Biogas Production Feedstock EEC

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Case study of biogas production from various feedstocks

Experiment Findings · January 2018


DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11783.24488

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Eco. Env. & Cons. 24 (4) : 2018; pp. (1871-1876)
Copyright@ EM International
ISSN 0971–765X

Case study of biogas production from various


feedstocks
Shivani1 and Bashir Misbah2*

1
Department of Civil engineering, Lovely Professional University 2Department of Environment
Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144 411, Punjab, India

(Received 28 April, 2018; accepted 10 June, 2018)

ABSTRACT
Waste is one of the foremost and environmental anxieties in most of evolving countries. In rapidly developing
world problems and issues of waste are increasing day by day. The objective of this paper is to give the
insight details of different wastes which can help in the production of biogas. It has been perceived from
past few researches that biogas production can be increased efficiently. This paper gives an overview about
the biogas production by using different substrates and methods to overcome from the problem of pollution
caused by waste. Biogas is generated by the bioconversion of treated and untreated biomass under solid
state fermentation. Biogas does not have limitations nor does it require advanced technology for producing
energy. An attempt is made to compare the biogas formation from different wastes used as a feedstock.
Most of the researches were done before using these as a feedstock so in this paper some of the results are
analyzed and discussed as biogas production is the economical as well as the easiest way to utilize the
waste and convert into energy solutions.

Key words : Biogas, Feedstock, fermentation.

Introduction erated by anaerobic digestion of various materials


such as cow dung, vegetable remains, animal re-
There has been an enormous increase in the global mains, leftover foods etc.
demand for energy in the recent years due to our in- It is in the form of various gases like methane,
creasing demands as well as new living standards. carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, hydrogen sul-
Supply of energy is far more less than the actual fide, oxygen etc. produced by the fermentation of
demand. This demand supply gap indicates the organic matter as discussed and their values are
growing energy crisis in various fields such as oil shown below in the table in which they are present.
shortage, coal shortage, power shortage etc. Biogas can be used in different ways such as for
In India there is emerging shortage of various power production, heating, cooking gas, in vehicle
non renewable resources as 65% of power genera- transportation etc. Various concentrations of biogas
tion in India is done with the help of oil, coal etc. components as discussed above are summed up in
Hike in petrol and diesel prices is due to the exces- the table given below
sive unnecessary use. Power is used for every little
Environmental impacts of wastes
work such as cooking, heating and water supply.
There are many ways through which energy is • Wastes produced from different industries are
being produced, biogas is one of them which is gen- dumped on fertile lands or in the water bodies

*Corresponding author’s email : [email protected]; [email protected]


1872 Eco. Env. & Cons. 24 (4) : 2018

Table 1. Concentration of biogas contents. Biological processes include following:


Gases Approx value (%) 1. Hydrolysis
2. Acidification
Methane 49-74 3. Methanogenisis
Carbon Dioxide 25-49
Nitrogen 0-11
Hydrogen sulphide 0.1-0.5
Materials and Methods
Oxygen 0-0.5
Types of substrates (Feedstock)
which cause deterioration of land and water • Waste from dairy production
causing threat to the life of humans, plants, ma- • Food industries
rine life. • Agricultural remains
• Some of the wastes such as pine needles or the • Kitchen waste
crop remains cause accumulation on the ground • Animal waste
thus creating problem for rainwater to penetrate • Slaughter house waste etc
into the soil. Cow dung and pine needles as a substrate
• Throwing garbage or waste into the land form-
ing the mountains of garbage cause degradation Pine needles have lignocellulosic content which
of soil which leads to the shortage of fodder to help in the production of biogas. Various researched
the animals. being done by using this as a substrate. Pine needles
• Report says that these so called garbage moun- grinded into small pieces and mixed thoroughly
tains are responsible for so many birth defects in with cow dung. Further addition ofinocculumis
the generations and leading to abortions. done and digestion is being carried out for specific
• Garbage is being dumped into the landfills time duration under certain conditions. Most of the
which cause accumulation of various gases and result shows the production of biogas more than the
leads to explosions. Also there is formation of conventitional type of system of producing biogas.
leachate which gets mixed with fresh water Sample from the fermentation bucket is analyzed
sources which degrade the quality of water for different parameters such as pH, TS, VS, BOD,
sources. COD, temperature etc. and the results are com-
• Forest fires are taking place due to the accumu- pared. It is found out that in most of the cases BOD
lation of leaves fallen from the trees. In most of and COD gets reduced after digestion.
the areas of Himachal Pradesh and Uttrakhand It has been concluded that pH during the first
pine leaves which gets collected on the forest stage i.e. acidification gets reduced as there is the
floors are responsible for major outbreaks of formation of volatile fatty acids. Concentration of
fires. acids gets increased at that time therefore least
• Landfill gases are responsible for the production amount of biogas is produced. As the methanogenic
of green house gases hence creating global bacteria grows rapidly pH rises which help in con-
warming. version of VFA into biogas.
There is lot of issues now days from the waste Alkalinity helps in controlling the pH fluctua-
generated so we can turn them into energy solu- tions. The alkalinity of untreated substrate is found
tions. Various works are being done by using differ- to be less as compared to the treated one. Also the
ent substrates which help in utilizing the waste and BOD and COD gets reduced after digestion as
producing fuel which can be used for cooking, heat- stated in the experiments done. Also the tempera-
ing etc. ture inside and outside the digester varies as the
temperature inside is almost higher than the tem-
Anaerobic digestion perature outside.
It is a natural process that takes place in absence of Biogas production from this combination of pine
air (oxygen). It involves biochemical decomposition needles and cow dung is more as compared to con-
of complex organic material by various biochemical ventional type of system.
processes with release of energy rich biogas and Organic Biomass material as substrate
production of nutritious effluents.
By using material such as ground oak, vermin com-
SHIVANI AND MISBAH 1873

Fig. 1. Comparison of different parameters Source-Use of


pine needle as substrate in biogas production by
Ruchi Devi et al, in Digester 1(cow dung) and Di-
gester 2 (cow dung and pine needles) respectively.

post of pine needles, pine needles treated with cow


urine, pine needles treated with NaOH, lime,
ureandTrichoderma spp.,
Pseudomonas spp. in a batch fermentation bucket
of 4 litre approx. under mesophilic conditions and
are analyzed for the parameters TS, VS, pH etc. It
has been observed that all the parameters of all the
combinations are reduced. pH value of ground oak
is observed to change rapidly than other substrates.
Also the value of alkalinity is lower for oak and
higher for pine.
Biogas production for vermin compost pine is
observed to be higher than for the pine treated with
cow urine.
Food waste as substrate
In colleges and universities there is lot of food wast-
age so Mohan and Jagadeesan, (2013), conducted
study by using solid and liquid food waste of
weight 15kg from a institute is collected to figure
out the production of biogas by using UASB reactor
of capacity 1000 mL. The decomposition of material

Table 2. Parameters before and after biogas production


from food waste.
Source- Mohan and Jagadeesan (2013) Production of
biogas from food waste. It is also found out that UASB
reactor can treat food efficiently.
pH 8.2 7.1
T. Alkalinity mg/L 510 235
T. Acidity mg/L 628 315
COD mg/L 24000 4210
BOD5 mg/L 8120 3401
Chloride mg/L 849 425
Sulphate mg/L 3209 1604
1874 Eco. Env. & Cons. 24 (4) : 2018

