PERIODIC TABLE

PATTERNS IN CHANGES IN
PERIODIC CHEMICAL
TABLE PROPERTIES IN
PERIODIC TABLE

CHANGES IN
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES IN
PERIODIC TABLE
 PATTERNS IN PERIODIC TABLE
* Core Electrons and Valence Electrons

¨ Core electrons are electrons that reside in the inner energy levels of an
atom
¨ Valence electrons are electrons that reside in the outer shell (principal shell
containing electrons with the highest quantum number) of an atom. Eg
11Na
- energy level 2.8.1
- subshell notation ( 1s2 2s2 2p6 ) 3s1

Valence electrons

Core electrons

They are the electrons that can be involved when

Atoms participate in chemical reactions or in chemical
bonding
 …..PATTERNS IN PERIODIC TABLE
¨ The periods and the groups of elements in the periodic table
correlate closely with the electron configurations of the
elements
Period number – same as the principal quantum number, n
in the outermost principal shell
- eg: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
HIGHEST
VALUE OF n
Period num. = 3

Group number – same as the number of outer shell electrons (valence

electron) of the element
Period num. = 3
NUMBER OF
Groups num. = 1
ELECTRON IN THE - eg: 1. (1s2 2s2 2p6 ) 3s 1
HIGHEST OF n
2. (1s2 2s2 2p6) 3s2 3p5 Groups num. = 7
 ….PATTERNS IN PERIODIC TABLE
— The elements in the Periodic Table are arranged in the
increasing of proton number, which increases from left to
right across the table.

— A horizontal row of the elements in the table is called

Period. Each Period is numbered 1,2,3 etc.

— Number of vertical columns is known as Group. Each

Group is numbered as IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA and
VIIIA.
 ….PATTERNS IN PERIODIC TABLE
— The Periodic Table also has three other blocks of elements,
known as the Transition Metals Element, Lanthanides and
Actinides. Transition Metal Element consists have
incompletely filled the d subshells while the other two block
are called as the f-block transition metal elements because
they have incompletely filled f subshells.

— Elements which have incompletely filled s or p subshells is

divided into several groups. Some common name of the
Groups.
Group IA also known as ‘Alkaline Metals’
Group IIA also known as ‘Earth Alkaline Metals’
Group VIIA also known as ‘Halogen Group’
Group VIIIA also known as ‘Noble Gases’
 …..PATTERNS IN PERIODIC TABLE
— The chemical activity of the elements is determined by their
valence electron or electrons which located at the outermost
shell.
— Elements are classified to their specific Group depends on
their valence electron.
Group IA
Li 2.1 1s22s1
Na 2.8.1 1s22s22p63s1
K 2.8.8.1 1s22s22p63s23p64s1

Group IVA
C 2.4 1s22s22p2
Si 2.8.4 1s22s22p63s23p2
 …..PATTERNS IN PERIODIC TABLE
— Elements are classified to their specific Period depends on
the number of shell of the atom.
Period 3
Na 2.8.1 1s22s22p63s1
Mg 2.8.2 1s22s22p63s2
Al 2.8.3 1s22s22p63s23p1

— All elements in the same groups have the same number and
type of valence electrons. Therefore they have similar
chemical properties.
TRY!!!

53I

Answer:
Electronic configuration:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5

Period number HIGHEST

VALUE OF n \ period 5
NUMBER OF

Group number ELECTRON IN THE

HIGHEST OF n \ group 7
* The representative elements (or the main group elements) are the
elements in Groups IA (or 1) through 7A (or 17), all which have
incompletely filled s or p subshells of highest principal quantum
number. Eg 11Na (1s22s22p63s1)

Incompletely filled s
subshell

* Elements in the same group – have similar valence shell electron

configurations.Eg: Elements in Group IA
3Li = 2.1 = 1s22s1
2 2 6 1 Ar = 18 = 2.8.8= 1s22s22p63s23p6
11Na = 2.8.1 = 1s 2s 2p 3s
1
19K = 2.8.8.1 = [Ar]4s
2 6 10 1
37Rb = [Ar]4s 3d 4p 5s
55Cs = ???

