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    Chapter 3 Periodic Table

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    Chapter 3 Periodic Table

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    norwahidahwahab.meb1064
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    CHAPTER 3 PERIODIC TABLE

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    3 views40 pages

    Chapter 3 Periodic Table

    Uploaded by

    norwahidahwahab.meb1064

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 40

    CHAPTER 3

    PERIODIC TABLE OF
    ELEMENTS
    POSITION AND
    PROPERTIES OF THE
    ELEMENT IN PERIODIC
    TABLE
    PERIODIC TABLE

    •The periodic table is a table that arranges all the


    known elements in order of increasing
    proton number.
    •This order generally coincides with increasing
    atomic mass
    GROUP

    • A vertical column of elements is called a group


    • Elements in the same group have the same number of
    valence electrons. Hence, elements in the same group
    have similar chemical properties , even though their
    physical properties are different

    Group number = number of valence electrons (if the element is in block s and d)

    Group number = number of valence electrons + 10 (if the element is in block p)


    PERIODS

    • A horizontal row is known as a period.


    • The periods in the Periodic Table are numbered from
    1 to 7
    •For example, hydrogen and helium are in Row 1 or
    Period 1 because their principal quantum number, n,
    of the main electron shell is 1. (H:1s1 ;He: 1s2)

    Period number = Principal quantum number


    BLOCKS

    • All the elements in the Periodic Table can be classified into 4 main
    blocks according to their valence electrons configuration.
    • These main blocks are
    o S block (outermost electrons in s orbitals)
    o P block. (outermost electrons in s and p orbitals)
    o d block. (outermost electrons in s and d orbitals)
    o f block. (outermost electrons in f orbitals)
    S- BLOCK

    • Group 1 and 2
    • The filling of valence electrons involve the s orbital
    • Configuration of the valence electrons :

    • Eg:
    11 Na : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
    20 Ca : 1s 2
    2s 2
    2p6
    3s 2
    3p6
    4s2
    P-BLOCK

    • Group 13 to 18
    • The filling of valence electrons involve s and p orbital.
    • The configuration of valence electrons:

    ns2 np1 to ns2 np6


    • EX:
    Al : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
    13

    52Te : 1s 2
    2s 2
    2p 6
    3s 2
    3p 6
    3d 10
    4s 2
    4p 6
    4d 10
    5s 2
    5p 4
    D-BLOCK

    • Groups 3 to 12
    • The filling of valence electrons involve s and d orbitals.
    • Group 3 to 11 known as Transition metal.
    • Configuration of valence electron :
    (n-1) d1 ns2 to (n-1) d10 ns2

    • Eg.
    23V : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2 or [Ar] 3d3 4s2
    where [Ar] = 18 electrons
    F-BLOCK

    • Involve the elements in the series of


    lanthanides (Ce to Lu) and actinides (Th to
    Lr).
    • The filling of valence electrons happen in the
    subshell of 4f and 5f.
    LEARNING CHECK

    The electronic configuration of magnesium is shown


    below
    Mg : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
    Determine its position in the periodic table

    Period 3
    Group 2
    LEARNING CHECK

    The electronic configuration of germanium is shown below


    Ge : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p2
    Determine its position in the periodic table

    Period 4
    Group 14
    LEARNING CHECK

    The electronic configuration of an element X is shown below


    X : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2
    Determine its position in the periodic table

    Period 4
    Group 8
    LEARNING CHECK
    The positions of the elements X, Y and Z in the periodic table areas follows.

    Element Group Period


    X 2 3
    Y 15 2
    Z 18 3

    Write the electronic configurations of these elements?


