Dr Soe Kyaw Kyaw

(Ph D, Chemistry)

CHEMISTRY
GRADE 11

Study Guide

CHAPTER 1
THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES OF ATOMS,
PERIODIC TABLE AND CHEMICAL BOND

CHAPTER 2
GASEOUS STATE AND GAS LAWS
Dr SKK PhD(Chemistry)

CHAPTER ( 1 )
THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES OF ATOMS, PERIODIC TABLE AND
CHEMICAL BONDS

Arrangement of Fundamental Particles

Fundamental particles
All matter is made up of atoms. Atoms consist of three fundamental particles.They are
protons, neutrons and electrons.

Fundamental particles and their masses and charges

Particles Mass Charges
Proton 1amu positive
Neutron 1amu neutral
Electron 1/1840amu negative

amu = atomic mass unit

*Electron is lightest particles.Therefore its mass is negligible.
*Neutron is uncharged particles.

Arrangment of the fundamental particles in the atom

* The atom has a small, dense, positively charged center called nucleus.
* The nucleus contains protons and neutrons.
* Outside and around the nucleus, electron move in circular or near
circular orbits called shells.
* The negative charge of the electrons balances the positive charge of the nucleus. The atom as a
whole is neutral.

Atom
An atom is the basic unit of the element and it can enter into chemical combination.
It consists of three fundamental particles called protons, electrons and neutrons.
Protons
Protons are positively charged particles reside in the nucleus of the atom.
Electrons
Electrons are negatively charged particles move outside and around the nucleus in
circular orbits.
DrSKK 2 PhD (Chemistry)

Neutrons
Neutrons are uncharged particles of the nucleus of the atom.
Nucleus
Nucleus is small, dense and positively charged centre of the atom. It contains
protons and neutrons.
Atomic Number ( Z )
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is known as the atomic number of
that element.
Atomic number = no of protons = no of electrons
Mass Number ( A )
The mass number of an element is the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons
in the nucleus of an atom of that element.
Mass number = no of protons + no of neutrons
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different
number of neutrons are called isotopes.
or
Atoms of the same element with different masses are called isotopes.
35
eg., 17 Cl and 37
17 Cl are isotopes.

Notation For Isotopes

The Electronic structure of Atoms

Electronic structure
The distribution of electrons in an atom of an element is known as the electronic
structure of that element.

(i) Shells (n)

DrSKK 3 PhD (Chemistry)

Maximum number of electrons in each shell is 2n2, n is shell number.

Shell Maximum number of electrons
K, n = 1, 2n2 = 2 x 12 = 2
L , n = 2, 2n2 = 2 x 22 = 8
M, n = 3, 2n =
2
2 x 32 = 18
N, n = 4, 2n2 = 2 x 42 = 32 and so on...

( ii ) Sub shells Maximum number of electrons

s (sharp ) 2
p (principal ) 6
d (diffuse ) 10
f (fundamental ) 14

(iii) Order of filling up sub shells with electrons

Fig. Order of occupancy of sub-shells

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p...................

Complete electronic structure

The arrangement of all the electrons of an atom of the element in appropriate sub-
shells is called the complete electronic structure of that element.
Example, 20Ca = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

Essential electronic structure

The arrangement of valence electrons of an atom of the element in appropriate sub-
shells is called the essential electronic structure of that element.
Example, 20Ca = 4s2

Valence of an element
Valence of the element can be obtained from the essential electronic structure of the
elements.
DrSKK 4 PhD (Chemistry)

The Periodic Table

The electronic structures of elements vary periodically with their atomic numbers, so that
elements with similar electronic structures or similar properties fall under one another in a
column. In this arrangement, elements with similar electronic structures or similar properties
occur at certain periodic intervals. Hence the table is called the Periodic table.

The Groups and the Periods

In modern periodic table, there are arranged in 18 vertical columns and 7 horizontal
rows.

Group
In the periodic table, the vertical columns are called groups.

Period
In the periodic table, the horizontal rows are called periods.

Group number = number of electrons in the outermost shell

Period number = number of shells
Type of Elements
Alkali metals
The elements in the Group IA with the exception of hydrogen are called alkali
metals. eg. Li, Na, K

Alkaline earth metals

The elements (Be, Mg, Ca) in the Group IIA are called the alkaline earth metals.

Halogens
The elements in the Group VIIB again with the exception of hydrogen are called the
halogens. eg., F, Cl, Br, I

Noble gases or inert gases

The elements in the Group 0 are called noble gases or inert gases. eg., He, Ne, Ar,

Transition Element
The elements in the central section of the periodic table are known as the transition
elements.

Three blocks in the periodic table

DrSKK 5 PhD (Chemistry)

1.4 Periodic Properties

Elements change in properties from metals to non-metals or go from left to right across
the periodic table.
The division of metals and non-metals in the periodic table is indicated by the dark line.