The similarity of the outer electron configurations makes the

elements in the same group show similar chemical properties
— The number of valence electrons in an element represents the group
number of the element in the periodic table. Eg: 11Na = 2.8.1 = 1s22s22p63s1

Group I, period 3
— The period number of the elements is the principal quantum number of
the outermost principal energy shell in an atom.
 Special name of group

* Group 1A or group 1 ( eg: Li, Na, K) – alkali metals

* Group 2A or group 2 ( eg: Be, Mg, Ca) – alkaline earth metals

* Group 7A or group 17 ( eg: F, Cl, Br, I) – halogens

* Across the second and third period of the
periodic table, there is a gradual change in
properties, from the alkali metals to the
halogens

* The fourth period begins in the same way with

potassium (K) and Ca

* These elements are called the transition

elements

* These 10 elements from Sc to Zn form the 1st

transition element series
 CHANGES IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

— There are some changes in physical properties of

the elements when its going across the Period and
going down the Group.

— The changes are based on :

A. Atomic size
B. First Ionization Energy
C. Electrons affinities
D. Electronegativity of the electrons
A. Atomic Size (atomic radius)

¨ Atomic size of an element is one-half the distance between the two nuclei
in two adjacent metal atoms
Ex: l2

¨ Decrease from left to right because increase in effective nuclear charge

(same as valence electron) which cause the valence electrons to be held
more strongly by the nucleus
¨ Increase from top to bottom because the principal quantum number, n
increase which causes the outer electrons to be far from the nucleus
3Li= 2.1 = 1s22s1
2 2 6 1
11Na = 2.8.1 = 1s 2s 2p 3s
2 2 6 2
12Mg = 2.8.2 = 1s 2s 2p 3s

increase
Atomic Size
increase from
decrease from left to
top to bottom
right in a period or increase
within a group
....CHANGES IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
……Atomic Size (atomic radius)

— Going across the Period, the atomic size of an atom is

decreases and going down the Group, the atomic size is
increases.

— The atomic size is referring to the distance and attraction

force between nucleus and valence electrons.

— Going across the Period, the number of valence electrons in

increase, but the number of shell is unchanged.

— Example – Na and Cl. Number of valence electron of Cl is

higher than number of valence electron of Na, so, the
attraction force of Cl is stronger than Na. That why atomic
size of Cl is smaller than Na.
Trends in Atomic Radii
The Radii (in pm) of Ions of Elements
Anion radius > cationic radius
Increasing order of ionic radius for elements in
period 3
Al3+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl-, S2- and P3-
Cation is always smaller than atom from
which it is formed.
Anion is always larger than atom from
which it is formed.
Comparison of Atomic Radii with Ionic Radii
 ....CHANGES IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
B. The First Ionization Energy

— The ionization energy of an atoms/ions is the minimum energy required

to remove an electrons.

— Energy needed to remove one electron is called First Ionization Energy,

energy needed to remove 2nd electron is called Second Ionization Energy
and so fourth.

— When going down the Group, the electron is too far from nucleus, so
lower energy needed.

— Going across the Period, the electron valence in increase, so they need
more energy to remove the electrons.

— Conclusion, First Ionization Energy is increase when going across the

Period, and decrease when going down the Group.
......The First Ionization Energy
¨ Is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from a ground state
atom (ion) in the gaseous state
¨ The first ionisation energy – is the minimum energy required to remove the
1st valence electron from the gaseous atom in its ground state. Eg :
M(g) – 1e ® M+(g)

¨ The second ionisation energy – is the energy required to remove the 2nd
electron. Eg:
M+(g) – 1e ® M2+(g)

¨ The 1st ionisation energies increase

decrease from Increase from left to

top to bottom right or
within a group
increase
26
Variation of the First Ionization Energy with Atomic Number

Filled n=1 shell

Filled n=2 shell

Filled n=3 shell

Filled n=4 shell
Filled n=5 shell

27
.....CHANGES IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
C. Electron Affinities

— The factor that affects the affinity of an electron is the size of

atoms.

— Atom in smaller size is easy to accept an electron, so, the

electrons affinity is higher.

— When going across the Period, the atomic size is smaller, so

the electron affinity is increase. When going down the
Group, the atomic size is bigger, so the electron affinity is
decrease.
…..Electron Affinity

¨ Is the energy change that occurs when an electron is accepted by an atom in

its gaseous state
¨ The more negative the electron affinity, the greater the tendency of the
atom to accept an electron

¨ The electron affinity increase

decrease from Increase from left to

top to bottom right
within a group or
increase
Variation of Electron Affinity With Atomic Number (H – Ba)

30
....CHANGES IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
D. Electronegativity of the elements

— Electronegativity ia a measure of the ability of the element to

attract the electron.

