ALP Fumigation Principal and Mode of Action FCI

Principles, Properties and Mode of Action of
ALP
and Fumigation Procedure
Dr. Girish AG
Deputy Director (PP)
which one of the following is fumigation practice ?
A B
mists
fogs
D
C
aerosols
smokes
FUMIGATION
Process of adding a fumigant in gas tight

Fumigation enclosure in sufficient
concentration for sufficient time with the
specific objective of killing pests
What are fumigants ?
Fumigant :-” a chemical, which at a

normal Temperature and Pressure can
exist in gaseous state in sufficient
Concentration and for sufficient Time to
be lethal to insects and other pests.”
Biosecurity Division, NIPHM

Fumigants
 Methyl Bromide – CH3Br
 Phosphine – PH3 ( ALP and Magnesium
Phosphide)
 Sulfuryl Fluoride – SO2F2
 Methyl Iodide – CH3I
 Carbonyl Sulfide – COS
 Ozone – O3
 Ethanedinitrile
 Ammonia
Presently,
methyl bromide,
phosphine,
sulfuryl fluoride, and
carbon dioxide are the four
most commonly used
fumigants.

TRAINING
REQUIREMENTS
The person should undergo training for a

period of at least fifteen days at the training
institute recognized by Govt. of India to be
eligible to apply as operator.
REPORTING OF
FUMIGATION ACTIVITIES
 Report to DPPQS every 5th

 Regarding the stock use of ALP
 Fumigation operations carried out in the
previous month
 format in Appendix-XIV.
APPENDIX – XI
STOCK/ISSUE REGISTER FOR FUMIGANT (ALP)
S. Date of Openin Quantit Particul Total Quantit Closing Signatu

No Entry g y ars Stock y of balance re of
Stock Of of of fumiga Authori
of fumiga Invoice/ fumiga nt sed
fumiga nt LR/Bill nt used Signato
nt Purchas No / ry/
ed & transfer Head of
Dt/stoc red Office
k
Transfe
r
No.
date
APPENDIX – XIII
MONTHLY REPORT OF STOCK/USE OF ALP
A. ALUMINIMUM PHOSPHIDE
Month Opening Quantity Quantity Closing Approxim

Stock purchased used Stock ate
quantity
of
commodit
y
fumigated
• Sealing is key for safe and
effective fumigation
• Effective Phosphine Fumigation is
a Challenge in Outdoor Stacks
CONSTRAINTS IN USE
OF ALP:
 Fumigation should not be attempted at RH less
than 50% (grain moisture contents around 10%)
 Some insect species are highly tolerant toPH3
especially at low temperatures and short
exposures.
 Oil bearing commodities tend to air slowly and
have to be checked for residual PH3.
 Flammability hazard.
 Brass and copper are attacked.
Phosphine is usually most effective at
temperatures between 20 and 35°C with more
than 75%RH
At temperatures of 25°C or above, the

exposure periods should be 7 to 10 days ( van
Someren Graver, 2004).
22
RECOMMENDED USAGE:
Commodit Condition Dose rate Period Aeration/W Residue
y aiting level
period
stored Air tight 3 tablets Minimum MA- 48 Residue
whole (cover or (3gms. each 5 days hours. level not to
cereals and godowns) per tonne of (S.O.7 WP- for the exceed
seed commodity days release of 0.05 ppm.
grains, T.g.14 stocks is 48
millets days) hours .
pulses, dry GA- for bag
fruits, nuts, stock – 15
and spices days
Empty Air tight 14 72 hours Aeration
godowns tablets/1000 period 24
and sheds cft. Or hours
150gm/100
m3
PRECAUTIONS FOR
OPERATORS:
 Do not inhale Aluminium Phosphide dust
and Phosphine gas.
 Do not open Alp containers with any
sharp metallic device.
 Protective clothing like hand gloves and
 special respirator with canister must be
worn during fumigation with aeration.
 Do not work alone in any fumigation work
PRECAUTIONS FOR
OPERATORS:
 To ensure uniform and speedy placement / distribution of tablets, the
points of application should be decided in advance.
 2/3rd of the Aluminium Phosphide tablets should be placed/distributed on
the upper half of the stack
 Warning notices must be pasted at the fumigation site to prevent exposure
of employees/public to the gas.
 Phosphine reacts with metals especially with copper or copper containing
equipment.
 So all copper containing equipment and parts in the godowns or other
structures should be protected before the start of fumigation.
 Always open the containers in open air.
 Tins or tubes once opened which have to be stored for a short period must
be sealed tightly.
Respiratory Protection
0-0.3ppm
No Respiratory Protection
Required
0.3-15ppm =
Full face canister
mask
Above 15ppm or unknown
concentration =SCBA
Steps in Phosphine fumigation
Formulations used Fumigant
Aluminum Phosphide
56% Formulations (33 % phosphine)
Tablets -3g (releases 1 g of PH3)
Stacks arrangement Stacks measurement Monitoring lines placement
Stacks with monitoring lines Tablet placement Covering of stacks
Sand bags placement

