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    1.internal Combustion Engines - Cycles

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    sripoojitha511
    The document discusses internal combustion engine cycles including the air-standard assumptions, cold-air-standard assumptions, an overview of reciprocating engines including compression ratio and mean effective pressure, the Otto cycle as the ideal cycle for spark-ignition engines including its four processes and four-stroke cycle, limitations on compression ratio due to knock in SI engines, the diesel cycle as the ideal cycle for compression-ignition engines including its four processes and higher compression ratios compared to SI engines, and cutoff ratio effects on work for the same compression ratio.

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    1.internal Combustion Engines - Cycles

    Uploaded by

    sripoojitha511
    7 views17 pages
    The document discusses internal combustion engine cycles including the air-standard assumptions, cold-air-standard assumptions, an overview of reciprocating engines including compression ratio and mean effective pressure, the Otto cycle as the ideal cycle for spark-ignition engines including its four processes and four-stroke cycle, limitations on compression ratio due to knock in SI engines, the diesel cycle as the ideal cycle for compression-ignition engines including its four processes and higher compression ratios compared to SI engines, and cutoff ratio effects on work for the same compression ratio.

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    1.Internal Combustion Engines_Cycles

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    The document discusses internal combustion engine cycles including the air-standard assumptions, cold-air-standard assumptions, an overview of reciprocating engines including compression ratio and mean effective pressure, the Otto cycle as the ideal cycle for spark-ignition engines including its four processes and four-stroke cycle, limitations on compression ratio due to knock in SI engines, the diesel cycle as the ideal cycle for compression-ignition engines including its four processes and higher compression ratios compared to SI engines, and cutoff ratio effects on work for the same compression ratio.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views17 pages

    1.internal Combustion Engines - Cycles

    Uploaded by

    sripoojitha511
    The document discusses internal combustion engine cycles including the air-standard assumptions, cold-air-standard assumptions, an overview of reciprocating engines including compression ratio and mean effective pressure, the Otto cycle as the ideal cycle for spark-ignition engines including its four processes and four-stroke cycle, limitations on compression ratio due to knock in SI engines, the diesel cycle as the ideal cycle for compression-ignition engines including its four processes and higher compression ratios compared to SI engines, and cutoff ratio effects on work for the same compression ratio.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 17

    Internal Combustion Engine

    Cycles

    1
    AIR-STANDARD ASSUMPTIONS
    Air-standard cycle: A cycle for which
    the air-standard assumptions are
    applicable.
    Air-standard assumptions:
    1. The working fluid is air, which
    continuously circulates in a closed
    loop and always behaves as an ideal
    gas.
    2. All the processes that make up the
    cycle are internally reversible.
    3. The combustion process is replaced
    by a heat-addition process from an
    external source.
    4. The exhaust process is replaced by a
    heat-rejection process that restores
    the working fluid to its initial state.

    Cold-air-standard assumptions: When the working fluid is considered


    to be air with constant specific heats at room temperature (25°C). 2
    AN OVERVIEW OF RECIPROCATING ENGINES
    Compression Spark-ignition (SI) engines
    ratio Compression-ignition (CI) engines

    3
    Mean effective pressure

    The mean effective pressure can be


    used as a parameter to compare the
    performances of reciprocating
    engines of equal size.

    The engine with a larger value of MEP


    delivers more net work per cycle and
    thus performs better.

    4
    OTTO CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES

    5
    Four-stroke cycle
    1 cycle = 4 stroke = 2 revolution
    Two-stroke cycle
    1 cycle = 2 stroke = 1 revolution

    The two-stroke engines are


    generally less efficient than their
    four-stroke counterparts but they
    are relatively simple and
    inexpensive, and they have high
    power-to-weight and power-to-
    volume ratios.

    6
    7
    8
    Process 0-1: Air enters the cylinder through
    the open intake valve at atmospheric pressure
    P0 as the piston moves from TDC to BDC.
    Process 1-2: The intake valve is closed at
    state 1 and air is compressed isentropically to
    state 2. Piston moves from BDC to TDC.
    Process 2-3: Heat is transferred at constant
    volume.
    Process 3-4: Air is expanded isentropically.
    Process 4-1: Heat is rejected at constant
    volume.
    Process 1-0: Air is expelled through the open
    exhaust valve.
    Work interactions during intake and exhaust
    cancel each other, and thus inclusion of the
    intake and exhaust processes has no effect
    on the net work output from the cycle.
    However, when calculating power output from
    the cycle during an ideal Otto cycle analysis,
    we must consider the fact that the ideal Otto
    cycle has four strokes just like actual four-
    stroke spark-ignition engine.
    10
    In SI engines, the
    compression ratio is
    limited by autoignition
    or engine knock.

    Engine knock: The temperature


    of the air–fuel mixture rises
    above the autoignition
    temperature of the fuel during the
    combustion process, causing an
    early and rapid burn of the fuel at
    some point or points ahead of the
    flame front, followed by almost
    instantaneous inflammation of
    the end gas.
    Engine knock hurts performance
    and can cause engine damage

    11
    12
    DIESEL CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR
    COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
    In diesel engines, only air is
    compressed during the
    compression stroke, eliminating the
    possibility of autoignition.
    Diesel engines can be designed to
    operate at much higher
    compression ratios than SI engines,
    typically between 12 and 24.
    In CI engines (also known as diesel
    engines), the air is compressed to a
    temperature that is above the
    autoignition temperature of the fuel,
    and combustion starts on contact as
    the fuel is injected into this hot air.
    The spark plug is replaced by a fuel
    injector in diesel engines.
    13
    1-2 isentropic compression
    2-3 constant-pressure heat addition
    3-4 isentropic expansion
    4-1 constant-volume heat rejection.
    14
    Cutoff
    ratio

    for the same


    compression ratio
    15
    16
    Text Books
    • Cengel Y. A. & Boles M. A. “Thermodynamics - an
    Engineering Approach”, 8/e, Tata McGraw Hill,
    2016.

    17

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