— Electronegavity is also depends on the size of atom. Atom in

smaller in size has a more ability to attract the electron.

— Conclusion, the electronegativity of the element is increase

when going across the Period and decrease when going down
the Group.
Electronegative: the element is tend to receive an electron
Electropositive : the element is tend to remove an electron
………Electronegativity

¨ Is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract bonding electrons to

itself when it is in a molecule
¨ The greater the electronegativity of an atom in a molecule, the more
strongly

¨ The electronegativity increase

increase from left to

decrease from
right
top to bottom
or
within a group increase
 Group 1A Elements (ns1, n ³ 2)

M M+1 + 1e-

2M(s) + 2H2O(l) 2MOH(aq) + H2(g)

4M(s) + O2(g) 2M2O(s)

Increasing reactivity
Group 1A Elements (ns1, n ³ 2)
 Group 2A Elements (ns2, n ³ 2)
M M+2 + 2e-

Be(s) + 2H2O(l) No Reaction

Mg(s) + 2H2O(g) Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

M(s) + 2H2O(l) M(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) M = Ca, Sr, or Ba

Increasing reactivity
Group 2A Elements (ns2, n ³ 2)
 Group 3A Elements (ns2np1, n ³ 2)

4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s)

2Al(s) + 6H+(aq) 2Al3+(aq) + 3H2(g)

37
Group 3A Elements (ns2np1, n ³ 2)

38
 Group 4A Elements (ns2np2, n ³ 2)

Sn(s) + 2H+(aq) Sn2+(aq) + H2 (g)

Pb(s) + 2H+(aq) Pb2+(aq) + H2 (g)

39
Group 4A Elements (ns2np2, n ³ 2)

40
 Group 5A Elements (ns2np3, n ³ 2)

N2O5(s) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq)

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)

41
Group 5A Elements (ns2np3, n ³ 2)
 Group 6A Elements (ns2np4, n ³ 2)

SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)

Group 6A Elements (ns2np4, n ³ 2)
 Group 7A Elements (ns2np5, n ³ 2)

X + 1e- X-1

X2(g) + H2(g) 2HX(g)

Increasing reactivity
Group 7A Elements (ns2np5, n ³ 2)
 Group 8A Elements (ns2np6, n ³ 2)

Completely filled ns and np subshells.

Highest ionization energy of all
elements.
No tendency to accept extra electrons.
SUMMARY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1st ionisation energy, Electron
affinity, Electronegativity.

Increase from increase from left to right

bottom to top within (ACROSS PERIOD)
a group

Atomic size

increase from top to

bottom within a group Increase from right to left in a
(DOWN A GROUP period (ACROSS THE PERIOD)
 CHANGES IN CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
(PERIOD 3)
— Period 3 of the Periodic Table consists of these elements :
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

— Changes in chemical properties of these elements is based on

two properties:

A. Metallic properties
B. Acid-base properties of the oxide
 ....CHANGES IN CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
(PERIOD 3)
A. METALLIC PROPERTIES

— Going across the Period from left to right, the metallic

properties are changes from :

METAL METALLOID NON-METAL

— The elements in Period 3:

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

Metal Metalloid Non-metal

 .....CHANGES IN CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
(PERIOD 3)
— This property is depending on the tendency to conduct
electricity.

— Metal element Good conductor of heat and

electricity

— Metalloid element Poor conductor of heat and

electricity (depends on temperature)

— Non-metal Cannot conduct an electricity

 ....CHANGES IN CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
(PERIOD 3)
B. ACID - BASE PROPERTY OF THE OXIDE.

— The elements will form an oxide compounds when they

react with oxygen.

— When going across the Period, the oxide properties is

change from :

BASE OXIDE AMPHOTERIC ACID OXIDE

 Summarizes of changes in oxide properties for elements
in Period 3:

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

Formula Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O10 SO3 Cl2O7

oxide

Structure Ionic Ionic Ionic Covalent Discrete Discrete Discrete

crystal crystal crystal compound molecule molecule molecule
Compound Ionic Ionic Ionic Molecule Molecule Molecule Molecule
Oxide Basic Basic Amphoteric Acidic Acidic Acidic Acidic
properties
Melting point 1275 2800 2045 1610 580 16.8 -91.5
(0C)
 Properties of Oxides Across a Period

basic acidic