    X = ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2
    Y = ls2 2s2 2p3
    Z = ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
    PROPERTIES
    PERIODIC TRENDS IN THE SIZE OF
    ATOM (ATOMIC RADII)
    • The size /radius of atom is difficult to be defined exactly because the
    electron cloud has no clear boundary.
    • Therefore, the atomic radius is taken as half of the distance
    between the nuclei of two adjacent identical atom.
    • Down the group, atomic radii increases.
    • Across period, atomic radii decreases.
    Two factors that influence the changes of atomic radii in the
    Periodic Table are:
    • Effective nuclear charge experienced by the valence
    electrons
    • The principal quantum number, n, of the valence electrons
    EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE (Zeff )

    • Electrons around the nucleus experience different nucleus attraction.


    • Those electrons closer to the nucleus experience a greater
    attraction than those that are farther away.
    • The actual nuclear charge experienced by an electron is called the
    effective nuclear charge, Zeff
    EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE (Zeff )

    • Effective nuclear charge increase, nucleus attraction stronger,


    atomic radii decrease
    • Across the period, the effective nuclear charge increases as
    proton number increase.
    • As a result, the attraction between the nucleus and valence
    electrons become stronger, causing the atomic radius to
    decrease.
    THE PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER OF THE
    VALENCE ELECTRONS

    • As we move down a group, the number of shells increases, more


    inner electrons are present to shield the valence electrons from
    the nucleus.
    • The valence electrons are farther from the nucleus.
    • Thus, the attraction between the nucleus and valence electrons
    decreases, therefore, the atomic radius increase.
    • Down a group, the atomic
    radius increases because of
    the increasing principal
    quantum number (n) of the
    valence electron.
    • The greater the nucleus
    attraction, the smaller the
    atomic radius.
    TRENDS IN THE IONIC RADII

    • When electrons are added to an atom, the mutual repulsions


    between them increase.
    • This enlarge the domain of electron cloud.
    • Therefore, negative ions (anions) are larger than the atoms from
    which they are formed.
    TRENDS IN THE IONIC RADII

    • When electrons are removed from the valence shell, the electron-
    electron repulsions decrease but the nuclear charge remains the
    same.
    • So the remaining electrons are to be pulled closer together around
    the nucleus.
    • Therefore, positive ions (cations) are smaller than the atoms from
    which they are formed.
    ISOELECTRONIC SPECIES

    • Isoelectronic species are groups of atoms and ions which have


    the same electronic configuration.
    • Within isoelectronic species:
    a) the more positive the charge, the smaller the species
    Isoelectronic species with electronic configuration 1s 2 2s2
    2p6 (10 electrons)

    •When proton number increase, effective species Number of


    nuclear charge increase. proton
    •The attraction between nucleus and Na+ 11
    remaining electron increase. Mg2+ 12
    •Therefore, the ionic radii decrease. Al3+ 13
    •The ionic radii of Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+ > Si4+ Si4+ 14
    Isoelectronic species with electronic
    1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 (18 electrons)

    •When proton number increase, effective species Number of


    nuclear charge increase. proton
    •The attraction between nucleus and P3- 15
    remaining electron increase. S2- 16
    •Therefore, the ionic radii decrease. Cl- 17
    •The ionic radii of Cl- < S2- < P3-
    TRENDS IN THE IONIZATION ENERGIES

    • The ionization energy (IE) is the minimum energy required to


    remove an electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state.
    ●The first ionization energy (IE1) is the minimum energy required
    to remove the first electron from the atom in its ground state.
    ●E.g:
    energy + X(g) → X+(g) + e- ΔH = IE1
    IONIZATION ENERGY ACROSS
    A PERIOD

    • The effective nuclear charge increases, the atomic size decreases.


