Module No 6b.biogas

BE.
Mechnical Engineering
BIOMASS AND BIOGAS
Non Conventional Energy Sources
BIOMASS ENERGY & BIOGAS
Vaibhav Vithoba Naik
Bio gas is generated through a process of anaerobic digestion of Bio Mass. Bio Mass is organic matter produced by plants, both terrestrial (those grown on land) and aquatic (those grown in water) and their derivatives. It includes forest crops and residues, crops grown especially for their energy content on energy farms and animal manure. Unlike coal, oil and natural gas, which takes Millions of years to form, bio mass can be considered as a renewable energy source because plant life renews and adds to itself energy year. It can also be considered a form of solar energy as the latter is used indirectly to grow these plants by photosynthesis.
Bio Mass means organic matter and Photo Chemical approach to harness solar energy means harnessing of solar energy by photo synthesis. Solar energy is stored in the from of chemical energy. Hence Solar energy Photosynthesis Bio Mass Energy generation.
Out of several sources of renewable energy like solar, wind, tidal, wave energy, geothermal energy, nuclear energy, energy through bio mass are important features in our Country. Biogas Production Technology con tributes in following ways.
Advantages of Bio Gas technology 1. It provides a better and cheaper fuel cooking, lighting and for power generation. 2. It produces good quality, enriched manure to improve soil fertility. 3. It proves an effective and co nvenient way for sanitary disposal of human excreta, improving the hygienic conditions. 4. It generates social benefits such as reducing burden on forest for meeting cooking fuel by cutting of tree for fuel wood, reduction in the drudgery of women and children etc. 5. As a smokeless domestic fuel, it reduces the incidence of eye and lung diseases. 6. It also helps in generation of productive employment
Biogas and its composition: 1. Bio gas contains 55-70% methane and 30-45% carbon dioxide as well as small quantities of (N2, H2, H2S) some gases. 2. It is lighter than the air and has an ignition temperature of approximately 700oC. 3. The temperature of the flame is 870oC. its calorific value is approximately 4713kcal/m3. 4. The methane content of bio gas produced from different feed stock is given in Table .1.
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Feed Stock
Content of Methane in Bio gas in Percentage 54-56 57 55 55 55 60 58 50-52 60
Cattle Manure Pig Manure Poultry Manure Farm yard Manure Straw Grass Leave Kitchen Waste Human excreta
Table 1.Content of Methane in Bio-gas produced from different feed stocks 5. The bio gas system is most suitable technology to solve the energy problems in rural areas, as it Produces Manure, clean fuel and improves rural sanitation. 6 . Its thermal energy Per Unit volume is sufficient to meet domestic energy needs the comparison of bio gas with other fuels is given in Table 2.
S No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Name of fuel and Unit Gobar (m3) Kerosene (lit) Firewood (Kg) Cow-dung cake (Kg) Charcoal (Kg) Soft cake (Kg) Butane (LPG) Kg Coal gas (m 3) Electricity(Kwn)
Calorific value(KCal) Mode of Burning 4713 9122 4700 2092 6930 6292 10882 4004 860 Standard Burner Pressure stove Open chulla Open chulla Open chulla Open chulla Standard Burner Standard Burner Hot plate
Table 2. Comparison of Bio-gas with other fuels
History of Bio-gas In the field of an aerobic digestion of waste Material India and China are recognized world leaders. This practice is based upon an age -old tradition of composting human, animal and plant wastes to produce and organic fertilizer. In fact bio gas programme has been recognized for making available a clean and efficient fuel for cooking , lighting, engine and the liquid slurry as a fertilizer and soil conditioner all over the World. Since the 1920s there have been sporadic attempts made to recover bio gas from sewage wastes and animal dung. A few bio gas plants for sewage disposal and bio gas recovery were installed in Europe and the U.S.A. in 1920s and 1930srespectively.
Although the Chinese have been experimenting with bio gas since the 1950s and China had its first bio gas Plant in 1936, yet it was reported on ly in the 70s in Sichvan. Mainly, there was a movement to extend the practice and reproduce the digester in a large way throughout the country side.
The history of bio gas from cattle dung in India goes back to 1939 when Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ARI) New Delhi, was able to ferment cattle dung to produce Methane.
Subsequently Proof N.V.Joshi; at Poona patented a model of bio gas plant in 1945.Later on Jashbhai, J.Patel evolved a simple model called Gramalaxmi and patented it in the year 1951.Mean while, J.J.Patel continued his efforts to simplify his earlier patented. Model, which resulted in the development of two chamber digester with central guide for free up and down movement of steel gas holde r. This design was accepted by the Khadi and Villages Industries Commission ( KVIC) Bombay, in India during 1962. Subsequently, many Scientists, Engineers, Government, Semi -Government and different social organizations contributed to the development of bio-gas Technology.
The Planning Research and Action Division (PRAD) of State Planning Institute, Government of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow developed a cheap and convenient model of bio gas in 1957, and called it Janata bio gas plant. After independence the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, was looking the bio-gas programme, related development and extension activities. K.V.I.C and state Governments continued the programme in 1970-1980. The national Project on Bio-gas development was launched in 1980-81 under Ministry of Agriculture. Currently Department of non-conventional energy source (DNES), the Ministry of Power and Non-Conventional energy is also actively involved in supporting research and diffusion of bio gas technology and many institutions and State Agricultural Universities are supporting research programme on bio gas technology.
Raw Materials available for Bio gas Fermentation 1. Manure: a. This kind of Material is available from animal waste and poultry waste. b. Their compositions vary with the feeding stuff. c. In Chines rural areas, the fresh manure is used to be fermented with shorter retention time (about two months). d. The manure from human, cattle, chick en and pigs are subject to inhabitation when fermented without other Carbon source. e. Manures can be used as Bio mass.
