(Junoon-e-JEE) - (3.0) - Capacitor - 26th October.

Capacitance
Jayant Nagda
#
Jayant Nagda
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B.Tech, IIT Bombay

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Capacitor
Combination of two conductors

placed close to each other,
+Q -Q
separated by an insulator,
Plates of Conductor
used for storing electric charge and electrical energy

Capacitance
If given Q: Charge on Positive Plate
V: Potential Difference between the Plates
+Q -Q
Capacitance of a conductor is a measure of

ability of the conductor to store charge on it.
Capacitance
Amount of charge stored by capacitor
per unit of potential difference.
+Q -Q
Q
C=
V
Q: Charge on the Positive Plate
V: Potential Difference between

the +ve and -ve plates
Which of the following expressions can represent units of Capacitance?
A. Joule/Volt B. Volt/Coulomb
C. Coulomb/Volt D. Coulomb/Joule
Capacitance C SI Unit:
Coulomb per Volt (C/V) or farad (F)
Q 1μF = 10-6F 1nF = 10-9F 1pF = 10-12F

C=
V
Scalar Quantity
Types of Capacitors
Based on shape and arrangement of capacitor plates:
Symbol:
1. Parallel Plate Capacitor
2. Spherical Capacitor 3. Cylindrical Capacitor

Parallel Plate Capacitor
d: Distance between plates
d
A: Area of plate +Q -Q Plates are large as
compared to separation
+ -
between them,
+ -
A
+ -
+ -
then electric field
+ - between the plates is
uniform and
+ - perpendicular to plates
except for small region
+ - near the edges.
+Q -Q
d
+Q -Q
+ -
+ -
+ -
A + -
+ -
+ -
+ -
Field due to Infinite Sheet of Charge
σ
E=
2ε0
Surface charge density σ

Infinite Conducting vs Non-Conducting Plane
Infinite Non-Conducting Plane Infinite Conducting Plane
σ σ
E= E=
2ε0 ε0
Field due to Infinite Conducting Plane

+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
Capacitance of Parallel Plate Capacitor
+Q -Q
+ -
+ -
+ - A
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+Q -Q
+ -
+ -
+ - A
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+Q -Q Aεo
C=
+ - d
+ -
+ - A
+ - Rectangular Plates Circular (Disc shaped) Plates
+ -
+ -
+ -
r
l C =A
d
εo
b
A parallel plate capacitor has rectangular plates of 400 cm2
and are separated by a distance of 2 mm with air as medium.
What is the capacitance of this condenser?
A. 1.77 x 10-11 F B. 3.54 x 10-11 F
C. 3.54 x 10-10 F D. 1.77 x 10-13 F

The capacitance of a parallel plate condenser does not depend upon
A. The distance between the plates
B. Area of the plates
C. Medium between the plates
D. Metal of the plates

Capacitance
Capacitance depends on:
shape/geometry of capacitor &
medium between the plates
Q
Q=CV C=
V
Does not depend on:

1. Charge Q on conductor
2. Potential difference V between Plates
3. Potential Energy of Conductor
General Method of determining Capacitance
Spherical Capacitor
A conducting Sphere surrounded by
another conducting Spherical Shell
Spherical Capacitor
-
- -
+ r2 + +
- -
+ +
- + r1 + -
- + +
+ -
+
+
- -
-
Spherical Capacitor
-
- -
+ r2 + +
- -
+ +
- + r1 + -
- + +
+ -
+
+
- -
-
Spherical Capacitor
-
- -
+ + +
- -
+ b +
- + + -
a
- + +
+ + + -
- -
-
Spherical Capacitor
-
- -
+ r2 + +
- - 4𝜋εor1r2
+ + C=
r1 -
(r2-r1)
- + +
- + +
+ -
+
+
- -
- Capacitance depends on
geometry and medium
Cylindrical Capacitor
R2 R1
l
R2
R1
-Q
+Q
R2 R1
l
2𝜋ε l
C = ln(Ro /R )
2 1
Capacitance depends on
geometry and medium
R2 R1
2𝜋ε l
l C = ln(Ro /R )
2 1
Capacitance depends on
geometry and medium
Force between plates of Capacitor
+Q -Q
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
Electrostatic Pressure
+Q -Q
+ -
+ - Q2 σ2 A
+ -
F= F=
2Aεo 2εo
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
dF σ2
=
dA 2εo
Force per unit Area