    • Electrons are held tightly to the nucleus thus it is difficult to
    remove the first electron.
    • Therefore the first ionization energy is high.
    • It can be said that the first ionization energy increases from left
    to right.
    IONIZATION ENERGY GOING DOWN THE
    GROUP
    • Going down the group, the atomic size increases as the energy
    level, n increases.
    • Therefore the outer electrons are farther from the nucleus and
    are held less tightly (weaker attraction) by the nucleus.
    • Thus, it is easy to remove the first electron.
    • Hence the Ionization Energy decreases down the group.
    • Second ionization energy (IE2) is the minimum energy required to
    remove an electron from a positive gaseous ion.
    X+(g) → X2+(g) + e-
    • When an electron is removed from a neutral atom, the mutual
    repulsion among the remaining electrons decrease.
    • Since the nuclear charge remain constant, the electron are held
    tightly to the nucleus.
    • Therefore more energy is needed to remove another electron from
    the positively charged ion.
    TRENDS IN THE ELECTRONEGATIVITY

    • Electronegativity is the relative tendency of an atom to attract


    electrons to itself when bonded with another atom.
    • Electronegativity increases up a group and across a period.
    This follows the trends for ionization energy and electron affinity.
    TRENDS IN THE ELECTRONEGATIVITY

    Across period Down a group

    • The nuclear charge increase • The principle quantum number


    increase
    • The atomic size decrease • The atomic size increase
    • Hence, the nucleus attraction • Hence, weaker nuclear attraction
    stronger • Therefore electronegativity
    • Therefore, the electronegativity decrease
    increase
    REACTION OF AQUEOUS
    SOLUTIONS OF THE
    HALOGENS
    HALOGENS - DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS

    THE DECREASE IN REACTIVITY DOWN THE GROUP IS DEMONSTRATED


    USING DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS...

    A SOLUTION OF THE HALOGEN IS ADDED TO A SOLUTION OF A HALIDE

    HALIDES ARE SALTS FORMED FROM HALOGENS

    A MORE REACTIVE HALOGEN WILL DISPLACE A LESS REACTIVE ONE

    e.g. CHLORINE + SODIUM BROMIDE BROMINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE

    CHLORINE + SODIUM IODIDE IODINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE

    BROMINE + SODIUM IODIDE IODINE + SODIUM BROMIDE

    BUT BROMINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE CHLORINE + SODIUM BROMIDE


    (Bromine is below chlorine in the Group so is less reactive)
    Chlorine oxidises bromide ions to bromine

    Cl2 + 2Br¯ ——> Br2 + 2Cl¯

    Chlorine oxidises iodide ions to iodine

    Cl2 + 2I¯ ——> I2 + 2Cl¯

    Bromine oxidises iodide ions to iodine

    Br2 + 2I¯ ——> I2 + 2Br¯


    Water Halogens react with decreasing vigour down the group as
    their oxidising power decreases

    Litmus will be turned red then decolourised in chlorine water

    0 -1 +1
    Cl2(g) + H2O(l) HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq)
    strong acid bleaches by oxidation

    Alkalis Chlorine reacts with cold, aqueous sodium hydroxide.

    2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) —> NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H2O(l)


    TESTING FOR HALIDES – AgNO3

    CHLORIDE BROMIDE IODIDE

    ADD SILVER NITRATE SOLUTION

    WHITE PRECIPITATE OF SILVER CHLORIDE AgCl


    CREAM PRECIPITATE OF SILVER BROMIDE AgBr
    YELLOW PRECIPITATE OF SILVER IODIDE AgI
    TESTING FOR HALIDES – AgNO3

    CHLORIDE BROMIDE IODIDE

    ADD DILUTE AMMONIA SOLUTION

    WHITE PRECIPITATE OF SILVER CHLORIDE - SOLUBLE


    CREAM PRECIPITATE OF SILVER BROMIDE - INSOLUBLE
    YELLOW PRECIPITATE OF SILVER IODIDE - INSOLUBLE
    TESTING FOR HALIDES – AgNO3

    CHLORIDE BROMIDE IODIDE

    ADD CONCENTRATED AMMONIA SOLUTION

    WHITE PRECIPITATE OF SILVER CHLORIDE - SOLUBLE


    CREAM PRECIPITATE OF SILVER BROMIDE - SOLUBLE
    YELLOW PRECIPITATE OF SILVER IODIDE - INSOLUBLE

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