2. Plants: a. Most of the Plants of the grass family can be used for Fermentation. b. Both aquatic and terrestrial plants can be used as Biomass . c. As such they are difficult to be biodegraded. d. In order to ferment them more easily, pretreatment and a longer retention time are generally needed. e. Adequate amount of nitrogen rich elements urea etc; should be added for the fermentation.
3. Industrial Organic Waste Water: a. Industrial effluents from food processing, biochemical pharmacy, paper making etc; can be treated by anaerobic fermentation. b. Most organic matters of these liquid are so luble and their composition are more stable than that of agricultural wastes, while the water quantities may fluctuate. Some effluents may be nutrient deficient or even toxic. c. Thus pretreatment, such as the elimination of toxicity, adding n utritional additives and so on, or necessary for anaerobic digestion. d. In food processing Industries plenty of organic waste will available. e. By utilizing two organic wastes we can produce Bio gas by anaerobic digestion.
4. Organic Matter in Municipal Wastes: a. They are in solid and inorganic contents need separation. b. Organic matter is available in Municipal wastes. c. By utilizing this organic matter. Bio -gas can be produced.
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Give the list of the material used for biogas generat ion? The following organic material rich feed stock is found feasible for their use as input material for biogas production. 1. Animal wastes 2. Human wastes 3. Agricultural wastes 4. Wastes of aquatic origin 5. Industrial wastes
1. Animal wastes It includes cattle dung, urine, goat and poultry droppings, slaughter house wastes, fish watses, foetus wastes, leather and wood wastes, leather and wood wastes, sericulture wastes, elephant dung, piggery wastes.etc
2. Human wastes It includes faces, urine and other wastes emanating form human occupations.
3. Agricultural wastes It includes aquatic and terrestrial weed crop residue, stubbles of crops, sugar cane trash, spoiled fodder, bagasse, tobacco wastes oilcakes fruit and vegetable processing wastes, press mud, cotton and textiles wastes, spent coffee and tea wastes.
4. Wastes of aquatic origin Marine plants, twigs, algae, water hyacinth and water weeds.
5. Industrial waste Sugar factory, tannery paper etc.
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The following three marine plants are considered promising for biomass production a. Water hyacinth Botanically called a Eichhonia Gassipes. It grows mainly in the rive rs and canals of the world. It contains 95% of water and 5% of cellulose and lignin etc.
b. Algae Algae are single cell plants grows in profusion in lakes Their yield rates are poor
c. Ocean kelp Ocean kelp is a kind of sea weed which grows in the coastal areas and also in high seas. The solar conversion efficiency is higher than that of current land crops.
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1. Wet process (a) Anaerobic digestion Bio gas is produced by the bacterial decomposition of wet sewage sludge, animal dung or green plants in the absence of oxygen. Feed stocks like - wood shavings, straw, and refuse maybe used, but digestion takes much longer. The natural decay process a naerobic decomposition can be speeded up by using a thermally insulated, air -tight tank with a stirrer Unit and heating system. The gas collect in the digester tank above the slurry and can be piped off continuously. At the optimum temperature (35 oC) complete decomposition of animal or human farces takes around 10 days. Gas yields depend critically on the nature of the waste -Pig manure, for example, is better than cow dung or house hold refuse. The residue left after digestion is valuable fertilizer. It is also rich in protein and could be dried and used as animal feedsupplement.
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(b) Fermentation As stated, ethanol or ethyl alcohol is produced by the Fermentation of sugar solution by natural yeasts. After 30 hours of fermentation the brew or beer contains 6-10% alcohol and this can readily by removed by distillation. Traditionally, the fibrous residues from plant crops like sugar cane bagasse have been burnt to provide the heat. Suitable feed stocks include cru shed sugar cane and beet, fruit etc sugar can also be manufactured from vegetable starches and Cellulose, Maize, Wheat grain, or Potatoes. For they must be ground or pulped and then cook ed with enzymes to release the starch and convert it to f ermentable sugars. Cellulose materials like wood, paper waste or straw, require harsher pre treatment typically milling and hydrolysis with hot acid. One tonne of sugar will produce up to 520 liters of alcohol , a tonne of grain, 350 liters and a tonne of wood, an estimated 260 to 540 liters. After fermentation, the residue from grains and other feed s tuffs contains high protein content and is a useful cattle -feed supplement. The hydrolysis and distillation step require a high energy input; for woody feed stocks direct combustion or Pyrolysis is probably more productive at present, although stem treatment and new l ow-energy enzymatic hydrolysis techniques are under development. The energy requirement for distillation is also likely to be cut drastic ally. Alcohol can be separated from the beer by many methods which are now under intensive development. These include solvent extraction, reverse osmosis, molecular sieves and use of new desiccants for alcohol drying. It may soon be possible to have the energy required for alcohol production to produce a greater net energy gain.
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2. Dry Process (a) Pyrolysis A wide range of energy-rich fuels can be produced by roasting dry woody matter like straw and wood -chips. The material is fed into a rea ctor vessel or retort in a pulverized or shredded form and heated in the absence of air. As the temperature rises the cellulose and lignin break down to simpler substances which are driven off leaving a char residue behind. This process has been used f or countries to produce charcoal. The end products of the reaction depend critically on the conditions employed, at lower temperatures around 500 oC, organic liquid predominate, whilst at temperatures nearer 1000 oC combustible mixture of gases results.
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Q.Explain Alcoholic fermentation

