

9
 those basic components of institutional structures. The goal of rational
choice institutionalism is to uncover the laws of political behavior and action.
Scholars in RCI generally believe that once these laws are discovered, models
can be constructed that will help social scientists understand and predict
political behavior. RCI drew very useful analytical tools from the ‘new
economics of organization’ which emphasizes the primacy of property rights,
rent-seeking and transaction cost to the operation and development of
institutions.

In recent years, RCI’s have turned their attention to a variety of other

phenomena, including;
 cross-national coalition behavior,
 the development of political institutions,
 the intensity of ethnic conflict.

Rational Choice Institutionalism is used to explain;

 the rise or fall of international regimes,
 the kind of responsibilities that states delegate to international
organizations, and the shape of such organizations.

The Strengths of New Institutionalism

New institutionalism emphasizes that institutions are central makers in the

process of preference formation. It suggests that actors adapt their behavior to
existing institutional frameworks thereby legitimizing institutions and favoring
institutional continuity. New institutionalism provides analytical tools for
determining institutional change. Rational choice institutionalists have adopted the
utilitarian view of institutional change-institutions are demanded because they
enhance the welfare of rational actors, and are transformed when they become
dysfunctional or yield suboptimal results. Even though the new institutionalists
return to the institutional root of political science, they also stress the importance
of individual actors in the political process. Individual’s actions are affected by the
values that are advanced by institutions.

New institutionalism helps us to really examine the nature of institutions in

a political system. Finally, new institutionalism demonstrates the primacy of
institutions. The theory is very helpful in explaining how existing institutions
continue to exist, since the persistence of an institution often depends on the
benefits it can deliver.

The weaknesses of new institutionalism

Guy Peters has argued that there is an apparent theoretical inconsistency

within new institutionalism. It is contended that institutions tend to be inherently
static, while the world of politics it seeks to explain, is almost always changing.
There is the difficulty in falsifying the predictions coming from this body of theory
especially rational choice theory.

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Human-Environment Systems

Humans have the capacity to interact with their environment. Humans and
the environment have “mutual” interaction with each other.. Humans have the
capacity to change or influence the balance of society. Humans always have the
capacity to adapt to its ENVIRONMENT; It is a complex of many variables that
surrounds man as well as living organisms. Environment includes water, air and
land and the interrelationships which exist among and SYSTEM; it may be
described as a complex of interacting components together with the relationships
among them that permit the identification of a boundary-maintaining entity or
process. HUMAN- ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM, it is also known as the Coupled
Human and Natural System, or (CHANS). It is an integrated scientific theory

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES (ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION AND EFFECTS)

Many of the environmental issues today relate to human's overuse of finite

resources for economic development. As a species, humans tend to regard the
environment as a never-ending source of materials and Healthy ecosystems and
environments are necessary to the survival of humans and other organisms. Ways
of reducing negative human impact are environmental resources management,
environmental protection, and environmentally- friendly chemical engineering.

HUMAN ACTIONS AND ITS ENVIRONMENT

1. HUMAN OVERPOPULATION occurs when the ecological footprint of a

human population in a specific geographical location exceeds the carrying
capacity of the
 Water Scarcity
 Land reclamation
 Waste Disposal Management
 Urbanization

2. INTENSIVE FARMING. Intensive farming or intensive agriculture is a

kind of agriculture where a lot of capital and labor are used to increase the
yield that can be obtained per area. The use of large amounts of pesticides
for crops, and for medication for
 Intensive animal farming
 Intensive crop farming
 Pesticide drift
 Plasticulture
 Slash and burn
 Deforestation
 Environmental effects of meat production

3. EXHAUSTIVE LAND USE. It involves exhaustive management and

modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment
such as settlements and semi-natural habitats such as arable fields,
arrangements, activities, and inputs that people undertake in a certain land
cover type.
 Habitat fragmentation
 Habitat destruction
 Land Degradation
 Built Environment

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  Desertification
4. HYDROLOGY It is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and
quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water
resources, and environmental watershed sustainability.
 Tile drainage
 Flooding
 Landslide
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF HUMAN

STRENGTHS

 It provides a bigger and wider view of looking at

environmental issues
 It highlights the importance of synergy and interconnection or
interdependence of the human society and the environment
 It looks at the human agency as not just a user of
environmental resources but also protectors of the environment
and other species.

WEAKNESSE
S  It rests on the idea that individually and collectively, humans
can resolve

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 Explore

Enrichment Activity:

A. True or False. Write T if the statement provides a correct information,

write F if otherwise. Write your answer on the space provided before the
number.

1. Rational choice theory can never be a tool in making sense on why

people act.
2. Rational choice theory is a comprehensive theory that can fully
account for one’s action.
3. The rational choice theory did not become a dominant approach to
political science.
4. There is no an available strategy or courses of action open and
available to a person according to a rationalists theorists.
5. Rational choice theory does not force a person to explicit about
assumption according to RTC advantage.