Metals and non-metals

The elements to the left of dark line in the periodic table are metals and those to the
right are non-metals.

Metalloid
For along each side of the dark line are elements that have properties of both metals
and non-metals. These elements are called metalloids. eg., B, Si

Electropositive elements
In general, metals are electropositive elements. They tend to lose electrons and form
positive ions.

Electropositivity ( E.P )
The electropositivity decreases from left to right across a period
in the periodic table.

Electronegative elements
In general, non-metals are electronegative elements. They tend to gain electrons and
form negative ions.

Electronegativity
Electronegativity increases from left to right across a period in the periodic table.

Noble gases or inert gases

The noble gases or inert gases are neither electropositive nor electronegative
because they have very stable electronic structure and have little tendency to gain or lose
electrons.

Atomic Sizes (Atomic Radii )

1. Atomic sizes decrease from left to right across a period in the periodic table. (same period)
2. Atomic sizes increase from top to bottom down a group in the periodic table. (same group)

Example (1 ) C, N , O
They are in same period.
Atomic number C<N<O
Nuclear charges C<N<O
Nuclear attractive force to electron C<N<O
Therefore, size C>N>O
DrSKK 6 PhD (Chemistry)

Example ( 2) F , Cl , Br
They are in same group.
Atomic number F < Cl < Br
Number of shell F < Cl < Br
Number of electrons F < Cl < Br
Electrons repulsion F < Cl < Br
Therefore, size F < Cl < Br

Ionic sizes
(a) Size of positive ion (cation)
A positive ion is always smaller than its parents atom.
M>M+ >M+ + >.........

Example (3) Na , Na+

They are same nuclear charges.
Number of electrons Na > Na+
Electrons repulsion Na > Na+
Therefore, size Na > Na+

(b) Size of negative ions (Anions )

A negative ion is always smaller than its parents atom.
A<A-<A=<.........

Example (3) Cl , Cl-

They are same nuclear charges.
Number of electrons Cl < Cl-
Electrons repulsion Cl < Cl-
Therefore, size Cl < Cl-

Ionization energy
The amount of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom to form
a gaseous ion is called the ionization energy.
eg., Na (g) + energy Na+(g) + e

Example (1) Explain why the noble gases have the highest first ionization energies.
The noble gases have the highest first ionization energies because thenoble gases are
known to have the closed electronic structures (the ocet) which resist the removal of electrons.

Example (2) Explain why the alkali metals have the first lowest first ionization energy.
The alkali metals have the first lowest first ionization energy because alkali metals have
only one electron outside of a noble gas structure, which is very easy to remove.

Example (3) Describe the trend in ionization energy in the periodic table.
In general, ionization energies increase from left to right across a period and ionization
energies decrease down a group.
DrSKK 7 PhD (Chemistry)

Example (4) Explain why Be has higher ionization energy than that of B.
4
Be = 1s2, 2s2 (fully-filled sub-shell electronic structure)
5
B = 1s2, 2s2, 2p1
Ionization energies depend on the electronic structure.
Difficult to remove an electron Be (2s2) > B (2p1)
More energy required Be > B

Example (5) Explain why N has higher ionization energy than that of O.
7
N = 1s2, 2s2, 2p3 (half-filled sub-shell electronic structure)
8
O = 1s2, 2s2, 2p4
Ionization energies depend on the electronic structure.
Difficult to remove an electron N (2p3) > O (2p4)
More energy required N > O

Example (6) Explain which of the following groups has the largest ionization energy.
(i) 2.8.1 (ii) 2.8.5 (iii) 2.8.7
They are same period.
Size (i) > (ii) > (iii)
Difficult to remove an electron (i) < (ii) < (iii)
More energy required (i) < (ii) < (iii)
Therefore, (iii) 2.8.7 has the largest ionization energy.

Electron Affinity
The electron affinity of an element is the energy released when an electron is added
to a gaseous atom to form a gaseous ions.
eg., Cl (g) + e Cl-(g) + energy

Example (1) Explain why the halogen have the highest electron affinities.
The halogens have the highest electron affinities because they form stable anions
with noble gas electronic structures, ns2 np6 by gaining on electron.

Example (2) Explain why the alkali metals have very low electron affinities.
The alkali metals have very low electron affinities because they do not bind their
outermost electron very strongly.

Example (3) Describe the trend in electron affinity in the periodic table.
In general, electron affinities decrease down a group and electron affinities
increase from left to right across a period.

Example (4), Fluorine atom is lower electron affinity than chlorine.

The fluorine atom is lower electron affinity than chlorine atom because the anomalous
behavior of fluorine atom is so small that the incoming electron is affected by comparatively
strong repulsion from the nine electrons already around the nucleus, so diminishing the overall
amount of energy released by the process.
DrSKK 8 PhD (Chemistry)

Example (5) The order of increasing electron affinities for halogens

I < F < Br < Cl
Because of the variations in electron affinities are not regular across a period.