Ans: Alcoholic fermentation As stated, ethanol or ethyl alcohol is produced by the Fermentation of sugar solution by natural yeasts. After 30 hours of fermentation the brew or beer contains 6 -10% alcohol and this can readily by removed by distillation. Traditionally, the fibrous residues from plant crops like sugar cane bagasse have been burnt to provide the heat. Suitable feed stocks include crushed sugar cane and beet, fruit etc sugar can also be manufactured from vegetable starches and Cellulose, Maize, Wheat grain, or Potatoes. For they must be ground or pulped and then cook ed with enzymes to release the starch and convert it to fermentable sugars. Cellulose materials like wood, paper waste or straw, require harsher pre treatment typically milling and hydrolysis with hot acid. One tonne of sugar will produce up to 520 liters of alcohol , a tonne of grain, 350 liters and a tonne of wood, an estimated 260 to 540 liters. After fermentation, the residue from grains and other feed s tuffs contains high protein content and is a useful cattle -feed supplement. The hydrolysis and distillation step require a high energy input; for woody feed stocks direct combustion or Pyrolysis is probably more productive at present, although stem treatment and new l ow-energy enzymatic hydrolysis techniques are under development. The energy requirement for distillation is also likely to be cut drastically. Alcohol can be separated from the beer by many methods which are now under intensive development. These include solvent extraction, reverse osmosis, molecular sieves and use of new desiccants for alcohol drying. It may soon be possible to have the energy required for alcohol production to produce a greater net energy gain.
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Q.What is mean by anaerobic digestion? Explain briefly Ans: Anaerobic digestion: 1. Anaerobic digestion is one of the wet biological processes to produce biogas 2. The degradation of the biological matter by the anaerobic bacteri a in the absence of the oxygen to produce the biogas is called anaerobic digestion. 3. Gobar gas is the cheapest and easily obtainable source of the biogas. 4. It is produced by anaerobic fermentation of cattle dung, sewage waste and other organic wastes. 5. Anaerobic digestion are those which occurs in absence of oxygen and in the presence of anaerobic organism at ambient pressures and temperatures of 35-70oC. 6. Anaerobic microorganisms are the living creatures which are microscopic in size and are invisible and unai ded eyes. These are different types of microorganism. These include bacteria, fungus and virus. 7. The anaerobic digestion occurs in a sequence of stages involving distinct types of bacteria. 8. Hydrolytic and fermentative bacteria first break down the carbohyd rates, proteins and fats present in biomass feedstock into fatty acids,alchol, carbon dioxide,hydrogen,ammonia and sulfides. This stage is called Hydrolysis. 9. Acetogenic bacteria further digest the product of hydrolysis into acetic acid, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. 10. Methanogenic bacteria than converts these product into biogas.
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11. The general equation for Anaerobic digestion is
12. Thus we can define anaerobic digestion very precisely as under Treatment of any slurry or sludge containing a large amount of the organic matter, ultitlizing bacteria and other microorganism under anaerobic conditions to produce biogas (CH 4 mainly). For cellulose,
Advantages of Anaerobic digestion There are number of advantage of Anaerobic digestion is
1. Caloric value: Biogas can produced by this method has a calorific value and can therefore, be used as an engineering source to produce steam and hot water.
2. New sludge production The conversion of organic matter to methane CH4 and carbon dioxide CO2 results in smaller quantity of excess sludge.
3. Stable sludge Used in case of municipal digestion.
4. Low running cost Running cost are the quarter of the equivalent aerobic system because of no aeration in the anaerobic treatment naturally in this digestion
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5. Low odour : Compounds which are responsible for odour are broken down during digestion
6. Stability A stable anaerobic sludge can be presented unfed for considerable period of time without appreciable deterioration.
7. Pathogen reduction (reduces subsequent disposal problem) 8. Value of sludge (increasing value as fertilizer because of higher N 2 content) 9. Low nutrient requirement
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How does Gobar gas plant works? GOBAR GAS PLANT 1. The degradation of the biological matter by the anaerobic bacteria in the absence of the oxygen to produce the biogas is called anaerobic digestion. 2. Gobar gas is the cheapest and easily obtainable source of the biogas. 3. It is produced by anaerobic fermentation of cattle dung, sewage waste and other organic wastes.
Figure: Gobar Gas plant 4. In this process the slurry is introduced in the digester of fermentation well and subjected to fermentation by anaerobic bacteria in the absence of the free air. 5. The anaerobic digester the slurry and form carbon dioxide CO 2 and large quantity of methane CH 4 gas.
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6. The optimum temperature during this process is maintained about 34 48oC. 7. The gas generator after week is collected in the gas holder placed on the top of the digester. 8. The gas from the gas holder is then supplied to the kitchen through the pipelines. 9. Two more pipelines are used in the Gobar gas plant one for feeding the slurry in fermentation well and the other for collecting the manure. 10. Gobar gas plant contains 55 % methane (CH 4),8% hydrogen (H 2),35% carbon dioxide(CO 2),2% nitrogen and a trace of H 2S (Hydrogen sulphide) 11. The calorific value of Gobar gas is about 5300 Kcal/m 3.
Advantages of the Gobar Gas Plant 1. Gobar Gas production is highly economical because 1 kg dry cattle dung jus produce only 23.4Kcal of heat but 4.25 kg of fresh c attle dung (equivalent to 1 Kg of dry cattle dung) produce 188Kcal of heat. 2. In Gobar Gas, the poisonous gas carbon monoxide (CO) is not present as ingredients. 3. The flame temperature of Gobar Gas is 540 OCwith proper burner. 4. It provides excellent yield of go od manure which contains about 2% of nitrogen in it. 5. It has also all other advantages of gaseous fuel like smokeless, absence of dirt and dust, optimum utilization of waste.
Limitation of the Gobar Gas Plant 1. It is necessary to have the gas lamp or stove or burner within 10 meter of the plant.
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Explain in brief Gobar gas plant Gobar gas: It is obtained by the fermentation of Gobar (dung) in the absence of air by anaerobic bacterias.
Manufacture/Construction of Gobar gas plant: The essential parts of the Gobar gas plant are. 1. Digester. A well constructed masonry work, built usually below the ground level (3.7m deep and 1.7m wide)called digester or fermentation well. The well is divided in two partitions by a vertical wall.
2. Gas holder A drum made of mild steel (about 1.2m height and 1.5 m diameter) is placed in the inverted position on the fermentation well by making it air tight. It can be made up and down with the help of pulley.
3. Pipe line There are three pipes line connected to the plant a. Feeding pipes : It is used for feeding the dung in the form of slurry in the fermentation well. b. Outlet pipe for spent slurry: It is used for collecting the spent slurry n the outlet tank for manure.
c. Exit pipe for gas: It is used for supply for gas of kitchen from the top of the drum.
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Figure: Gobar Gas plant
Process: 1. The dung in the form of slurry is introduced in the fermentation well. 2. The dung is subjected to fermentation by anaerobic bacteria in the absence of free air. 3. Such bacteria digest this slurry forming a gas containing mainly methane and carbon dioxide (CO 2). 4. The optimum temperature for fermentation of dung slurry is 34 OC-48OC and the formation of gas starts in a week. 5. As the gas starts collecting the gas holder, the drum being to ri se and floats over the slurry. 6. The gas is taken out from the exit provided at the top of the drum, from where it is supplied through pipe -line to the kitchen.