is performed for 90 days after adding 100 mL of Biogas production from kitchen wet waste
sludge into it and concluded that there is consider-
Navjot Riar et al. (2013), using kitchen wet waste
able decrease in the value of pH, alkalinity, COD,
such as Tea bags, Turnip, Rotten tomato, Potato
BOD, acidity as discussed in table below. Also it is
Waste Spinach, Onion, Pea peels, Bread, Pumpkin,
observed from the experiment that organic acids are
Cheese, Butter, Rotten Apples, Eggs, banana peels,
successfully converted into useful compounds. Fol-
Paper, Mushrooms, Cooked meat, Rice in a 20 liter
lowing table shows the fall in values of parameters
container and by using PVC fittings conducted an
analyzed (Mohan and Jagadeesan, 2013).
experiment for the production of biogas. The test
Cow dung and rice husk as substrate was conducted for 21 days and found out that acid
concentration affects the production of biogas
This apparatus of experimentation consist of
greatly. It affects the pH also as it also get decreased
Buckner type of glass of capacity 500 mL for di-
when acid concentration increase and vice versa. It
gester which is further connected to same glass of
has been concluded by her that temperature range
half its capacity containing brine solution which is
between 350C-450C is most optimum for production.
further connected to flask which is empty. 3 combi-
nations was made using 1.5 kg of cow dung and 1.5 Fruits and vegetable waste as substrate
kg of rice huskin ratio 50:50, 75:25, 0:100. Digestion
Study was done for the production of biogas and
started and when production of biogas takes place it
using sludge after digestion into the field as a fertil-
displaces brine solution into empty flask which re-
izers. Fruits and vegetables such as pumpkin, pine-
sult in showing the amount of biogas produced.
apple, spinach, orange were collected for this inves-
The first combination in the 50:50 ratio showing
tigation and dried in sun for 20 days and in oven at
the maximum production of biogas. The study
1100C for 10 hrs before use. These materials with the
shows that during intial duration of digestion the
help of mortar and wooden pestle are converted
formation of biogas is quite less and on the 31st day
into powdered form. Cow dung is also collected
of testing it shows sudden hike that is due to the
and 5 digesters were made and slurries were added
working of methanogenic bacteria. It was observed
to them by adding 1.5 liter of water into each 200gm
that after some days the production of biogas re-
sample of feedstock. The highest biogas production
duces. So it is concluded that rice husk does not
is recorded for cow dung followed by pineapple,
have potential for producing biogas at ambient tem-
orange, pumpkin and spinach as 1554cm3, 965 cm3,
perature conditions. Also it does not show any con-
612cm3, 373 cm3 and 269 cm3 respectively (Sagagi et
tribution toward biogas production (Elijah T. Iyagba
al., 2009). So it is concluded that all the substrates
et al., 2009).
are pretty good for the production of biogas.

Fig. 2. Parameters showing production, variation in pH and TS%Source- International Journal of Computational Engineer-
ing Research
SHIVANI AND MISBAH 1875

33OC during the investigations.

Results

As far as the studies are concerned about the pro-


duction of biogas it is found out that the biogas pro-
duction anaerobically occurs in three steps. First of
all hydrolysis, in which all the polycompounds are
converted into mono compounds such as protein
into amino acids and peptides. Secondly anaerobic
bacteria convert the intermediates of fermenting
bacteria into acetic acid. For the production of acid
they require oxygen and carbon which they extract
from dissolved oxygen and organic matter. Also
they start reducing compounds into their atomic
Fig. 3. Comparative biogas production of different fruits
forms such as alcohols, amino acids etc. Third and
and vegetables.
the last step of anaerobic digestion involve methane
Poultry droppings and domestic waste using silica formation by utilizing hydrogen, acetic acid to form
gel as catalyst methane and carbon dioxide.

