MEDAN LISTRIK

PERTEMUAN 2
 Today…
• More on Electric Field:
– Continuous Charge Distributions
• Electric Flux:
• Gauss’ Law: Motivation & Definition
• Coulomb’s Law as a consequence of Gauss’
Law
• Charges on Conductors:
– Where are they?
• Applications of Gauss’ Law
– Uniform Charged Sphere
– Infinite Line of Charge
– Infinite Sheet of Charge
– Two infinite sheets of charge
 Charge Densities
• How do we represent the charge “Q” on an extended object?
total charge small pieces
of charge
Q
dq
• Line of charge:
= charge per dq =  dx
unit length
• Surface of charge:
= charge per dq =  dA
unit area

• Volume of Charge: dq =  dV
= charge per
unit volume
 How We Calculate (Uniform) Charge
Densities:
Take total charge, divide by “size”
Examples:
10 coulombs distributed over a 2-meter rod … find 
10C
λ  5 C/m
2m

14 pC (pico = 10-12) distributed over a shell of radius 1 μm … find 

14 1012 C 14
σ  C/m 2

4π(10-6 m) 2 4π

14 pC distributed over a sphere of radius 1 mm … find 

14 1012 C (3) 14 3
ρ 4 -3 3
  10 C/m 3

3 π(10 m) 4π
Preflight : A
B

1) A finite line of positive charge is arranged as shown. What is

the direction of the Electric field at point A?
a) up b) down c) left d) right
e) up and left f) up and right
2) What is the direction of the Electric field at point B?
a) up b) down c) left d) right
e) up and left f) up and right
1
 Electric Fields
from
Continuous Charge Distributions
Examples:
• line of charge E(r) = ?
• charged plates r
• electron cloud in atoms, … ++++++++++++++++++++++++++

• Principles (Coulomb’s Law + Law of Superposition)

remain the same.

Only change:  
  
 
 Infinite Line of Charge
dE y
• To find the total field E, we
must integrate over all 
charges along the line. If we r'
r
integrate over , we must write
r’ and dq in terms of and d. ++++++++++++++++
x
dx
• The electric field due to dq is:

Ex  0
•Solution: After the appropriate
1 2
change of variables, we integrate and Ey 
find: 4 0 r

•Note: ε0=8,85x10-12 C2/Nm2

 Electric Flux
• Flux:
Let’s quantify previous discussion about field-
line “counting”
Define: electric flux through the closed
surface S

“S” is surface
of the box
 Electric Flux

•What does this new quantity mean?

•The integral is over a CLOSED SURFACE
•Since is a SCALAR product, the electric flux is a SCALAR
quantity
•The integration vector is normal to the surface and points OUT
of the surface. is interpreted as the component of E which is
NORMAL to the SURFACE
•Therefore, the electric flux through a closed surface is the sum of
the normal components of the electric field all over the surface.
 How to think about flux
• We will be interested in net
flux in or out of a closed w
surface like this box z “S” is surface
of the box
y
• This is the sum of the flux x surface area vector:

through each side of the box 

– consider each side separately
S  Area  yˆ
 w 2 yˆ
• Let E-field point in y-direction
     2
– then E and are parallel and E  S  E w
S

• Look at this from on top

– down the z-axis
 How to think about flux
• Consider flux through two case 1

surfaces that “intercept

different numbers of field
lines”
– first surface is side of box from
previous slide
– Second surface rotated by an
angle 
Flux: case 2

E-field surface area E S


case 1 E  Eo yˆ w2 Eo w 2
Case 2 is 
smaller!

case 2 E  Eo yˆ w 2 Eo w 2  cos 
 Fundamental Law
of Electrostatics

• Coulomb’s Law
Force between two point charges

OR
• Gauss’ Law
Relationship between Electric Fields
and charges
 Gauss’ Law
• Gauss’ Law (a FUNDAMENTAL LAW):
The net electric flux through any closed surface is
proportional to the charge enclosed by that surface.

• How do we use this equation??

•The above equation is ALWAYS TRUE but it doesn’t
look easy to use.
•It is very useful in finding E when the physical
situation exhibits massive SYMMETRY.
 Geometry and Surface Integrals
• If E is constant over a surface, and normal to it everywhere, we can take
E outside the integral, leaving only a surface area

you may use different E’s

for different surfaces
z of your “object”

c
y
b
a
x z

R L
 Gauss  Coulomb
• We now illustrate this for the field of the point
charge and prove that Gauss’ Law implies
Coulomb’s Law. E
• Symmetry E-field of point charge is radial and
spherically symmetric R
+Q
• Draw a sphere of radius R centered on the charge.
•Why?
E normal to every point on the surface

E has same value at every point on the surface
 can take E outside of the integral!
•Therefore, !
–Gauss’ Law

–We are free to choose the surface in such

problems… we call this a “Gaussian” surface
 Gauss’ Law and Conductors
• We know that E=0 inside a conductor (otherwise the
charges would move).