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Composition 1. The average composition of Gobar gas is : a. 55 % Methane (CH 4), b. 8% Hydrogen (H 2), c. 35% Carbon dioxide(CO 2), d. 2% Nitrogen e. and a trace of H 2S (Hydrogen sulphide) 2. The calorific value of Gobar gas is about 5300 Kcal/m 3.
Uses: 1. Gobar Gas burns without smokes and produce a large quantity of heat.therfore it is used as good domestic fuel. 2. It is used for lightning purpose and for operating engines. 3. It is also used as excellent fertilizers as it contains nitrogenous and phosphatic compounds.
Advantages of the Gobar Gas Plant 1. Gobar Gas production is highly economical because 1 kg dry cattle dung ju s produce only 23.4Kcal of heat but 4.25 kg of fresh cattle dung (equivalent to 1 Kg of dry cattle dung) produce 188Kcal of heat. 2. In Gobar Gas, the poisonous gas carbon monoxide (CO) is not present as ingredients. 3. The flame temperature of Gobar Gas is 540 OCwith proper burner. 4. It provides excellent yield of good manure which contains about 2% of nitrogen in it. 5. It has also all other advantages of gaseous fuel like smokeless, absence of dirt and dust, optimum utilization of waste.
Limitation of the Gobar Ga s Plant 1. It is necessary to have the gas lamp or stove or burner within 10 meter of the plant.
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Short notes on Biogas Plant Biogas energy The sources of energy are human wastage and animal wastage etc. Biogas plant consist of digester and gas holder A. BIOGAS DIGESTER: 1. The digester consists of an underground well constructed with brickwork in cement. 2. The well is divided in two partitions by a vertical wall. 3. The two small tanks are installed on the ground level on either side of the wall. 4. Inlet tanks are filled with slurry containing mixture of human waste, animal waste and water. 5. A pipe fixed in inclined position feeds the slurry from this tank to the digester. 6. Another pipe fixed in inclined position acts as an outlet pipe through which digested slurry is brought out in the collected tanks.
B.GAS HOLDER 1. The gas holder is nothing but a cavity on the top of the digester. 2. The gas produced due to digestion in the digester is collected in the gasholder by means of vertical pipe. 3. This gas is used for lighting the k itchen stoves, lights etc.
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Figure: Biogas Plant
Advantages of Biogas plant 1. High calorific value of produced gas. 2. Digested liquid can be used as fertilizers.
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Biomass verses Conventional Fuel
Sr.No Biomass 1 Biomass is very abundant. It can be found on every square meter of the earth as seawood,trees or dung
Conventional Fuels Conventional Fuels are available at the selected sites.
It can be converted into several for of energy
It can be converted only few types of marketable fuels.
It is cheap in contrast to the other energy
They are costly fuels
It may also use areas of unused agricultural land and provide jobs in rural communities
Its exploration is costly.
They does not produce environmental pollution
Use of conventional fuel lead to emission of Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide which is responsible for global warming.
It is very low in sulphur reducing the production of acid rain
It contains sulphur in various amounts and after burning it produces sox.
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What are the factors which affect the Bio -digestion? OR Discuss the factors which affect the performance of the Biogas plant?
FACTORS AFFECT THE BIO -DIGESTION The following factors affect the Bio-digestion or generation of biogas is 1. ph or hydrogen ion concentration 2. Temperatures 3. Total solid content of the feed material 4. Loading rate 5. Seeding 6. Uniform feeding 7. Diameter to depth ratio 8. Carbon to nitrogen ratio 9. Nutrients 10. Mixing or agitation of the content of the digester 11. Retention time 12. Type of feed stock 13. Toxicity due to end product 14. Pressure 15. Acid accumulation inside the digester
1. ph or hydrogen ion concentration a. To maintain the constant supply of gas, it is necessary to maintain the suitable range of ph in the digester. b. The ph range of 6.5-7.5, the microorganism will be very active and bio digestion will be very efficient. c. It ph value is low then the biological activity is arrested. d. The ideal ph range is 7 to 7.5 and its optimum value is 8.2.
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2. Temperatures a. Methane bacteria works best at a temperature of 35 OC-38OC.it has been established that the two types of microorganism, mesophilic and thermophilic are responsible for digestion at two temperature ranges. b. The optimum temperature lies at about 35OC, while thermophilic temperatu re is around 55 OC. c. The gas production starts falling very steeply when the temperature goes below 20 OC and almost stops at 10 OC.
3. Total solid content of the feed material a. The adjustment of total solid content helps in bio -digestion the material at the faster rate and also in deciding the mixing of feedstock in biogas digester. b. The balance is 18-20% is termed as total solids
4. Loading rate a. It is defines as the amount of raw material fed to the digester per day per unit volume. b. If a digester is loaded with to o much raw material at a time, acid will accumulate and fermentation will stop.
5. Seeding a. It would be advantageous to increase the number of methane former by artificial seeding with a digested sludge that is rich in methane formers. b. But beyond a certain seed concentration, the gas production will decrease, due to reduction of raw cow dung solids fed to the digester.
6. Uniform feeding The digester must be fed at the same time everyday with a balanced feed of the same quality and quantity so that microorgani sm are kept in relatively constant organic solids concentratio ns at all times.
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7. Diameter to depth ratio a. Research investigation reveal that gas production per unit volume of digester capacity was maximum when the diameter to the depth ratio was in the range of 0.66 to 1.00. b. But reports from the field do not confirm this. c. Digester of 16ft depth and 4 -5ft diameter were reported to be working satisfactory.
8. Carbon to Nitrogen ratio a. Besides the quantity of carbon, the quantity of N 2 present in the wastes is a crucial factor in the production of the biogas. b. Carbon is used for energy and nitrogen for building the cell structure. c. The (C/N) ratio of 30 will permit digestion to proceed at an optimum rate. d. Nitrogen ratio that best suits for maximum microbiological ac tivity is 30:1
9. Nutrients The major nutrient required by the bacteria in the digester is C,H 2,O2,N2,P and S.
10. Mixing or agitation of the content of the digester a. Since the bacteria in the digester have very limited reach to their food, it is necessary the slurry is properly mixed and the bacteria get their food supply. b. It is found that the slight mixing improves the fermentation however a violent slurry agitation retards the digestion.
11. Retention time a. The period retention time for biogas generation, inside the digester is known as retention period. b. This period will depend on the type of feed stock and the temperature. c. Normal value of the retention periods is between the 30 -45 days and in same case of 60 days.
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12. Type of feed stock a. All plant and animal wastes m ay be used as the feed material for digester. b. The cow and buffalo dung, human excreta, poultry dropping, pigs dung, waste material of plants, cobs,etc can all be sued as feedstock c. The feedstock should not be woods or contains more lignin, since it makes the bio-digestion difficult.
13. Toxicity due to end product The digested slurry, if allowed to remain in the digester beyond a certain time, becomes toxic to the micro organisms and might cause fall in the fermentation rate.
14. Pressure The fermentation is better at the low pressure.
15. Acid accumulation inside the digester a. Intermediate products produced during the process of biodigestion, causes decrease of the ph, especially when the fresh feed material is added in the large amount. b. These acids may be converted into methane by addition of neem cakes. c. Cow dung operated plant remains well buffered and the problems of acid accumulation do not arise in the continuous fermentation systems. d. Acid accumulation is usually occurs in batch digestion system.