A laboratory scale digester is used for the produc-


tion of biogas from kitchen waste and poultry farm
waste. Comparison was done by using catalyst as
silica gel in one of the digester with the one in which
no catalyst was added. Silica gel is used due to its
property of absorbing undesirable gases such as
CO2 and also economical. It helps in enhancing the
production. Chicken droppings (160gm), kitchen
waste (160gm) and water (380gm) were fed into the
digesters. Two digesters were prepared, one in
which silica gel is used as catalyst and another in
which no catalyst is used. Biogas is produced in
both the digesters but in the digester having catalyst Fig. 5. Source -Experimental and kinetic study of food
shows more production with a difference of 33%. waste - The effect of pH on biogas production.
The temperature in the digesters is between 26OC to
• pH plays vital role in the production of biogas,
most favorable range for biogas production of
pH is 6.5-7.5.
1. It is observed that temperature should be in me-
sophilic range so that growth of bacteria should
take place properly.
2. More percentage of reduction in Volatile solid
shows more generation of biogas.
3. BOD and COD values reduce with time. As the
biogas production start increasing the organic
matter starts to decompose which help in reduc-
Fig. 4. Comparison between two set-ups and effect of tion of pH.
catalyst (silica gel) on biogas production. Source- 4. Silica is being used as a catalyst due to its prop-
Production of biogas from anaerobic digestion of erties of enhancing the reaction. It is also cheap
poultry droppings and domestic waste using
and available easily so it can be used for the bio-
catalytic effect of silica gel (J.U. Ahamed et al,
2016).
conversion process.
1876 Eco. Env. & Cons. 24 (4) : 2018

Discussion Domestic Waste using Catalytic effect of Silica Gel.


International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical
From all the studies done regarding biogas produc- Engineering. 13 (2) : 3503-3517.
Ali Javed, Singh, R.P. and Durgapal Vimal, 2016. Biogas
tion it has been observed that we can use waste for
Production from different Organic Biomass Materi-
the production of biogas. The processes used are als by Anaerobic Batch Fermentation. UNESCO-IHE
economical and middle class family can easily use Institute for Water Education. 5 (1) : 43-56.
these processes. As the waste collection process re- Chandran, Manoj, Sinha, A.R. and Rawat, R.B.S. 2011.
quire so much involvement of money in the collec- Replacing Controlled Burning Practice by Alternate
tion, transportation of waste. So, it will help in re- Methods of Reducing Fuel Load in the Himalayan
ducing the wastage of time, money and energy in- Long Leaf Pine (Pinusroxburghii Sarg) Forests. In-
volved in this process and result in producing more ternational Wildl and Fire Conference.
energy. It helps in controlling the pollution in many Devi, Ruchi, Kumar, Ashish and Kumar Sudhir, 2016. Use
of Pine Needles Substrate for Biogas Production.
ways. In this paper some substrates are discussed
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research. 6
which are waste and has no proper utilization than (4) : 1242-1247.
biogas production. So it is recommended to use Iyagba Elijah T., Mangibo Ibifuro A. and Mohammad
such type of waste in converting into energy solu- Yahaya Sayyadi, 2009. The Study of Cow Dung as
tions. Co-Substrate with Rice Husk in Biogas Production.
Scientific Research and Essay. 4 (9) : 861-866.
Acknowledgement Kumar, S., Gaikwad, S.A., Shekdar, A.K., Kshirsagar, P.K.
and Singh, R.N. 2004. Estimation Method for Na-
For all the work done in this review paper let me tional Methane Emission from Solid Waste Landfills.
Atmospheric Environment. 38 : 3481–3487.
first express my solemn reverence to the supreme
Mohan, S. and Jagadeesan, K. 2013. Production of Biogas by
power of the universe “GOD THE ALMIGHTY” for using Food Waste. International Journal of Engineering
bestowing me all those endowment which are re- Research and Applications. 3 (4) : 390-394.
quired to accomplish, the venture like this. Also I Riar, Navjot, Khitoliya, R.K. and Kumar, Shakti, 2013. A
would like to express my deepest gratitude to my Study of Treatability of Kitchen Wet Waste and
mentor, Miss Misbah Bashir Assistant Professor, Biogas Production. International Journal of Computa-
Environment Department, Lovely Professional Uni- tional Engineering Research. 3 (6) : 62-65.
versity whose contribution instimulating sugges- Shukla Poonam, V., Bhalerao Tejomyee, S. and Ingle, S.T.
tions, guidance and encouragement from initial to 2010. Comparative Study of Biogas Production from
different Food Wastes. Journal of Environmental Re-
final level in collecting and analyzing various data
search and Development. 4 (4) : 958-963.
helped me alot in writing this review paper. Sagagi, B. S., Garba, B. and Usman, N.S. 2009. Studies on
Biogas Production from Fruits and Vegetable Waste.
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