B. Enumeration:
Enumerate at least 3 concept of institutionalism that was discussed
1.
2.
3.
Enumerate at least 3 concepts of rational choice theory that was discussed
1.
2.
3.
Enumerate the 4 actions of humans to its environment
1.
2.
3.
4.

Enumerate the traditional institutional approach

1.
2.
3.
4.

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 Deepen

“Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makakarating sa paroroo

 National Indigenous Peoples Month is observed every October by virtue of

Proclamation No. 1906 signed on October 5, 2009, by former President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo. According to the proclamation, the celebration highlights
Philippine indigenous peoples’ rights and the preservation of indigenous cultural
communities as part of the life of the nation.

In line with our topic Human-Environment System Approach, you are to make a poster
and slogan about how to take care of the environment following the 2019 IP Month
celebration “Vital Wisdoms: Learning with the Indigenous Peoples” (Buháy na Dúnong:
Pagkatúto Kasama Ang Mga Katutúbo) Use long coupon bond and any prefer writing and
coloring materials. See rubrics below:

RUBRIC FOR THE POSTER ACTIVITY

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1

Required The poster includes All required elements Few of the Several required
Elements all required elements are included on the required elements elements were
as well as additional poster & bookmarks. are included on missing.
information. the poster.

Picture The poster is The poster is attractive The poster is The poster is
and/or logo exceptionally in terms of design, acceptably distractingly messy
attractive in terms of layout and neatness. attractive though or very poorly
design, layout, and it may be a bit designed. It is not
neatness. messy. attractive.

Content - 2 accurate reasons 1 accurate reason is Less than 1 Inaccurate

Accuracy are displayed on the displayed on the accurate reason is reason(s) are used.
poster. poster. displayed on the
poster.

Slogan Slogan is catchy and Slogan is weak but Slogan is catchy Slogan's meaning
supports the idea of supports the idea of but doesn't isn't clear and
the importance of the importance of our support the idea of doesn't support
our environment environment the importance of the idea of the
our environment. importance of our
environment

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 Gauge

A. MULTIPLE CHOICES

1. Which of the following does not belong to human overpopulation?

A. Urbanization C. Land Reclamation
B. Water Scarcity D. Decentralization
2. This occurs when the ecological footprint of a human population exceeds its
carrying capacity
A. Urbanization C. Land Reclamation
B. Water Scarcity D. all of the above
3. It is a practice where a lot of capital and labor are used to increase the yield that
can be obtain per area?
A. Human Overpopulation C. Hydrology
B. Intensive farming D. Extensive land use
4. This involves management and modification of the natural environment?
A. Human Overpopulation C. Hydrology
B. Intensive farming D. Exhaustive land use
5. Which of the following intensive farming practices does not belong to the group?
A. Pesticide Drift C. Car Drifting

B. ESSAY. Your answer will be rated based on the rubric provided below the
statments

1. What is rational choice theory? What are the objections to or critiques of the
rational choice theory?

2. Do institutions and institutional contexts matter in explaining human behavior?

15
 Rubric for Activity C

Criteria Fair Good Very Good

2 points 3 points 4 points
Description Description Description
has no new provides some was written
Quality of information new neatly, very
Writing and ideas are information well
poorly and organized informative
organized and well
organized
There are Few misspelled Virtually, no
misspelled words and spelling,
words, and punctuation punctuation or
Grammar, punctuation errors but grammatical
Usage and and were able to errors and
Mechanics grammatical provide a were able to
errors that description provide a very
interferes with good
the description description.
provided

C. ACROSTIC. Among the 3 Microlevel Approach in Social Science that we

discussed; Rational Choice Theory, Institutionalism, and Human
Environmental-System Approach, you are to choose 1 and make your own
acrostic to it. Ensure that there is a good relation to all the succession of every
letter. Your acrostic will be rated using the rubric for essay that was used.

R- I- H- S-
A- N- U- Y-
T- S- M- S-
I- T- A- T-
O- I- N- E-
N- T- M-
A- U- E-
L- T- N- A-
I- V- P-
C- 0- I- P-
H- N- R- R-
O- A- O- O-
I- L- N- A-
C- I- M- C-
E- S- E- H
M- N-
T- T-
H- A-
E- L-
O-
R-
Y-

16
Answer Key

17
References

https://www.google.com/search?q=heuristic&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi7gre8qojsA
hUK6JQKHTO1CbcQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=heuristic&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIC
CAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAA6BQgAELEDUNWxOFjTvjhgh8o4aABw
AHgAgAG8AYgB-
wqSAQMwLjmYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=qP5vX7uO
O4rQ0wSz6qa4Cw#imgrc=grT339wuB5qv3M

https://sirdenzmodules.blogspot.com/2020/01/dominant-approaches-and-
ideas.html

Photo Cover Credited to LUSDO Management Team

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