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ECONOMICAL, SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL A ND HEALTH BENEFITS OF BIO GAS UTILIZATION
Economical benefits of bio gas utilization From the national economic point of view the bio gas yields following economic benefits: 1. Bio gas technology, which is based on r ecycling of readily available resources in rural areas, gives comparativel y cheaper and better fuel for cooking lighting and power generation. 2. An individual can reduce the consumption of commercial energ y sources such as fire wood, coal, kerosene, etc . by adopting waste recycling technology which vigorously help in reducing the family fuel budget. 3. The problem of uncertainly of availabilit y of commercial energy can be resolved by use of bio gas technology. 4. The rural population of the country use s fire wood for meeting their cooking requirements. This reduces the national forest wealth. Our forest area can be conserved by using bio gas. 5. The dependency on chemical fertilizer for b etter-agricultural production has increased to a great extent after independ ence in India. Bio gas slurry can be proved a best organic fertilizer which helps in improving soil fertility and crop production. 6. Presently country is facing the problem of foreign exchange and balance of payment. Bio gas technology reduces the i mport of chemical fertilizers by using homemade organic fertilizer and also petro products. 7. Bio gas technology utilizes effectively, the man pow er and resources, resulting in self-sufficiency and self reliance in the society.
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Social Benefits Bio gas is one of the best options in rural areas, which provides self sufficiency in energy and helps in increasing standard of living of rural people. The social benefits from bio gas utilization are as follows: 1. Bio gas burns giving shootless flame and smokeless cooking, as such it provides cleanliness in the houses. 2. The cooking on bio gas is faster and also w omen is not required to waste their time to collect fuel from forest, as su ch it reduces the drudgery of women who can use her free time for other developm ental activities. 3. The bio gas provides lighting in the rural a reas, which are far away from electrical supply lines. Thus it helps the childr en to use their time in study of employment. 4. It helps in generation of employment opportuniti es to village artisans. This also stops the Migration of people from rura l to urban areas in search of employment. 5. Generally, rural women and children sp end their energy and time for collection of fuel, chopping wood, colle cting wood and crop stalks or buying coal or kerosene for cooking from dista nt places, energy and time saved due to sue of bio gas can be used for constructive work or going to school for education.
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Environmental and Health Benefits Bio gas system contributes to maintain environment by processing human growth. More transportation means have increased the pressure on environment. The scientists are worried about environmental protection and looking for appropriate means for the same, which are locally available. In present circumstances bio gas utilization would be a solution for environmental protection for h ealthy and prosperous society. Environmental benefits from bio gas are enormous. Some of them are as under: 1. Lungs and eye diseases are very common among village women and children due to smoky kitchen. Bio gas utilization reduces the disease spread. Thus reducing health problem r ush in hospitals and waste of national wealth. clean and healthier
2. Sanitation problems in villages through syst ematic collection and through proper processing of animal dung and human excreta will be solved.
3. It helps to prevent deforestation. Consequently it controls soil erosion, and floods.
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Utilization and benefits of Biogas Technology 1. It provides simultaneous dual benefits in terms of fuel for cooking and lighting as well as fertilizer. 2. Bio gas burns efficiently without smok e or smell and eliminates the possibility of eye and lung diseases caused by smoke. 3. It reduces the drudgery of women and children in terms of providing relief from the collection of fire wood and preparation of dung cakes. 4. The gas can also be used in dual -fuel engines, where up to 80% of the diesel can be replaced with biogas. 5. Besides gas, the digested slurry can be used as nat ural fertilizer which improves the soil fertility. 6. Utilization of waste materials in the plant n ot only improves the sanitary condition of your village but also prevent s deforestation and assures e ecollegial and environmental balance.
Bio gas is a cheap and clean fuel. It burns with a blue flame w hich is smoke-free. When it is burnt in silk mantle lamps, it illuminates better than kerosene in petromax lanterns. Bio gas can replace Petrol and diesel in engines.
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Constructional Details o f Biogas Plant Floating gas holder type The construction techniques used in Bio gas plant should be simple with l ow demand of Materials, low in c ost and it should be easily known to Mason. The standard requirement for bio gas plant construction is specially trained skilled Mason to make it leak proof and air tight. Otherwise, the chances of failure of the plant would be more.
1. Layout The first step is to Mark the layout of the plant on selected and leveled site by marking the out - line of the plan on the Ground according to required dimensions Fig marking the outline of using accord stretched from the center of t he plant
2. Excavation a. Excavate with care so that the sides do not collapse. b. The deeper the Pit, the more dangerous the excavation work becomes. c. Especially in sandy soil walls, the pit should be supported with a frame of bamboo poles. d. The excavated soil should be thrown at least half a meter away from the site so that it does not fall in when the construction wor k is in progress. e. The diameter of the Pit to be excavated should be equal to the base diameter.
3. Floor a. The bottom should be consolidated and leveled. b. If the bottom is muddy or soft and sandy, a layer of broken br icks or stones must be pounded in until the ground is firm. c. Bricks for the floor, including wall foundations are set on their edge. d. This method gives sufficient strength. Where the ground condition is very bad concert or reinforced concrete should be use d.
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4. Side Wall a. A circular well should be constructed. b. It is essential to back fill between the wall and the sides after every 30cm height has been added to the walls. c. Back filling should be done thoroughly with a piece of wood and water added to he lp compact the soil shown in figure failure to properly ram the back fill will cause cracking in the walls.
5. Partition Wall a. A Partition wall is constructed to divide the circular well into two equal halves in floating gas holder plants of 3m 3. b. It controls the flow of slurry. c. A half brick wall is enough. d. It is built up to the level of the top surface of the central guide frame or ledge.
a. These should be fixed slanting and inserted at an ap propriate height in the walls. There should not be any bends in the pipe as this cause blockage. b. The lower end of the inlet is placed in about the center of the compartment. c. This position is not vital, but what is important bottom and dead patches of unmoving slurry are not above to form the mouth of the pipe is about 30-35cm above the floor of the digester.
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d. This prevents any blockage of the inlet pipe and also provides some volume in case stones, sand etc; get inside the plant and collect over a period of time. e. The lower end of the out let pipe is constructed in a similar way. f. The only difference is that the mouth of th e pipe is set about 25-30cm above the floor as it is less likely that stones, sand etc; will come down this pipe. The difference in the top level of the inlet and out let pipe should be at least 0.45m to allow digested slurry to come out automatically when fresh slurry is added. 7. Plastering The digester should be plastered from inside with 1:3 m ortar of cement sand and cured properly.