Type of Bonds
There are three main types of chemical bonds
( 1 ) Ionic bond ( or ) electrovalent bond
( 2 ) Covalent bond
( 3 ) Metallic bond

Ionic bond ( or ) electrovalent bond

An ionic bond is formed when there is a complete transfer of an electron or
electrons from one atom to another resulting in the formation of cations and anions. These
oppositely charged ions are held together by an electrostatic attration is known as ionic
bond.
Metal + Non-metals → Ionic compound
( IA or IIA ) (VIB or VIIB )
Because of the electron transfer.
eg., NaCl
11
Na =2.8.1 (IA; metal )
17
Cl =2.8.7 ( VIIB; non-metal )

Covalent bond
Covalent compounds are formed when non-metals react with one another. In
covalent bonding actual molecules are produced, not ions. Each electrons of the shared pair
passes from an orbit controlled by the nucleus of one atom into an orbit controlled by the
nuclei of both atoms.

Non-metal + Non-metals → covalent compound

Because of the sharing of electrons
eg., CH4
6
C = 2.4 (non -metal )
1
H = 1. (non -metal )
DrSKK 9 PhD (Chemistry)

Coordinate bond (or )Dative bond

Coordinate bond is a special type of covalent bond.
A coordinate bond is formed when one of the participant atoms possess lone pair of
electrons. This lone pair is donated to an atom needing them to build up or complete
electron octet or duplet of great stability.

eg., NH3 + H+ = NH+4

Different between Ionic Compound and Covalent Compound

Molecules
Ionic compounds do not contain molecules.
Covalent compounds contain molecules.
Ions
Ionic compounds contain oppositely charged ions.
Covalent compounds do not contain ions.
Electrical conductivity
Ionic compound conduct electricity when melt or dissolve in water. They are electrolytes.
Covalent compound do not conduct electricity. They are non-electrolytes.
Volatility
Ionic compounds are usually solid and do not vaporize easily.
Covalent compounds are usually gases or volatile liquids.
Melting point and Boling points
Ionic compounds have high melting point and high boiling point.
Covalent compounds have low melting point and low boiling point.
Solubility
Ionic compounds are soluble in water but cannot dissolve in organic solvent.
Covalent compounds are insoluble in water but can dissolve in organic solvent.

Octet Rule
In forming a chemical bond, atoms gain, lose or share electrons in such a way to
attain the stable electronic structures of the noble gases, i.e., to have eight electrons in the
outermost shell. This is known as the octet rule.

Exception to the Octet Rule

There are some exceptions to the octet rule.
1. BeCl2 2.BCl3 3.ClF3 4. PF5 5. SF6
DrSKK 10 PhD (Chemistry)

1. Why did the BeCl2 is deviated the octet rule?

BeCl 2

In BeCl2 , the Be atom is surrounded by 4 valence electrons.

(Other molecules are tried youself.)

Metallic Bond
A metallic bond is observed in metals. In a metallic bond, the valence electrons of
the atoms are very loosely held, foming a common electrons cloud. Electrons move freely
within this electron cloud. These electrons are descrided as a sea of electrons.

Ion
An ion is an atom (or group of atoms) that is is electrically charged as the result of
the loss or gain of electrons.

Notes for Objectives

1. Fundamental Particles
1. All mater is made up of atoms.
2. Atoms consist of three main fundamental particles.
3. Neutron is uncharged particles.
4. Electron is lightest particles.
5. The atom as a whole is neutral.
6. Most of an atom is empty space that separates the tiny nucleus from the distant electrons.
7. Most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
8. Since the mass of the electrons is so small that it can be considered negligible.
9. A charge particle is an ion.

2. Atomic number, Mass number and Isotopes

1. Atoms are electrically neutral.
2. In an atom, the number of protons must be equal to the number of electrons.
3. The atomic number of an element never changes.
4. Atoms of the same element contain the same number of protons.
5. Atoms of different element contain the different number of protons.
6. Atoms of the same element can have different number of neutrons.
DrSKK 11 PhD (Chemistry)

3. Electronic Structure
1. Electrons move round the nucleus in definte orbit or shell.
2. Each shell or energy level can contain a limited number of electrons.
3. The maximum number of electrons in each shell contain 2n2.
4. The maximum number of electron, K (2e), L (8e), M (18e) and N (32e).
5. Each shell is again divided into a number of sub-shells, which are knowns as s, p, d and f.
6. Maximum number of electrons in s sub-shell is 2. [ p (6 electrons), d (10 electrons) and
f (14 electrons)]
7. The shell nearest to the nucleus has the lowest energy.
8. The closer the shell is to the nucleus, the lower is its energy.

