Stats Notes

MODULE 1
STATISTICS
 Is matter of scientific method that deals with COSPA
Collection
Organizing
Summarizing
Presenting
Analyzing ……. DATA
DATA
 Is a set of facts and figures
 Are facts and figures collected, analyzed, and summarized for presentation and interpretation.
KINDS OF DATA
Alphanumeric Data- number, letters, special character (), *
Image Data - Graphic Image , Pictures
Audio Data- sound, noises, tones
Video Data - Movable pictures
Computer Data - Binary digits (Password)
 numeric , special character, bites? (Di ko maintindiahn si sir hehe)
Importance of datas in our business

> Feedback mechanism
> Decision Making
TWO BROAD AREAS OF STATISTICS

1. Descriptive Statistics
 Utilizes numerical and graphical methods to look for patterns in a data set, to summarize the
information revealed in a data set, and to present the information in a convenient form.
 Quantitative
 Hindi lahat ng thesis ay merong hypothesis
2. Inferential Statistics
 Utilizes sample data to make estimates decisions, predictions, or other generalization about
larger set of data
 Prediction
Process- is a series of actions or operation that transform inputs to outputs

Data —- Process —-- = Information (Data that has been processed)
Information System- set of integrated components
Elements - are the entities on which data are collected
Variables- is a characteristics of interest for the elements
MIS = Management Information System
QUALITATIVE (Categorical)
> non numerical
> includes label or names used to identify an attribute of each elements
> can be used to classify / categorize
(Take categories as their values such as “True”, “False” , “Yes” ,“No” or “Blue” , “Red”
> Text File
Examples:
Small, Medium, Large (Sizes)
Blue, Red and Orange (Color)
QUANTITATIVE
> Referring to a number
> Values that indicate how much or how many of something
Examples
 120kg
 150 degrees fahrenheit
 1 dozen egg
*weight / time / temperature / mass
1. Discrete Data
- counting process, finite set / involves whole number (sakto)
Ex.
 Fingers
 1 dozen
 Number of enrollee
 Basketball scored
 Number of pets
2. Continues Data
 Measurements / measuring process/ any value in a certain range
Ex.
 Temperature
 Height
 Weight
 Area of a house
>Categorical and numerical are the two classification of variables
1. Categorical
2. Numerical (Discrete and Continuous)
FOUR LEVELS SCALES OF MEASUREMENTS (NOIR)

1. Nominal Scale :
 Naming / Variable / Categorical / cannot perform mathematical computations / mutually
exclusive
Example
 Gender
 Political Affiliation: PDP Laban / Makabayan / Lakas Bayan
 Color
 Attributes are only names
 Yes or No /
 Types of account (Savings / Current & Time Deposit / Money Market )
2. Ordinal Scale
 Ordered attributes / can perform mathematical computations/ Likert Scale
Example:
First, second, third
1= Good
2= Very Excellent
3= Excellent
4= Superior
 Attributes can be Rank Ordered
3. Interval Scale
 Ordinal Ranking / Added attribute of equal spacing
Example:
Temperature in Fahrenheit
30 degrees is more than 20 degrees
20 degrees is more than 10 degrees
Difference between both examples in 10 degrees

No True zero value
Zero degree does not mean there is no temperature it means cold
 Distance is Meaningful
4. Ratio Scale
 Ordinal Ranking / Equal Spacing / Absolute Zero
Example:
Physical Measurement
Height Depth
Weight Speed
Qualitative:
1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
Quantitative:
3. Interval
4. Ratio
Classification of Data
Primary Data
> refers to the data collected by the researcher, for the very first time, from different sources, with a particular
problem, question or specific purpose in mind (Original Data)
Secondary Data
> refers to the data that is collected by someone other than the primary users
Example:
 Newspaper, Magazines, Websites, Publications (Government), Records, Journals and Books
Internal Data
 Bio data resume
External Data
 NSO total population
 secondary data
PRIMARY DATA CAN BE COLLECTED THROUGH:
1. Survey (Sample)
 An activity in which many people are asked a question or a series of questions in order to gather
information about what most people do or think about something.
2. Questionnaire/ Indirect Method
 Is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions for the purpose of gathering
information from respondents
3. Interview / Direct Method
 This is done through a direct and personal contact of the researchers with the person from
whom data will be collected.
Population = universe total (census) parameter

Sample= representative of the population (subset) statistics (description characteristics)
4. Registration
 This method is done through the gathering of data from concern offices
5. Observation Method
 This method is purely based on the subjective remarks of the observer
6. Experimental Method
 It is the method that determines the cause and effect relationship of a certain
 constraint or event under a controlled situation.
CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLE
According to functional relationship
1. Independent variable (x)