8. Slurry Mixing Tank a. In order to mix dung water thoroughly before feeding into the digester, a Masonry Tank is provided in the bio gas plant. b. It may be provided with a Mechanical or hand operated stirrer for preparation of homogenous Mixture. c. The bottom of the tank is given a slope opposite to the direction of inlet chamber in order to prevent entry of sand or in -organic materials in to the digester.
9. Compost Pit a. These can be dug in the ground or limed with Masonry. b. The volume should be sufficient to receive the amount of Slurry Put in per day Multiplied by the number of days required for emptying the pits.
10. Placing of the gas holder a. The guide frame is greased generally and then the gas holder is mounted carefully without causing any tilting of the guid e pipe and damage to the digester wall.
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11. Testing and Operation a. The digester Portion should also be tested for water leaks. b. When the plant is found leak proof, it is ready to fed with dung slurry and for the production of gas.
MODELS OF THE BIOG AS PLANTS The various models of the biogas plant are 1. KVIC model (Khadi village Industries Commission Models) 2. Deen Bandhu model 3. Janta model 4. Pragati model 5. Ganesh model 6. PRAD (Planning Research and Action Division Methods.) 7. ASTRA (Application of Science and Technology to rural areas) 8. AFPRO model (Action of Food Production) 9. Ferro cement model 10. Mobile biogas model 11. Plug flow model
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Explain the detail classification of Biogas plant and their construction, principle of working? CLASSIFICATION OF THE BIOGAS PLANT 1. As per the process a. Continuous type Plant Single stage process Double stage Process b. Batch type plant
2. As per the Construction /Design a. Dome and Drum type b. Different variation in Drum type
Dome and Drum type biogas plant can be grouped under two broad heads 1. One with floating gas holder In floating gas holder, the gas holder is separate from the digester
2. With a fixed dome digester The gas holders and the digester are combined.
The family size biogas plant available in India today is of two ty pes 1. KVIC model 2. Janta model
1. KVIC model is a steel drum type or floating gas holder design
2. Janta model is Fixed dome digester or Chinese model
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Q Explain working of any one type of biogas plant? Ans: A.KVIC Biogas Plant 1. The Floating gas hold er digester developed in India is of m asonry construction with gas holder made of M.S. Plates. 2. The drum in the KVIC Model is the costliest component and its life is comparatively less. 3. The design of KVIC plant was figure of KVIC Bio-gas plant developed and perfected in India in the year 1945. 4. This was taken up propagation in the villages in the year 1962, b y Khadi and village industries commission , Bombay. Therefore, it is known as KVIC design.
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5. The design is available in sizes of 1 cum to 140 cum gas per day. 6. In KVIC plant the gas is stored in mild steel drum of storage capacity of 3040 percent of plant size at a pressure of about 10cm of water column w hich is sufficient to carry it up to a length of 20 meters to 100 meters, depending on the size of the plant. 7. The plant consists of two parts. The digester, which is well containing the animal waste in the form of a slurry, and the dome which floats on the slurry and serves as the gas holder. 8. The digester is normally below ground level and two pipe lines lead to its bottom. 9. One for feeding the animal waste slurry and the other for spent slurry called sludge to come out after it has under gone fermentation. 10. It is worth noting that the sludge to come ou t retains all the nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and in an excellent fertilizer. 11. A vertical partition wall divides it into two equal parts and serves to direct the flow of the slurry. 12. The gas generation process occurs in two stages. a. In the first stage, the complex organic substance contained in the waste are acted upon by a certain kind of bacteria called acid formers and are broken up into small chain simple acids. b. In the second stage, these acids are acted upon by another kind of bacteria which produces Methane and Carbon dioxide. 13. The calorific value of bio gas ranges from 1600 to 2500 KJ/m 3. 14. It is an excellent fuel for cooking and lighting. 15. When compared with diesel it is also be a very good fuel for compression, ignition engines and can sa ve 70 to 80 percent of diesel.
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1. The design has been developed by United Socio -Economic Development and Research Programme (UNDARP) Pune, in order to have a cheaper floating drum bio gas plant. 2. In this design the depth of pit is less than K.V.I.C plant so that it can be constructed in hilly and high water tabel areas. 3. The cost of Pragathi plant is 20% less than KVIC plant.
4. The design shown in figure , indicates its different parts. 5. The foundation of this plant is of conical shape, with difference of one feet between outer periphery and its center so as to reduce the earth and digester wall work.
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6. It is constructed at the base of the pit with cement, sand and concrete, keeping the site conditions in view so it can bear the load due to weight of slurry in the digester. 7. The digester of Pragathi design plant start from the foundation in dome shape there by reducing the constructional area, for same digester volume, thus reducing the cost of construction of the plant. 8. The wall thickness of digester is kept 75mm only. 9. Dome shape construction takes place up to a collar base, where a central guide frame is provided. 10. the digester wall above guide -frame is constructed in cylindrical sh ape, 11. Partition wall is constructed in the digester for 4cum.and bigger sizes so as to control the flow of slurry inside the digester It divides digester in two parts separating inlet and outlet. 12. The inlet is through pipe, placed while construction digest er wall. It is used for feeding daily slurry in to the digester and is generally of 100mm diameter. 13. The out let pipe is also 100mm in diameter, and fixed while constructing digester wall. The asbestos cement pipe can be used for inlet and out let. 14. The guide frame is made of angle iron and steel pipe, is embedded in the digester wall at top of spherical portion of digester. The central guide pipe holds gas holder which is also made of M.S sheet and angle iron. It floats up and down along pipe dependi ng on the quantity of gas in the drum.
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1. This was first developed by the planning, Research and Action division, Lucknow, in 1978. 2. It is an improved version of the Chinese fixed -dome bio gas plant. 3. The plant is shown in figure with different parts. 4. The foundation of Janata Bio gas plant is laid at th e base of the underground pit on a leveled ground bear the load of the slurry as well as digester walls. 5. Digester is cylindrical in shape constructed with bricks and cements the dung slurry for a retention time, so that the bio gas is produced from the slurry in the digester. 6. It should be noted that the diameter and height ratio of the digester is kept 1.75:1.
7. The gas is stored in gas portion whi ch is an integral part of plant, between dome and digester w here the usable gas is stored, the heights of the gas portion is above the inlet and out let openings to the beginning of dome, and is equal to maximum volume of the gas to be stored (30 -40)
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(Percent of plant Capacity) and equal to volum e of slurry to be displaced in inlet and outlet. 8. Dome is constructed over the gas portion, with volume of 60 percent of the plant capacity. 9. It must be constructed very carefully integrated it with digester an d gas portion so that no leakage of gas can take place. 10. The gas out let pipe is fixed at the top of dome for laying the line. 11. Inlet and outlet portions are constructed for putting the fresh slurry in side the plant and to take the digested slurry out. 12. The inlet and outlet are of larger sizes provided on each side of the digester, facing each other. 13. The opening to the digester for feeding the waste material and effluent out let from it is also of large sizes. 14. The discharge of slurry out of the plant is due to pressure of the gas in the plant. 15. Over the inlet portion an inlet Mixing tank is also constructed to mix the dung and water.