4. Periodic Table
1. The elements are arranged in the periodic table in order of their atomic number or
number of protons.
2. The elements with similar electronic structures or similar properties occur at certain
periodic intervals.
3. The electronic structures of the atom of the elements vary periodically with their atomic
number (number of protons).
4. In the modern periodic table, 18 vertical columns and 7 horizontal rows.
5. Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in the outermost shell of
their atoms.
6. All elements in the same period have the same number of electron shell.
7. The division of metals and non-metals in the periodic table is indicated by the dark line.
5. Electropositive Elements and Electronegative Elements
1. Metals are electropositive elements.
2. The electropositivity of the elements decrease on going from left to right across a period.
3. The greater electroposivity of an element is the more difficult to remove electrons.
4. Non-metals are electronegative elements.
5. Electronegativity increases, the elements have an increasing tendency to gain electrons.
6. The noble gases or inert gases are neither electropositive nor electronegative elements.

6. Atomic Sizes
1. The size of an individual atom is difficult to determine.
2. Atomic size is generally described by the radius of an atom.
3. Atomic size decrease from left to right across a period in the periodic table.
4. Atomic size increase from top to bottom in a group.
5. The higher the atomic number, the greater the number of protons in the nucleus.
6. The charge on the nucleus increases with increasing atomic number.
7. The attraction between the nucleus and any around the nucleus also increases.

7. Ionic Sizes
1. When one or more electrons are removed from a metal atom, a positive ion is formed.
2. When one or more electrons are added from a atom, a negative ion is formed.
3. Both a positive ion and the parent neutral atom have same nuclear charges.
4. A positive ion is always smaller than its parent atom.
5. A negative ion is always larger than its parent atom.
DrSKK 12 PhD (Chemistry)

8. Ionization Energy
1. The ionization energies become progressively higher.
2. Energy is required to remove electrons from an atom.
3. Ionization energies measure how tightly electrons are bound to atoms.
4. Low ionization energies indicate ease of removal of electrons and ease of positive ion
(cation) formation.
5. The noble gases have the highest first ionization energies.
6. The alkali metals have the lowest ionization energies.
7. The noble gases are knows to have closed electronic structure (the octet) which resist the
removal of electrons.
8. The ionization energies of the element depend on the electronic structures.
9. Ionization energy increases from left to right across a period.
10. Ionization energy decreases down a group.

9. Electron Affinity
1. Energy is required to added electron into an atom.
2. The halogens have the highest electron affinities.
3. The alkali metals have the lowest electron affinities.
4. Fluorine atom is lower electron affinity than that of chlorine atom.
5. For many reason, the variations in electron affinities are not regular across a period.
6. Electron affinity increases from left to right across a period.
7. Electron affinity decreases down a group.
8. Non-metals generally have higher electron affinities than metals.

10. Type of Bond

1. Ionic bond is formed when a metal (electropositive element) reacts with non-metal
(electronegative element).
2. Covalent compounds are formed when a non-metal (electronegative element) reacts with
one another.
3. Metallic bond is observed in metal.
4. Ionic compound do not contain molecules.
5. Covalent compounds consist of molecules.
6. Coordinate bond is a special type of covalent bond.
7. Transfer of electron - ionic bond
Sharing of electron - covalent bond
Lone pair of electrons -coordinative (or) dative bond
Sea or mobile of electron (solid metal ) - metallic bond

11. Octet Rule

1. Deviate the octet rule - BeCl2, BCl3, ClF3, PF5 and SF6.
2. Duplet structure - Helium (He) atom
3. Octet structure - Neon (Ne) , Argon (Ar)
4. without neutron - hydrogen (H) atom
5. Essential electronic structure of halogens - ns2 np5
6. Essential electronic structure of noble gases -ns2 np6
DrSKK 13 PhD (Chemistry)

Question and Problems

Question No. 6
1. In a neutral atom of an element, the number of a certain particle or particles is equal to the
atomic number. Name the particle or particles.
2. What are charges and mass of proton, neutron and electron.
3. Determine the number of neutrons, protons and electrons in the atom of . Suggest a possible
isotope that element.
4. Select the isotopes from the following and give reasons for your answer.
35
(i) 17 Cl, 235 27 238
92 U, 12 Mg, 92 U
35
(ii) 17 Cl, 40 40 37
18 Ar, 20 Ca, 17 Cl