 Predictor / explanatory / regressor / manipulated variable / controlled variable / exposure
 Unang nangyayari (cause and effect)
 Hair, Teacher, Parent
2. Dependent variable (Y)

 criterion variable / response variable / measured variable and observed variable
 Umaasa lang sa X
 Comb, Student , Son & Daughter
Type of Research
> Deductive Research
> Inductive Research
Kapag kayo ang kauna unahan nag aral

The panels should not ask for literature pwedeng wala siyang local and foreign study
 Pwede iaalign lang
STATISTICAL INFERENCE
Many situations require data for groups of elements (individuals, companies, households, voters,
products, customers and so on). Because of time, cost and other concerns, data can be collected from only a
small portion of the group.
The larger group of elements in a particular study is called population (Universe) , and the smaller
group is called sample.
1. Population- is the set of all elements of interest in a particular study (Parameter)

2. Sample- is a subject of the population (Statistics)
TECHNIQUE
PROBABILITY SAMPLING EXAMPLES
Simple Random Sampling (SRS)

 It is a sampling method of choosing representative (sample) from the population wherein every sample
has an equal chance of being selected.
 The most basic random sampling wherein each element in the population has equal probability of being
selected (method of change - remove bias.)
 Everybody is entitled to be taken as part of the respondents
 Lahat ay may chance na mabunot
Sampling- is a process of selecting representative units from an entire population of a study.
2 Types of SRS
1. Probability sampling- involves random selection. (unbias) masteral
2. Non-Probability Sampling- The sampling technique that do not involve random selection of data. (bias)
student
Systematic Random Sampling

 Is a probability sampling method in which a random sample, with a fixed periodic interval, is selected
from a larger population.
 The fixed periodic interval, called the sampling interval, is calculated by dividing the population size by
the desired sample size.
 Alphabetically or random according every 3 person selected or more.
Stratified Random Sampling

 Is a method of sampling that involves the division of a population into smaller sub-groups known as
strata.
 Population mo i-group mo sila and kuha ng representative.
Example:
Using a 5% margin or error, number of students should be included in the samples.
Slovin's formula:
Clustering
 In cluster sampling, researchers divide a population into smaller groups known as clusters. They then
randomly select among these clusters to form a sample. It is a method of probability sampling that is
often used to study large populations, particularly those that are widely geographically dispersed.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING EXAMPLES
 A sampling technique in which the researcher selects samples based on the subjective judgment of the
researcher rather than random selection. It is a less stringent method.
Availability / Convenience Sampling
 Is a type of non-probability sampling that involves the sample being drawn from that part of the
population that is close to hand. This type of sampling is most useful for pilot testing.
 Samples are selected from the population only because they are conveniently available to the
researcher . Researcher choose these samples just because they are easy to recruit, and the
researchers did not consider selecting a sample that represents the entire population. (involves
selecting samples based on convenience.)
Purposive (Judgmental) Sampling

 Also known as judgmental, selective or subjective sampling, reflects a group of sampling techniques
that rely on the judgment of the researcher; when it comes to selecting the units that are to be studied.
 Example:
 Specific people, cases/ organizations, events, pieces of data
Consecutive Sampling
 Very similar to convenience sampling, with a slight variation,
 The researcher picks a single person or a group of sample, conducts research over a period, analyzes
the results, and then moves on to another subject or group if needed.
 It gives the researcher a chance to work with many topics and fine-tune his/ her research by collecting
results that have vital insights. (total enumeration sampling)
Quota- Sampling (also known as non-probability sampling)

 Used in the initial stage of a research study,.
 The population is selected based on specific characteristics and traits of the members of the
populations.
 Exact number or quotas, of individuals, or groups of varying features.
Snowball Sampling
 Selecting participants by finding one or two participants and then asking them to refer you to others.
Examples:
Meeting homeless person, interviewing that person, and then asking him/ her to introduce you
to other homeless people you might interview
MEAN, MEDIAN MODE

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MODULE 1

Importance of datas in our business

TWO BROAD AREAS OF STATISTICS

Process- is a series of actions or operation that transform inputs to outputs

MIS = Management Information System

FOUR LEVELS SCALES OF MEASUREMENTS (NOIR)

Difference between both examples in 10 degrees

PRIMARY DATA CAN BE COLLECTED THROUGH:

Population = universe total (census) parameter

1. Independent variable (x)

2. Dependent variable (Y)

Kapag kayo ang kauna unahan nag aral

1. Population- is the set of all elements of interest in a particular study (Parameter)

Simple Random Sampling (SRS)

Sampling- is a process of selecting representative units from an entire population of a study.

Systematic Random Sampling

Stratified Random Sampling

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING EXAMPLES

Purposive (Judgmental) Sampling

Quota- Sampling (also known as non-probability sampling)

MEAN, MEDIAN MODE

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