(Electrostatic Pressure)
Energy stored in a Capacitor
+
dx
-
+ -
FE
+ -
+ -
d
+Q -Q
+ -
+ -
+ -
C
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
V
Ans: A
d
+Q -Q
+ -
+ -
+ -
C
+ -
Q2 1 1
+ - U= = QV = CV2
+ - 2C 2 2
+ -
V
Energy Density in Electric Field
d
+Q -Q
+ -
+ -
+ -
A
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
Energy Density in Electric Field
d Energy stored per unit volume in the plates of Capacitor
+ -
+ - 1
+ - εo E2 Ad
A Energy stored 2
+ - u=
+ - Volume Ad
+ -
+ -
1
u= εo E2
2
General result, (true for any configuration)

+
Parallel Combination of Capacitors
1. Send +Q and -Q from Battery terminals.
2. Write charge on each capacitor plate,

use Q1, Q2, Q3 variables.
Splitting of Charge/Current
delivered by the battery/cell
among various branches
2. Write charge on each capacitor plate,

use Q1, Q2, Q3 variables.
3. Charge on opposite plates are opposite
4. Conservation of Charge holds.

General Method to find Ceq

2. Write charge on each capacitor plate, use Q1, Q2, Q3 variables.
5. Take Potential difference across

each capacitor as V1, V2, V3…
6. Write equation Q = CV for each capacitor,

write V = V1 + V2 …. across AB.
7. Ceq = Q/V eliminate everything to
get Ceq in terms of C
Ceq = C1 + C2
Ceq = C1 + C2+ …. + Cn
1. Potential Difference across

each Capacitor is same
2. Charge on each Capacitor

is proportional to its Capacitance

Q∝C



Series Combination of Capacitors
In series since there is no branching,

same charge/current is delivered to
each circuit element
(capacitor/resistor) by the battery.
Concept of Island
Conservation of Charge.
Concept of a Battery
Battery delivers equal and opposite
charges in every situation.
The total charge in a battery always remains zero.

Concept of a Battery
The cause of flow of charges through a

conductor is potential difference applied
across its ends.
Concept of Battery
The terminal with higher potential is called
Symbol: the positive terminal and that with lower
+ _ potential is called the negative terminal.
The potential difference V between the

terminals is constant for a given battery.
Potential difference across the

two terminals of the battery is called
electromotive force (emf) or ε
Measured in Volts (V)

Work done by a Battery
A battery is used to charge a parallel plate capacitor till the
potential difference between the plates becomes equal to the
electromotive force of the battery. The ratio of the energy
stored in the capacitor and the work done by the battery will be
[AIEEE - 2007]
A. 1
B. 2
C. 1/4
D. 1/2
What fraction of the energy drawn from the charging battery is
stored in a capacitor ?
A. 75 % B. 100 % C. 25 % D. 50 %
Ans: D
Heat produced in the circuit
+Q -Q
+ - WB = QV = CV2
+ -
+ -
Q : Charge through battery
+ -
+ -
V : potential across battery (emf)
+ -
+ - 1
U= CV2
2
U : energy stored in Capacitor
Q2 1 1
H= = CV2 = QV
2C 2 2
H : Heat developed in the circuit

5. Take Potential difference across each

capacitor as V1, V2,V3…

write V = V1 +V2…. across AB.
7. Ceq = Q/V Eliminate everything to get

Ceq in terms of C
1 1 1
= + + …….. + 1
C C1 C2 Cn
C1 C2
Ceq
1 1 1
= +
C C1 C2
1 1 1
= + + …….. + 1
C C1 C2 Cn
1. Each capacitor has same charge
2. Potential Difference is inversely

proportional to Capacitance.

If charges and potential across capacitors are shown in the figure
then identify the correct statement
A.
B.
C.
D.
1 1 1
= + + …….. + 1
C C1 C2 Cn

Two Identical Capacitors Three Identical Capacitors
C C C C C
‘n’ capacitors of equal Capacitance C are arranged in Series as shown.
Find the equivalent capacitance between A and B.
A. (n-1)C B. nC C. (n+1)C D. C/n
C C C C C C
A B
Ceq = C1 + C2+ …. + Cn


Q∝C
‘n’ identical capacitors of Capacitance C are arranged in Parallel as
shown. Find the equivalent capacitance between A and B.
A. (n-1)C B. nC C. (n+1)C D. C/n
C
A B
C
Ten capacitors C, 2C, 3C, 4C ……. 10C are connected in parallel,
then what will be their equivalent capacitance ?
A. 110C B. 100C C. 55C D. ∞
2C
3C
A B
10C
Infinite number of capacitors C, 2C, 4C, 8C ……. ∞ are connected
in series then what will be their equivalent capacitance ?
A. C B. C/2 C. 3C/4 D. C/4
C 2C 4C ……………….. ∞
A B
Consider an infinite matrix of capacitors as shown in figure the
effective capacitance between points A and B will be
A. 2C B. C C. C/2 D. C/4
Find the equivalent capacitance of the infinite ladder
2C 2C 2C 2C
A ∞
C C C C
B
∞
A. 3C B. 2C
C. 6C D. C
Find the equivalent capacitance of the infinite ladder
2C 2C 2C 2C
A ∞
C C C C
B
∞
A. 3C B. 2C
C. 6C D. C
Find the equivalent capacitance between A & B
A. C B. 2C C. C/2 D. C/4
A
C C
B