5. Determine the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in the atom of element ‘E’ which
has the atomic number of 18 and mass of 40. Give possible isotopes.
6. Write down the
(i ) complete electronic structure (ii) essential electronic structure
(iii) group number (iv) period number (v) chief valence of the following elements.
11
Na, 9F, 12Mg, 13Al, 17Cl, 18Ar
7. Classify the following elements as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gas
and give reasons for your classification.
11
Na, 9F, 12Mg, 13Al, 17Cl, 18Ar
8. Generally, the elements of the same group have similar electronic structures. Arrange the
following elements in their appropriate group.
3
Li, 9F, 12Mg, 20Ca, 8O, 11Na, 19K, 16S
9. Arrange the following elements in order of their increasing electronegativity.
“Oxygen, carbon, fluorine, nitrogen”
10. In each of the following groups, select the one which has the highest radius. Give reasons for
your answer.
(i) Fe, Fe2+, Fe3+ (ii) Cl, Cl- (iii) Li, Na, K (iv) C, N, O
11. From the following elements, select the one which has the lowest ionization energy. Give
reason.
3
Li, 9F, 10Ne and 11Na, 17Cl, 18Ar
12. Explain which of the following groups has the largest ionization energy.
2.8.1 2.8.5 2.8.7
13. Explain why Be has higher ionization energy than that of B.
14. Explain why N has higher ionization energy than that of O
15. Explain why Cl has higher electron affinity than that of F.
16. What are trends of ionization energy in the periodic table? Name one element which has the
lowest ionization energy.
17. What type of bond is formed between :NH3 and H+ ion? Why?
18. What type of bond is formed between:NH3 and BF3?
19. What elements are the most likely to form covalent bonds? Give an example with the
electron dot-cross formula.
20. Draw the electron dot cross structure of BeCl2, BeCl3,ClF3, PF5 and SF6.
DrSKK 14 PhD (Chemistry)

21. Write down the complete and essential electronic structure of 14 Si. Find the value of (n) in
the compound of Si (2.8.4), SiH n and draw the electron dot-cross structure of the
compound.
22. Give the difference between ionic and covalent compounds based on solubility and melting
point.
23. Which arrangement of elements have similar properties in the periodic table? Why?
24. Which is stabilized by electron octet?
(i) Na, Na+ and Na- (ii) Cl, Cl+, Cl-
25. Calculate the maximum number of electrons in K, L, N and M shell.
26. Give the maximum number of electrons in s, p, d and f sub-shell.
27. Arrange hte following elements in order of increasing electrom affinities.
Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine

28. Explain why the noble gases have the highest first ionization energies.
29. Explain why the alkali metals have the first lowest first ionization energy.
30. Describe the ternd in ionization energy in the periodic table.
30. Explain why the halogen have the highest electron affinities.
31. Explain why the alkali metals have very low electron affinities.
32. From the following elements, select the one which has the highest electron affinity. Give
reasons. 11Na, 17Cl, 18Ar

Question No. 7
1. Write down
(i) essential electronic structure
(ii) group number
(iii) period number
(iv) valence of 17Cl, 12Mg
(Elements 1 to 20 study for this question)
2. An atom has an atomic number 12.
(i) Write down the complete and essential electronic structures of the atom.
(ii) Give its position in the periodic table.
(iii) What its chief valence?
(iv) Is it metal or non-metal?
3. An atom has an atomic number 13.
(i) Write down its essential electronic structure.
(ii) Is it a metal or non-metal? Why?
(iii) Give its position in the periodic table.
(iv) What is the chief valence?
4. Write down
(i) the complete electronic structure
(ii) the group number
(iii) the chief valence
(iv) classification of elements 20Ca and 2He.
DrSKK 15 PhD (Chemistry)

5. Write down
(i) Write down the electronic structures of the elements 11X and 16Y.
(ii) Write down the valences of the elements X and Y.
(iii) Classify the elements X and Y as metal and non-metal.
(iv) What type of bonding exists between X and Y. Write down the most likely formula
of this compound using the symbol X and Y. (Give the chemical formula of
compound formed)
6. An element X has an atomic number of 4 whereas an element Y has an atomic number of
17.
(i) Write down the electronic structure of X and Y.
(ii) Give the group number and period number of X and Y.
(iii) What type of bond can be formed between X and Y?
(iv) Suggest the formula of the compound formed.
7. An element A has an atomic number of 6 whereas an element B has an atomic number of
17.
(i) Write down the electronic structure of A and B.
(ii) Give the group number and period number of A and B.
(iii) What type of bond can be formed between A and B?
(iv) Write down the electron dot-cross formula of the compound formed.
8. An atom X has an atomic number of 9 whereas an element Y has an atomic number of 14.
(i) Write down the complete electronic structure.
(ii) Give the positions in the periodic table.
(iii) What type of bond can be formed between X and Y?
(iv) Write down the formula of the compound formed between X and Y.
9. An element A has an atomic number of 12 whereas an element B has an atomic number of
17.
(i) essential electronic structures
(ii) positions in the periodic table
(iii) types of element and
(iv) type of bond that is formed between A and B.
(v) Write down the electron dot –cross formula of the compound formed.