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1. This is also a fixed dome plant development by action for food production, New Delhi, which is a allow cost bio gas plant. 2. The principle of working of this plant is same as that of Janta model, except configuration of inlet entrance and digester.
3. The foundation of the plant is constructed in the segment of spheri cal shape as shown fig4.7 on the outer periphery of these foundations the dome shaped digester is constructed with same base diameter. 4. In this way the digester, gas portion and dome look as a single unit. 5. The surface area of bio gas plant is reduced with same digester volum e, reducing the earth work and cost of construction without sacrificing the efficiency. 6. The higher compressive strength of the brick masonry and concrete makes it a safe structure as the plant is always under compression. 7. A spherical, Structure loaded from the convex side will be under compression and therefore, the internal load will not have any residual effect on the structure.
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8. At the top of the foundation a window opening is kept (outlet portion) for the out ward movement of the digested slurry. 9. The asbestos cement pipe of 15c m diameter is used for inlet instead of separate opening. 10. The pipe is embedded in the digester wall at a fixed posi tion ,just opposite to out let opening, to avoid short circuiting of fresh m aterial and digested slurry. 11. The volume of the out let is increased to produce requisite gas pressure through the weight of the displaced slurry. 12. At the top of the dome a gas outlet pipe is fixed as incase of Janta plant.
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Q.Describe in brief a Community type biogas plant? Ans: COMMUNITY BIOGAS PLANT 1. Figure below shows the flow sheet of a community biogas plant for a village. 2. Besides the individual family size biogas plant, promotion of community and institutional biogas plant mig ht also help in solving the energy problems. 3. The investment which is required for individual biogas plant, is beyond the reach of a very large sections of farmers in poor countries. 4. Though a capital cost up to 75 percent is provided by Deptt of Non conventional energy sources (DNES) in India, still the larger number of poor farmers is not in position to have individual biogas plant unit.
Figure: Flow Sheet of a Community Biogas Plant for a village.
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5. Individual plants cannot meet the cost of maintenance staff without which the success of the programme cannot be achieved. 6. The installation of bigger size plants for a group of families or a community is recommended to avoid all the difficulties mentioned above. 7. These plants are more economical than individual plants. 8. A community plant system will nearly always have more gas than required for domestic use. 9. The extra gas can be used to generate electricity, which can be used to light the village homes and streets in the first place and for pumpin g water, running chaff cutters, flour mills and other industries. 10. This will reduce the fossil fuel requirements.
Problems associated with a Community biogas plant 1. Requires through planning and perfect management since the failure, if any will ultimately causes a setback to implementation of the entire programme.. 2. It is limited for organizational efficiency. 3. Wood gasification is required. 4. Quick method to detect the quantity of earth mixed with cattle dung as well as total solids has to be mocked out. 5. Collection and transport of all wastes including cattle dung ahas to be managed. 6. Preprocessing of agricultural wastes and cattle dung ,to remove earth slit ,gravel has worked out. 7. Cheap heating of the digester with solar heat and waste engine heat have been standardized.
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Q.What is biogas digester? How does it work? Ans: BIOGAS DIGESTER: 1. The digester consists of an underground well constructed with brickwork in cement. 2. The well is divided in two partitions by a vertical wall. 3. In biogas digester the anaerobic digestion of biomass takes place. 4. Anaerobic digestion is one of the wet biological processes to produce biogas 5. The degradation of the biological matter by the anaerobic bacteria in the absence of the oxygen to produce the biogas is called anaerobic digestion. 6. Anaerobic digestion are those which occurs in absence of oxygen and in the presence of anaerobic organism at ambient pressures and temperatures of 35-70oC. 7. The anaerobic digestion occurs in a sequence of stages involving distinct types of bacteria. 8. Hydrolytic and fermentative bacteria first break down the carbohydrates, proteins and fats present in biomass feedstock into fatty acids,alchol, carbon dioxide,hydrogen,ammonia and sulfides. This stage is called Hydrolysis. 9. Acetogenic bacteria further digest the product of hydrolysis into acetic acid, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. 10. Methanogenic bacteria than converts these product into biogas. 11. The general equation for Anaerobic digestion is
For cellulose,
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12. There are three basic digester design a. Covered Lagoon Digester b. Complete Mix Digester c. Plug flow Digester
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A. Covered Lagoon Digester 1. It consist of a manure storage laggon with a cover 2. The cover traps gas produced during the decomposition of manure. 3. It is least expensive of the three 4. Covering a manure storage lagoon is a simple from of digester technology suitable for liquid manure with less than 3% solids. 5. For this type of digester, an impermeable floating covers of industrial fabric cover all or part of the lagoon.
Cell 1 is covered for biogas and Cell 2 is for effluent storage Figure: Schematics of a two cell lagoon system 6. A concrete footing along the edge of the lagoon holds the cover in the place with airtight seal. 7. Methane produced in the lagoon collect under the cover. A suction pipe extracts the gas for u se. Covered lagoon requires large volumes and a warm climate. 8. Depending on how manure is handled on the barns, it may be necessary to separate solids before it is introduced into the lagoon. 9. A two cell lagoon system is preferred with the primary cell being the anaerobic digester and the secondary cell the storage for effluent from the digester. 10. Covered lagoons require large land areas, gas tight covers, and careful sealing to prevent nutrient from leaching into the groundwater.
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B. Complete Mix Digester 1. A complete mix digester converts organic wastes to biogas in a heated tank above or below the ground. 2. A mechanical or gas mixer keeps the solids in suspension. 3. The reactor is a circular steel or poured concrete container. 4. During digestion process, the manure slur ry is continuously mixed to keep the solid in suspension. 5. Biogas accumulates at the top of the digester. 6. The biogas can be used as fuel for an engine generator to produce electricity or a boiler fuel to produce steam. 7. Using waste heat from the engine or bo iler to warm the slurry in the digester reduces retention time to less than 20 days.
Figure: Complete Mix Digester 8. They are expensive to construct 9. Cost more than the plug flow digester to operate and maintain. 10. They are suitable for large man ure volumes having solid concentration of 3%-10%.
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C. Plug flow Digester 1. They are suitable for ruminant animal manure that has solid concentrations of 11%-13%. 2. It includes a manure collection system, a mixing pit and the digester itself. 3. In mixing pit, the addition of water adjusts the proportion of solids in the manure slurry to the optimal consistency.
Figure: Plug flow Digester 4. The digester is a long, rectangular container, usually built below grade, with an airtight expandable cover. 5. New material added to the tank at one end pushes the older material to the opposite end. 6. Coarse solid in ruminant manure form a viscous material as they are digested, limiting solids separation in the digester tank. 7. As a result the material flows through the tank in a plug. 8. Average retention time is 20 -30 days.
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BIOMASS AND BIOGAS