Concept of Same Potential
Equivalent capacitance between A and B

B
C
C C
A
C
A. C B. 2C C. C/2 D. C/4
A
C C
B
A. C B. C/3 C. 3C D. 2C
C C
A B
C
Four condensers are joined as shown in the adjoining figure.
The capacity of each is 8μF. The equivalent capacity between the
points A and B will be
A. 32 μF B. 2 μF C. 8 μF D. 16 μF
B
If each Capacitor is C.
Find the equivalent capacitance between A & C
A. 2C B. C/3 C. C D. 4C/3
B C
A D
If each Capacitor is C.
Find the equivalent capacitance between A & D
A. 2C B. C/3 C. C D. 4C/3
B C
A D
Twelve capacitors, each having capacitance C, are joined to form
a cube as shown. Find the equivalent capacitance between the
ends of Body Diagonal i.e. between A and G.
C A. 6C/5 B. 4C/3
F
G
C C C. 12C/7 D. None of these
C C
C
B
C C
C C E
C H
C
A
D
C
1. Body Diagonal i.e. between A and G.
Points which are symmetrically located

with respect to both A & G are equipotential
F C
G
C C
C C
C
B
C C
C C E C H
A C
D
C
Twelve capacitors, each having capacitance C, are joined to form a
cube as shown. Find the equivalent capacitance between the ends
of a Side between A and D.
A. 6C/5 B. 4C/3
F C
G
C C C. 12C/7 D. None of these
C C
C
B
C C
C C E C H
A C
D
C
2. Body Diagonal i.e. between A and D.
Points which are symmetrically located

with respect to both A & D are equipotential
F C
G
C C
C C
C
B
C C
C C E C H
A C
D
C
Twelve capacitors, each having capacitance C, are joined to form a
cube as shown. Find the equivalent capacitance between the ends
of Face Diagonal i.e. between A and H.
A. 6C/5 B. 4C/3 C. 12C/7 D. None of these
F C
G
C C
C C
C
B
C C
C C E
C H
C
A
D
C
Twelve capacitors, each having capacitance, C, are joined to form
a cube as shown. Find the equivalent capacitance between the
ends of
A. Diagonal i.e. between A and G.
B. Face diagonal i.e. between A and H.
C. Side of cube i.e. between A and D.
Ans:
A.
B.
C.



Find the equivalent capacitance
C C
A C B
C C A. C/2
B. 2C
C. C
D. 4C
Wheatstone Bridge is said to be Balanced if
C1 C2 C1 C3
=
C2 C4
Or
A C5 B
C1 C
= 2
C3 C4
C3 C4
C C
A C B
2C 2C
A. 3C/2
B. 2C
C. C/2
D. C
Wheatstone Bridge
C1 C2
A C B
C1 C2
C 2C
A 5C B
2C 4C A. 3C/2
B. 2C
C. C/2
D. 4C/3
4𝞵F
2𝞵F
12𝞵F 4𝞵F
12𝞵F
A. 6 μF
B. 9 μF
C. 3 μF
D. 12 μF
Ans: A
All the capacitors have capacitance 2C.
A. 3C B. 2C C. C D. 6C
2C
B
2C 2C
2C
A
All the capacitors have same capacitance.
A. 7C/8
C
B. 16C/8
C C C C C. 19C/8
C D. 14C/8
C
A B
2C 2C
2C
2C
C C
A B
2C C C 2C
A. 3C/10
2C 2C B. 7C/10
C. 6C/5
D. 8C/5
Ans: B
Find the equivalent capacitance between A and B. All the
capacitors have same capacitance.
C
C
C
C C
C
C C
A. 16C/8
B. 15C/8
A B
C. 19C/8
D. 14C/8
Dielectric Material
● Non-conductor (Insulator)
● No free movement of charge
● No or negligible free charges
porcelain (ceramic), mica, glass, plastics,

and the oxides of various metals
Polar Molecules
Dielectric can be made up of polar or nonpolar molecule
1. Polar molecule
permanent dipole moment
+ve & -ve centres don’t coincide

Non-Polar Molecules
2. Non-polar
+ve & -ve centres coincides
Non-Polar Molecules
Non-polar molecules have
Induced dipole moment

Dielectric Material
● Total Dipole Moment zero

● average dipole moment per unit
volume is zero.
● Net charge in small volume zero
● Randomly Oriented
● Thermal agitation
Dielectric Material
● In both Polar & Non-