10. Atom ‘A’ has an atomic number 20 and atom ‘B’ has an atomic number of 10.
(i) Write down their essential electronic structures.
(ii) Give their positions in the periodic table.
(iii) What is the chief valence of each atom?
(iv) What is the type of each of the atom?
11. (a) A compound is formed between 5A and 17B. Name the type of bonding exists between
A and B. Write down the electron dot-cross formula of compound formed.
(b) What type of bond is formed between the above compound and :NH3? Draw the
electron dot-cross structure.
DrSKK 16 PhD (Chemistry)

12. An element X contains 2 electrons in K-shell, 8 electrons in L-shell and 3 electrons in M-

shell.
(i) What is the atomic number of X.
(ii) Write down the electronic structure by means of integer, diagram and sub-shells.
(iii) Write down the group number, the period number and the chief valence.
(iv) Give the name of X.
13. An element A contains 2 electrons in K-shell, 8 electrons in L-shell and one electron in M-
shell.
(i) Write down the complete electronic structure of element A?
(ii) Write down the chief valence of element A?
(iii) Is it metal or non-metal?
(iv) What is the name of element A?
14. (i) Write down the complete electronic structure of 13Al and 17Cl.
(ii) Write down the essential electronic structure of Al and Cl.
(iii) What type of bond can be formed between Al and Cl?
(iv) Draw the electron dot-cross structure of that compound.
15. The elements A, B and C have the following electronic structures.
A(2.3) B(2.8.2) C(2.8.7)
(i) What type of bond can be formed between A and C?
(ii) Suggest the electron dot-cross formula of the compound formed?
(iii) What type of bond can be formed between B and C?
(iv) Suggest the formula of the compound formed.
16. There are three elements: 6A(2.4), 11B(2.8.1) and 16C(2.8.6).
(i) Write down their essential electronic structure.
(ii) Select two of them which will form an electrovalent compound?
(iii) What is the valence of each of these two elements?
(iv) Write down the most likely formula of this compound using the symbols of the two
elements given above. (Write the more electropositive first)
17. The elements A, B and C have the following electronic structures.
A(2.8.1) B(2.8.7) C(2.4)
(i) Which two elements will combine to form an electrovalent compound? Suggest the
formula of the compound formed.
(ii) Which two elements will combine to form a covalent compound? Suggest the
electron dot-cross formula of the compound formed.
(iii) Which element has the highest electron affinity?
(iv) Which element has the lowest ionization energy?
18. The elements A, B and C have the following electronic structures.
A(2.8.2) B(2.7) C(2.4)
(i) Write down positions in the periodic table.
(ii) Which two elements will combine to form an electrovalent compound? Suggest the
electron dot cross formula of the compound formed.
(iii) Which two elements will combine to form a covalent compound? Suggest the formula
of the compound? Suggest the formula of the compound formed.
(iv) Give elements in the same period.
DrSKK 17 PhD (Chemistry)

19. From the following elements.

A(2.8.2) B(2.8.4) C(2.8.6)
(i) Which element has a valence of 2?
(ii) Which element has the smallest radius?
(iii) Which element is alkaline earth metal?
(iv) Which element is metalloid?
20. From the following elements.
A(2.1) B(2.5) C(2.7) D(2.8)
(i) Which element has the highest ionization energy?
(ii) Which element has the highest electron affinity?
(iii) Which element has a valence of 1?
(iv) Which element is a noble gas?
21. You are provided with four elements:
A(2.2) B(2.7) C(2.8.8) D(2.8.1)
(i) Which element has the highest electron affinity?
(ii) Which element is a noble gas?
(iii) Which has a valence of 2?
(iv) Which element is an alkali metal?
(v) Which element is halogen?
(vi) Which two elements would form an electrovalent compound?
22. You are given the following elements.
6
A, 11B, 17Y
(i) Which two elements will combine to form a covalent compound?
(ii) Write down the most likely formula of covalent compound formed.
(iii) Which two elements will combine to form all ionic compound ?
(iv) Write down the most likely formula of ionic compound formed.
23. You are provided with four elements.
6
W, 10X, 12Y, 17Z
(i) Which two elements will combine to form an ionic compound?
(ii) Suggest the formula of above compound formed.
(iii) Which elements will combine to form a covalent compound?
(iv) Suggest the formula of covalent compound formed.
24. The following information regarding elements I to IV are provided.
Element Atomic number Mass number Complete electronic structure
I 4 9 1s2,2s2
II 18 40 1s2,2s2 ,2p6 ,3s2 ,3p6
III 17 35 1s2,2s2 ,2p6 ,3s2 ,3p5
IV 12 24 1s2,2s2 ,2p6 ,3s2
Answer the following questions.
(a) Which of the above elements are in the same group of the periodic table?
(b) Which element is a noble gas?
(c) Which element has the highest electron affinity?
(d) Which element has 18 neutrons in each atom?
(e) Which of the elements have a valence of 2?
DrSKK 18 PhD (Chemistry)