Non Conventional Energy Sources

BIOMASS ENERGY & BIOGAS

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Non Conventional Energy Sources

BIOMASS ENERGY & BIOGAS

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Non Conventional Energy Sources

BIOMASS ENERGY & BIOGAS

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Non Conventional Energy Sources

Content of Methane in Bio gas in Percentage 54-56 57 55 55 55 60 58 50-52 60

BIOMASS ENERGY & BIOGAS

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Non Conventional Energy Sources

Table 2. Comparison of Bio-gas with other fuels

BIOMASS ENERGY & BIOGAS

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Non Conventional Energy Sources

BIOMASS ENERGY & BIOGAS

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Non Conventional Energy Sources

BIOMASS ENERGY & BIOGAS

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Non Conventional Energy Sources

BIOMASS ENERGY & BIOGAS

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Non Conventional Energy Sources

BIOMASS ENERGY & BIOGAS

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Non Conventional Energy Sources

5. Industrial waste Sugar factory, tannery paper etc.

BIOMASS ENERGY & BIOGAS

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Non Conventional Energy Sources

BIOMASS ENERGY & BIOGAS

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Non Conventional Energy Sources

BIOMASS ENERGY & BIOGAS

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Non Conventional Energy Sources

BIOMASS ENERGY & BIOGAS

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Non Conventional Energy Sources

BIOMASS ENERGY & BIOGAS

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Non Conventional Energy Sources

Q.Explain Alcoholic fermentation

BIOMASS ENERGY & BIOGAS

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Non Conventional Energy Sources

BIOMASS ENERGY & BIOGAS

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Non Conventional Energy Sources

11. The general equation for Anaerobic digestion is

Advantages of Anaerobic digestion There are number of advantage of Anaerobic digestion is

3. Stable sludge Used in case of municipal digestion.

BIOMASS ENERGY & BIOGAS

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Non Conventional Energy Sources

BIOMASS ENERGY & BIOGAS

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Non Conventional Energy Sources