Polar Dielectric
● due to External field,

a net dipole moment is
developed.
Dielectric Material
- + - +
● Net charge in any
small volume is zero - + - +
- + - +
- + - +
● Net charge density on the surface

is Non-Zero
Polarization Vector
Polarization vector P is
Dipole moment per unit volume

- +
- - + - + +
- +
- - + - + +
- +
- - + - + +
- +
- - + - + +
- +
A: Cross sectional area

of Dielectric Slab
d: thickness of Dielectric Slab

Dielectric Material
Eo
Dielectric Constant (K)
Eo Eo
E=
- + K
- +
- +
K : Dielectric Constant
- +
- + Or
- + Relative Permittivity of
- +
- +
Dielectric Medium
- +
K: factor by which electric field
reduces inside a dielectric.
Parallel Plate Capacitor with Dielectric
A
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
d
General Method of determining Capacitance
Parallel Plate Capacitor with Dielectric
A
+ - + -
+ -
+ - + -
+ -
+ - + -
+ -
+ - + -
+ -
+ - + -
The Capacitance increases by a factor ‘K’

Find Ceq if each Capacitor (without dielectric) is C
K=2
A. C/3
B. 3C
C. 2C/3
D. 4C/3
Find the equivalent capacitance if each
Capacitor (without dielectric) is C
K1
A.
B.
K2
C.
D.
Find the equivalent capacitance if each
Capacitor (without dielectric) is C
K1 K2 A.
B.
C.
D.
Ans: B
Charge Induced on the Dielectric
+Q -Q
-Qin +Qin
+ - + -
+ -
+ - + -
+ -
+ - + -
+ -
+ - + -
+ -
A + - + -
d
Charge Induced on the Dielectric
+Q -Q
-Qin +Qin
+ - + -
+ -
+ - + -
+ -
+ - + - 1
+ - Qin = Q 1 -
+ - + - K
+ -
A + - + -
d Qin is magnitude of the induced charge

Find the equivalent capacitance.
A : Area of each plate,
d : Separation between two plates.
A.
K=2 A/2
B.
C.
D.
Find the equivalent capacitance between A and B
A.
K=2
B.
d/2 d/2
C.
D.
Find the equivalent capacitance between A and B
K1=4 A/2 A.
A
B.
K2=3 K3=6
C.
d/2 d/2
D.
A : Area of each plate (square shape)
l: length of the plate
d : Separation between two plates
And K varies as
A.
B.
C.
y
D.
Ans: C
Ans: B
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Capacitance

B.Tech, IIT Bombay

LIVE Class Environment Performance Analysis

Bratin Mondal Amaiya Singhal

100 %ile 100 %ile

If you want to be the BEST

Combination of two conductors

used for storing electric charge and electrical energy

V: Potential Difference between the Plates

Capacitance of a conductor is a measure of

Q: Charge on the Positive Plate

V: Potential Difference between

Q 1μF = 10-6F 1nF = 10-9F 1pF = 10-12F

Based on shape and arrangement of capacitor plates:

2. Spherical Capacitor 3. Cylindrical Capacitor

Surface charge density σ

Infinite Non-Conducting Plane Infinite Conducting Plane

Surface charge density σ

Surface charge density σ

Surface charge density σ

A. 1.77 x 10-11 F B. 3.54 x 10-11 F

C. 3.54 x 10-10 F D. 1.77 x 10-13 F

A. The distance between the plates

B. Area of the plates

C. Medium between the plates

D. Metal of the plates

Does not depend on:

Force per unit Area

General result, (true for any configuration)

1. Send +Q and -Q from Battery terminals.

2. Write charge on each capacitor plate,

1. Send +Q and -Q from Battery terminals.

2. Write charge on each capacitor plate,

3. Charge on opposite plates are opposite

4. Conservation of Charge holds.

1. Send +Q and -Q from Battery terminals.

5. Take Potential difference across

6. Write equation Q = CV for each capacitor,

1. Potential Difference across

2. Charge on each Capacitor

2. Charge on each Capacitor

1. Send +Q and -Q from Battery terminals.

5. Take Potential difference across

6. Write equation Q = CV for each capacitor,

In series since there is no branching,

The total charge in a battery always remains zero.

The cause of flow of charges through a

+ _ potential is called the negative terminal.

The potential difference V between the

Potential difference across the

Measured in Volts (V)

H : Heat developed in the circuit

5. Take Potential difference across each

6. Write equation Q = CV for each capacitor,

7. Ceq = Q/V Eliminate everything to get

1. Each capacitor has same charge

2. Potential Difference is inversely

2. Potential Difference is inversely

1. Each capacitor has same charge