25. From the following elements,

(i) Which two elements would form a covalent compound?
(ii) Which two elements would form an electrovalent compound?
(iii) Which element is an electropositive element?
(iv) Which element is an inert gas?
26. Some of the elements are listed below.
H, He, B, Ne, Na, Al, K, Ca
(i) Which of these elements are noble gases?
(ii) Which of these elements are alkali metals?
(iii) Which of these elements are alkaline earth metals?
(iv) Which elements have valence of 0, 1, 2, 3?
27. (i) Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons of .
(ii) Which has largest radius, B or N?
(iii) What do we call bonding which involves electron sharing?
(iv) Which particles contains 16 neutrons, 15 protons and 15 electrons?
28. (i) In a neutral atom of an element , the number of certain particle or particles is equal to
the atomic number. Name the particle or particles.
(ii) How do you understand by the term electronegative elements?
(iii) Name the type of bond that exists in solid metals.
(iv) How are the elements arranged in the modern periodic table?
29. (i) Explain the meaning of the atomic number of the elements.
(ii) What is the charge and mass of a proton?
(iii) What do we call the bonding which involves electron transfer?
(iv) What type of bonding do we find in molecules?
30. An atomic number has the following particles; 9 protons,10 neutrons and 9 electrons. Write
down the atomic number and mass number of element X. Suggest a possible isotope of that
element.
31. Examine the table carefully and answer the questions given below.
Symbol Atomic number Electronic structure
X 17 2.8.8
Y 18 2.8.8
Z 19 2.8.8
(i) Which one is cation?
(ii) Which one is anion?
(iii) Which one is neutral atom?
(iv) Which particles will combine to form an ionic compound? Suggest the most likely
formula.
DrSKK 19 PhD (Chemistry)

32. Complete the following table.

Element X Element Y Element Z
Atomic number 11 6 ......
Number of protons ...... ...... 16
Number of neutrons 12 6 16
Mass number ...... 12 32
Electronic structure 2.8.1 ...... ......
And answer the following questions.
(a) Which of the following elements X, Y, and Z is a metal?
(b) What type of bonding exist between X and Z?
Write down the most likely formula of this compound using the symbols X and Z.

Objective Questions
A. Write TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statements.
1. All matter is made up of atoms.
2. Nucleus of an atom contains protons and electrons.
3. A charged particle is an atom.
4. In an atom, the number of protons must be equal to the number of neutrons.
5. Atomic number of an element never change.
6. Mass number of an element never change.
7. Atomic number of an element always changes.
8. Most of the mass of an atom is due to the presence of electrons.
9. Mass of an electron can be considered as 1 amu.
10. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different masses.
11. Atoms of the same element can have different number of neutrons.
12. Atoms different elements can have different number of protons.
13. The atom as a whole is neutral.
14. Electron move round the nucleus in definite orbit or shell.
15. The shell nearest to the nucleus has the highest energy.
16. The ‘d’ sub-shell can have the minimum number of 10 electrons.
17. The essential electronic structure of halogen is ns2 np5.
18. The essential electronic structure of 14Si is 3p2.
19. The electronic structure shown by [He] 2s1 is Lithium.
20. The atom with duplet structure is hydrogen.
21. Elements are arranged in the periodic table in order of their number of protons.
22. The horizontal rows are called groups.
21. In the modern periodic table, there are 16 vertical columns and 7 horizontal rows.
22. In the periodic table, elements with similar properties occur in certain periodic intervals.
23. Metals are electropositive elements.
24. Noble gases are electronegative elements.
25. Boron atom is metalloid.
26. Atomic size is generally described by the electronic structure of an atom.
27. Atomic radii decrease from top to bottom within a group.
28. The atomic size of 12Mg is larger than that of 20Ca.
DrSKK 20 PhD (Chemistry)

29. 6C and 7N are both in period 2. Therefore, the size of carbon is larger than nitrogen.
30. Both a positive ion and the parent neutral atom have the same nuclear charge.
31. A negative ion is always larger than its parent atom.
32. Most of metal are liquids at room temperature.
33. When one or more electrons are added to a neutral atom, a negative ion is formed.
34. Ionization energies measure how tightly protons are bound to atoms.
35. The electron from the higher shell are easier to remove.
36. Energy are required to remove electrons from an atom.
37. Ionization energies depend on their electronic structures.
38. In general, ionization energies decrease down a group.
39. The alkali metals have the lowest first ionization energies.
40. Helium has the highest ionization energy.
41. The halogen have the lowest electron affinity.
42. The elements with the lowest electron affinity are alkali metals.
43. Electrovalent bonds are observed in metals.
44. An electrovalent bond is formed by the transfer of electron.
45. Electrovalent compounds are gases or volatile liquids.
46. Ionic compounds are electrolytes.
47. Ionic compounds consist of molecules.
48. Most ionic compounds are soluble in water.
49. A metallic bonding is observed in metals.
50. A covalent bond is formed by the transfer of electrons between two atoms.
51. Electropositive elements combine with one another to form covalent compounds.
52. 5X reacts with 9Y to form dative bond.
53. Electron dot-cross structure of ammonia is
54. When metals combine with non-metals, covalent compounds are usually formed.
55. Covalent compounds have high melting point.