 
• But since  E  dS  0  Qinside  0 .
1
Charges on a conductor only
reside on the surface(s)!
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
Conducting
sphere
 Uniform charged sphere
What is the magnitude of the r
electric field due to a solid a
sphere of radius a with uniform 
charge density (C/m3)?

• Outside sphere: (r>a)

– We have spherical symmetry centered on the center of the
sphere of charge
– Therefore, choose Gaussian surface = hollow sphere of radius r

 
1 q
Gauss’ 4  0 r 2
Law
same as point charge!
 Uniform charged sphere r
• Outside sphere: (r > a)
a

• Inside sphere: (r < a)
– We still have spherical symmetry centered on the center of the
sphere of charge.
– Therefore, choose Gaussian surface = sphere of radius r

Gauss’
Law

But,
E
Thus:

a r
 Infinite Line of Charge
• Symmetry  E-field 2
must be to line and y
Er
can only depend on
Er
distance from line
• Therefore, CHOOSE
Gaussian surface to be a
cylinder of radius r and + + +++++++ + +++++++++++++ + + ++ + +
length h aligned with the x- x
axis.
h

•Apply Gauss’ Law:

• On the ends,

• On the barrel, AND 

NOTE: we have obtained here the same result as we did last lecture using
Coulomb’s Law. The symmetry makes today’s derivation easier.
 Infinite sheet of charge,
surface charge density 
• Symmetry:
direction of E = x-axis 

• Therefore, CHOOSE Gaussian

surface to be a cylinder whose A
axis is aligned with the x-axis. x

• Apply Gauss' Law:

• On the barrel,
E E
• On the ends,
• The charge enclosed = A
Therefore, Gauss’ Law 

Conclusion: An infinite plane sheet of charge creates a

CONSTANT electric field .
 Two Infinite Sheets
(into the screen)
• Field outside must be zero. Two
ways to see: + -
E=0   E=0
+ -
– Superposition + -
+ -
– Gaussian surface encloses + -
zero charge A
+ -
+ -
• Field inside is NOT zero: + -
– Superposition + -
+ -
A -
– Gaussian surface encloses + -
non-zero charge
+ -
0 E
 Summary

• Electric Fields of continuous charge distributions

E(r) =
r
++++++++++++++++++++++++++

• Electric Flux:

– How to think about flux: number of field lines

intercepting a surface, perpendicular to that surface

• Next Time: Gauss’

Law
 Summary
• Gauss’ Law: Electric field flux through a
closed surface is proportional to the net
charge enclosed
– Gauss’ Law is exact and always true….

• Gauss’ Law makes solving for E-field easy when

the symmetry is sufficient
– spherical, cylindrical, planar
 QUIZ 2
1. 20 nC muatan terdistribusi pada bola dengan radius 20
cm, tentukan ρ
2. Medan listrik seragam E=10 kN/C j, tentukan fluk yang
melewati bujursangkar dengan sisi 20 cm yang sejajar
dengan bidang yz.
3. Sebuah garis muatan tak hingga membawa densitas
muatan linier seragam λ = 20 μC/m .Cari medan listrik di
r = 5 cm.
4. Bola padat berjari jari 10 cm membawa densitas muatan
volume seragam ρ = 100 nC/m3 (a) Berapa muatan total
pada bola tersebut. (b) Cari medan listrik di r = 15 cm.
5. Sebuah bidang tak hingga dengan densitas muatan σ=+4
nC/m2 densitas muatan pada bidang yz dititik asal, dan
bidang muatan tak hingga kedua dengan densitas σ = -4
nC/m2 pada bidang yz dititik x = 2m. Carilah medan listrik
di x = 2 m dan x = 5 m
 PEKERJAAN RUMAH
1. 300 μC muatan terdistribusi pada cangkang
dengan radius 20 cm, tentukan σ
2. Medan listrik seragam E=10 kN/C i, tentukan fluk
yang melewati lingkaran dengan radius 10 cm
yang sejajar dengan bidang yz.
3. Sebuah garis muatan tak hingga membawa
densitas muatan linier seragam λ = 25 μC/m .Cari
medan listrik di r = 2 cm dan r = 5 cm.
4. Bola padat berjari jari 10 cm membawa densitas
muatan volume seragam ρ = 500 nC/m3 (a) Berapa
muatan total pada bola tersebut. (b) Cari medan
listrik di r = 5 cm dan r = 15 cm.