Sign board placement
Leak checking and monitoring
Degassing and aeration of

Phosphine monitor and Leak
fumigated stacks Phosphine generator for granules application
detector
Gas monitoring is essential
• During application
• During fumigation
• After fumigation
• Effectiveness against insects

• For applicator/worker safety
PROCEDURE FOR STACK
FUMIGATION
5) Gas Monitoring:-
Gas concentration should be monitored
by using Phosphine gas monitors
First reading : After 4-6- concentration
minimum 15% or (108ppm/m3)
Second reading: after 24 hr minimum
80% or 576ppm/m3
End point reading/Third reading : After
120hr-Minimum 30% or 216ppm/m3
Gas monitoring during fumigation:
 Monitoring for efficacy involves the placement of gas
monitoring lines within the structure/stack and
determining whether adequate phosphine gas
concentration has been reached.
 Measurement within the commodity will determine
whether lethal concentrations (200-300 ppm) have been
held for the duration of exposure (7 to 10 days).
34
Who needs to use monitoring equipment?
• Anyone entering a fumigated site

• Employees applying fumigant
• Anyone who may enter a possible fumigation
site
• Anyone who is responsible for daily gas
readings during fumigation
Placard fumigated site
• Placard fumigated site entrances

• Site security, locked entrances,
sometimes extra guards
Key to Fumigation Success
Aeration/Ventilation
The fumigated warehouse and commodity is aired
before entering or handling the product to ensure
that the phosphine gas levels have dropped to 0.3
ppm or less.
If there is a need to enter the structure during

ventilation, respiratory protection is used until the
air-monitoring equipment indicates that the
concentration of phosphine gas is less than 0.3 ppm.
38
TLV for Degassing
• The threshold limit value is usually set at 0.3
ppm for a 40-hour work week.
• Use Respirator and canister to measure the TLV
• TLV can be measured by
– Phosphine detector tubes or
– By using electronic phosphine detectors
• Tritech
• UPL
39
Pests Controlled
Insects
almond moth European grain Mediterranean flour
Angoumois moth moth
grain moth flat grain beetle pink bollworm
bean weevil raisin moth
bees fruit flies red flour beetle
cadelle granary weevil rice weevil
cereal leaf rusty grain beetle
beetle greater wax saw-toothed grain
cigarette beetle moth beetle
hairy fungus spider beetles
confused flour beetle tobacco moth
beetle Hessian fly yellow mealworm
dermestid
beetle Indian meal Africanized bees &
dried fruit moth honeybees
beetle Khapra beetle infested
40
dried fruit moth with tracheal
Mode of Action
Phosphine has an inhibitory effect on
insect respiration and is unique in that it
is only toxic to insects in the presence of
oxygen - in the absence of oxygen it is
not absorbed and is not toxic to insects.
Fumigants enter the insect mainly by way of the
respiratory system.
The entrance to this system in larvae, pupae and adults

is through the spiracles, which are situated on the
lateral surfaces of the body.
Insect Respiratory
Tracheae System
Small tubules for
conveying air
Spiracle
An opening through which
air/water is taken in &
expelled in respiration
Tracheoles
The tracheae branch, becoming
smaller in diameter until there are
numerous tiny pipes delivering
oxygen (and fumigant) to the cells
It is known that the poisoning of an insect by a
fumigant is influenced by the rate of respiration
of that insect; any factor that increases the rate
of respiration tends to make the insect more
susceptible.
Some stages of insects are considerably
more tolerant to phosphine than others.
The eggs and pupae are usually hardest
to kill while larvae and adults succumb
more easily.
For example, a 10-day exposure of
various stages of Sitophilus Granarius
was found to be long enough to permit
the different stages to reach a
susceptible point of development at
some time during the fumigation.
Thank You

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Principles, Properties and Mode of Action of

Process of adding a fumigant in gas tight

Fumigant :-” a chemical, which at a

Biosecurity Division, NIPHM

Biosecurity Division, NIPHM

The person should undergo training for a

 Report to DPPQS every 5th

S. Date of Openin Quantit Particul Total Quantit Closing Signatu

Month Opening Quantity Quantity Closing Approxim

At temperatures of 25°C or above, the

Stacks arrangement Stacks measurement Monitoring lines placement

Stacks with monitoring lines Tablet placement Covering of stacks

Sand bags placement

Degassing and aeration of

• Effectiveness against insects

• Anyone entering a fumigated site

• Placard fumigated site entrances

If there is a need to enter the structure during

The entrance to this system in larvae, pupae and adults

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