B. Fill in the blanks with correct word(s), phrases(s) term(s), unit(s) etc.
1. Atoms of the same element that have have the same atomic number but different atomic
masses are ............ .
2. Elements that are found within the same ............. of the periodic table have similar
properties.
3. Compounds formed between metals and non-metals will have ........... bonds.
4. From toop to bottom in the given group, the atomic number increases and the size of atom
........... .
5. A charged particle is a (an) ............. .

C. Select the correct word(s), notation(s), term(s), unit(s), etc., given in the brackets.
1. The atom has positively charged centre called the (proton, neutron, nucleus).
2. (Cations, Anions, Atoms) are electrically neutral.
3. Uncharged particle is (proton, electron, neutron).
4. Negatively charged particle is (electron, proton, neutron).
5. The atom without neutron(s) is (hydrogen, helium, caesium).
6. The atom is a whole is (neutral, positively charged, negatively charged).
DrSKK 21 PhD (Chemistry)

7. Hydrogen atom has no (electron, proton, neutron).

8. Mass of an electron can be considered as (1 amu, 2 amu, negligible).
9. Mass of a proton can be considered as (1 amu, 2 amu, negligible).
10. The mass of (electron, proton, neutron), in an atom is so small that it can be considered as
negligible.
11. The atom with the duplet structure is (hydrogen, helium, neon).
12. Electrons move around the nucleus in definite shells. The first shell is (K, L, M) shell.
13. The shell nearest to the nucleus has the (lowest, highest, medium).
14. The L-shell can accommodate a maximum number of (8, 18, 32) electrons.
15. The maximum number of electrons in d-sub shell is (6, 10, 14).
16. An elements with an essential electronic structure of ns2 except helium is called (alkali,
alkaline earth, transition) metals.
17. (Na-, Na+, Na) is stabilized by an electron octet.
18. (Cl-, Cl+, Cl) is stabilized by an electron octet.
19. The atom with the octet structure is (hydrogen, helium, neon).
20. In the modern periodic table there are 18 vertical columns and (8, 9,7) horizontal rows.
21. The elements are arranged in order of their (atomic numbers, atomic weights, atomic
masses).
22. The electronic structures of the elements vary periodically with their (valence, atomic
masses, atomic number).
23. Elements of period 2 have (one, two, three) electron shell.
24. The element at the group VIIB and the period 3 in the periodic table is [X(2.7), Y(2.8.3),
Z(2.8.&)].
25. (Noble gases, Non-metals, Metals) are electropositive elements.
26. The (noble gases, non-metals, metals) are neither electropositive nor electronegative.
27. Atomic (number, mass, size) is generally described by the radius of an atom.
28. In general the size of an atom (increases, decreases, does not change) down in group.
29. (Noble gases, Alkali metals, Halogens) have the lowest first ionization energies.
30. (Alkali metals, Halogens, Noble gases) have the highest ionization energy.
31. 7N and 8O are both in period 2. Therefore, the ionization energy of nitrogen is (larger,
smaller, same) than oxygen atom.
32. (Alkali metals, Halogens, Noble gases) have high electron affinities.
33. Alkali metals have (high, low, medium) electron affinity.
34. Group (VIB, VIIB, 0) elements have the highest electron affinities.
35. Electron affinity of fluorine is (higher than, lower than, equal to) that of chlorine.
36. When one or more (electrons, protons, neutrons) are removed from a metal atom, a positive
ion is formed.
37. The ionic (electrovalent) compounds have (low, medium, high) melting point.
38. In BeCl2, the beryllium atom is surrounded by (2, 4, 6) valence electrons.
39. BF3 reacts with NH3 to form (ionic, covalent, dative) bond.
40. A coordinative bond is a special type of (metallic, electrovalent, covalent) bond.
41. The molecule (BF3, NH3, PCl3) deviates the octet rule.
42. The molecule of (NH3, ClF3, BCl2) does not deviate the octet rule.
DrSKK 22 PhD (Chemistry)

Name of elements and their symbol

Name Symbol Name Symbol
1. Hydrogen H 11. Sodium Na
2. Helium He 12. Magnesium Mg
3. Lithium Li 13. Aluminium Al
4. Beryllium Be 14. Silicon Si
5. Boron B 15. Phosphorus P
6. Carbon C 16. Sulphur S
7. Nitrogen N 17. Chlorine Cl
8. Oxygen O 18. Argon Ar
9. Fluorine F 19 . Potassium K
10. Neon Ne 20 . Calcium Ca