Chapter (9) - Gas Power Cycles
Chapter (9) - Gas Power Cycles
Chapter (9) - Gas Power Cycles
Chapter 9
GAS POWER CYCLES
Dr. M. Tahat
Objectives
• Evaluate the performance of gas power cycles for which the
working fluid remains a gas throughout the entire cycle.
• Develop simplifying assumptions applicable to gas power
cycles.
• Review the operation of reciprocating engines.
• Analyze both closed and open gas power cycles.
• Solve problems based on the Otto, Diesel, Stirling, and
Ericsson cycles.
• Solve problems based on the Brayton cycle; the Brayton cycle
with regeneration; and the Brayton cycle with intercooling,
reheating, and regeneration.
• Analyze jet-propulsion cycles.
• Identify simplifying assumptions for second-law analysis of
gas power cycles.
• Perform second-law analysis of gas power cycles.
2
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE ANALYSIS
OF POWER CYCLES Thermal efficiency of heat engines
Most power-producing devices operate on cycles.
Ideal cycle: A cycle that resembles the actual cycle
closely but is made up totally of internally reversible
processes is called an.
Reversible cycles such as Carnot cycle have the
highest thermal efficiency of all heat engines
operating between the same temperature levels.
Unlike ideal cycles, they are totally reversible, and
unsuitable as a realistic model.
Modeling is a
powerful
engineering tool
that provides great The analysis of many
insight and complex processes can be
simplicity at the reduced to a manageable
expense of some level by utilizing some
loss in accuracy. idealizations.
3
On a T-s diagram, the ratio of the The idealizations and simplifications in the
area enclosed by the cyclic curve to analysis of power cycles:
the area under the heat-addition 1. The cycle does not involve any friction.
process curve represents the thermal Therefore, the working fluid does not
efficiency of the cycle. Any experience any pressure drop as it flows in
modification that increases the ratio pipes or devices such as heat exchangers.
of these two areas will also increase 2. All expansion and compression processes
the thermal efficiency of the cycle. take place in a quasi-equilibrium manner.
3. The pipes connecting the various
components of a system are well
insulated, and heat transfer through them
Care should be exercised is negligible.
in the interpretation of the
results from ideal cycles.
6
AN OVERVIEW OF RECIPROCATING ENGINES
Compression ratio Mean effective pressure: Is the a fictitious pressure that, if acted on
the piston during the entire power stroke, would produce the same amount
of net work as that produced during the actual cycle. That is,
Actual and ideal cycles in spark-ignition engines and their P-v diagrams.
8
The two-stroke engines are
Four-stroke cycle
generally less efficient than
1 cycle = 4 stroke = 2 revolution their four-stroke counterparts
Two-stroke cycle but they are relatively simple
1 cycle = 2 stroke = 1 revolution and inexpensive, and they
have high power-to-weight
and power-to-volume ratios.
T -s
diagram
of the
ideal Otto Schematic of a two-stroke
cycle. reciprocating engine.
9
The execution of the Otto cycle in a closed system, and disregarding the changes in KE and PE,
the energy balance of any of the Otto cycle process is expressed based on a unit-mass is:
Process 1-3& 3-4 are Isentropic process and V2=V3, V1=V4 , Thus,
In SI engines, the
The thermal efficiency of Thermal efficiency of the ideal
the Otto cycle increases compression ratio is
limited by autoignition
Otto cycle as a function of
with the specific heat ratio compression ratio (k = 1.4). 10
or engine knock.
k of the working fluid.
An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the compression
process, air is at 100 kPa and 17°C, and 800 kJ/kg of heat is transferred to air during
the constant-volume heat-addition process. Accounting for the variation of specific
heats of air with temperature, determine
(a) the maximum temperature and pressure that occur during the cycle,
(b) the net work output, (c) the thermal efficiency, and (d ) the mean effective
pressure for the cycle.
Solution An ideal Otto cycle is considered. The maximum temperature and pressure,
the net work output, the thermal efficiency, and the mean effective pressure are to be
determined.
Assumptions :
1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable.
2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
3 The variation of specific heats with temperature is to be accounted for.
11
DIESEL CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE
FOR COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
In diesel engines, only air is compressed during the
compression stroke, eliminating the possibility of
autoignition (engine knock). Therefore, diesel engines
can be designed to operate at much higher compression
ratios than SI engines, typically between 12 and 24.
• 1-2 isentropic
compression
• 2-3 constant-
volume heat
addition
• 3-4 isentropic
expansion
• 4-1 constant-
volume heat
rejection.
Thermal
efficiency of
the ideal Diesel
cycle as a
function of
compression
and cutoff
ratios (k=1.4).
13
QUESTIONS
Dual cycle: A more realistic Diesel engines operate at
ideal cycle model for modern, higher air-fuel ratios than
high-speed compression ignition gasoline engines. Why?
engine. Despite higher power to
weight ratios, two-stroke
engines are not used in
automobiles. Why?
The stationary diesel
engines are among the
most efficient power
producing devices (about
50%). Why?
What is a turbocharger?
Why are they mostly used
in diesel engines
compared to gasoline
P-v diagram of an ideal dual cycle. engines.
14
Stirling cycle STIRLING AND ERICSSON CYCLES
• 1-2 T = constant expansion (heat addition from the external source)
• 2-3 v = constant regeneration (internal heat transfer from the working fluid to the
regenerator)
• 3-4 T = constant compression (heat rejection to the external sink)
• 4-1 v = constant regeneration (internal heat transfer from the regenerator back to
the working fluid)
Thermal
efficiency of the
ideal Brayton
cycle as a
T-s and P-v diagrams for function of the
the ideal Brayton cycle. pressure ratio.
18
The two major application areas of gas- The highest temperature in the cycle is
turbine engines are aircraft propulsion limited by the maximum temperature that
the turbine blades can withstand. This
and electric power generation.
also limits the pressure ratios that can be
used in the cycle.
The air in gas turbines supplies the
necessary oxidant for the combustion of
the fuel, and it serves as a coolant to
keep the temperature of various
components within safe limits. An air–fuel
ratio of 50 or above is not uncommon.
Comparison
of work inputs
to a single-
stage
compressor
(1AC) and a
two-stage
compressor
with
intercooling
(1ABD).
Propulsive power is
the thrust acting on the
aircraft through a
distance per unit time.
Basic components of a turbojet engine and the T-s diagram for the ideal turbojet cycle.
26
Modifications to Turbojet Engines
The first airplanes built were all propeller-
driven, with propellers powered by engines
essentially identical to automobile engines.
Both propeller-driven engines and jet-
propulsion-driven engines have their own
strengths and limitations, and several attempts
have been made to combine the desirable
characteristics of both in one engine.
Energy supplied to an aircraft
Two such modifications are the propjet engine
and the turbofan engine. (from the burning of a fuel)
manifests itself in various forms.
Stream exergy