Yomi's IT Technical Report

SIWES TECHNICAL REPORT
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
A TECHNICAL REPORT
BY
ADELEYE ABAYOMI OLUWASEUN
18CP024584
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY,
COLLEGE OF SCEINCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
COVENENT UNIVERSITY.
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF

SCIENCE (B. Sc), BIOCHEMISTRY,
COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.
OCTOBER 2021.
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DEDICATION
I dedicate this report to the Almighty God, the one who has supplied His grace and mercy to me
in this time to successfully go through and gain from this training program. I would also like to
dedicate this to my family, loved ones, course mates, and co-workers, who supported and
contributed to the completion of this educational exercise.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I acknowledge God, who gave me the grace to complete the six months of industrial training in
strength and ever- increasing mental prowess.
Many thanks to the Industrial Training Fund for putting this program in place and to the
Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University Ota, for providing this extraordinary further-
learning experience.
I am grateful to The National agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC)
for the opportunity to be exposed to the best of modern research procedure and ethics in the field
of biochemistry.
I would also like to acknowledge all staff and personnel of NAFDAC central laboratory, Oshodi.
and particularly those of all the departments that ensured my stay in the organization was an
insightful one.
I want to thank all the staff, lab analysts, heads of unit, and students, with whom I did my
internship. May God continue to guide and favor all their future endeavors.
This experience has helped me to put to work my theoretical knowledge of biochemistry and
science in practical solutions for problems encountered in the food industry and the society at
large. It ignited new interests in biochemistry as a field of study.
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ABSTRACT
This technical report gives details about various experiments and activities I was involved in
during my SIWES undertaken at National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and
Control (NAFDAC), Oshodi, Lagos. I started this program on 19th May till 3rd October 2021,
lasting for 21 weeks. It is aimed at reporting the knowledge, skills acquired, facilities used,
activities carried out before and after commencement of training and areas of participation
during my Industrial Training.
Activities carried out in the Metal lab of the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration
and Control (NAFDAC) concerning the detection and quantification of heavy metals in food and
water samples. Activities carried in the Pesticide Residue lab of the National Agency for Food
and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) concerning the analysis of cereal and crop
produce for the presence of pesticide residues at harmful levels and investigation samples
suspected to of poisoning. Activities carried out in the Veterinary Drug Residue lab of the
National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) concerning the
analysis of animal tissue, milk, and dairy products for the presence of antibiotic residue of
tetracycline, beta-lactams etc. Activities executed at the water lab of the National Agency for
Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) to determine the pH level and hardness
of drinking water. Activities carried out in the Mycotoxin lab of the National Agency for Food
and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) concerning the detection and quantification of
aflatoxins in processed and unprocessed cereals and feeds.
In summary, the report covered in the subsequent pages contains the nature of work done,
practical experience gained, and the basic application of theoretical knowledge learnt in the
classrooms relative to the industrial activities and the sophisticated equipment and techniques
which I was exposed to during the period of my internship.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE…………………………………..………………………………………………1
DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………………………2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………...……………………………………3
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………4
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………...…………………………5
LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………..……………………….7
LIST OF PLATES……………………………………………………...……………………...8
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………...………………….......9
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………..10
1.1 Activities Carried out Before Commencement of Training……………………...10

1.2 Introduction to Company of Engagement………………………………………..11
1.2.1 National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control
(NAFDAC)…………………………………………………………….11
1.3 Activities Carried out Upon Commencement of Training......................................14
1.4 Commencement of Student Internship to the Last Stage…………........................14
1.4.1 Laboratory Units worked with and duration………………….…….….15
1.4.2 Physical supervision by Company-based supervisor and Covenant
University supervisor…………………………………………………. 15
CHAPTER TWO: FACILITIES AVAILABLE…………………………………………….16
2.1 Facilities Available…………………………………………………….…….......16

2.1.1 Facilities available in NAFDAC……………………………………………
16
2.2 Quality of Supervision from Company-Based Supervisors………….…………...27
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2.3 Knowledge Gained………………………………………………………….……28
2.3.1 NAFDAC………………………………………………………………. 29
Metal Lab……………………………………………………. .29
Pesticide residue Lab…….......………………………………. 30
Veterinary Residue Lab……………………………………… 32
Mycotoxin Lab…………………………………………..........36
CHAPTER THREE: CONTRIBUTIONS………………………………….…………..........38
3.1.1 Applicability of Knowledge gained on:……………….………………...38
3.1.2 Field of Study and Educational Career………………….……………...38
3.1.3 The Goals of the Company of Engagement…………….………………38
3.1.4 The Larger Society……………………………………….…………….39
3.1.5 Practical Training and Theoretical Knowledge Learnt on Campus….…39
3.1.6 Organizational Culture and Its Importance in Goals Attainment…….…40
3.2 Challenges…………………………………………….………………………...40
3.2.1 Challenges Encountered……………………………………………….40
3.2.2 Challenges the Agency faced…………………………………….41
3.2.3 Identified projects……………………………………………………...42
CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS………………………42
4.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………….……42
4.2 Recommendations………………………………………………………….…....43
d.
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1………………………………………………………………………………………11
Figure 1.2………………………………………………………………………………………14
Figure 1.3 …………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
Figure 1.4 …………………………………………………………………………………….. 31
Figure 1.5 ……………………………………………………………………………………. 31
Figure 1.6 …………………………………………………………………………………… 36
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LIST OF PLATES
Plate 2.1…………………………………………………………………………………………16
Plate 2.2……………………………………………………………………………………..….17
Plate 2.3………………………………………………………………………………………...18
Plate 2.4………………………………………………………………………………………...19
Plate 2.5…………………………………………………………………………..…………….20
Plate 2.6……………………………………………………………………………..………….20
Plate 2.7………………………………………………………………………………..……….21
Plate 2.8…………………………………………………………………………………..…….21
Plate 2.9……………………………………………………………………………………..….22
Plate 2.10…………………………………………………………………………………….....22
Plate 2.11…………………………………………………………………………………….....23
Plate 2.12…………………………………………………………………………………….....23
Plate 2.13…..…………………………………………………………………………………...24
Plate 2.14……..………………………………………………………………………………...25
Plate 2.15………..……………………………………………………………………………...25
Plate 2.16…………..…………………………………………………………………………...26
Plate 2.17……………..………………………………………………………………………...26
Plate 2.18………………..……………………………………………………………………...27
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1……………………..…………………………………………………………………15
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BEFORE COMMENCEMENT OF TRAINING
Collection of SIWES Letter of Placement
The SIWES coordinator for the department of Biochemistry, Dr. Franklin Iheagwam, handed me
my SIWES letter of placement which was to be submitted to companies where I desired to carry
out my industrial training. This was done during the alpha semester of the 2020/2021 academic
session (April 2021). I signed against my name on the record to affirm that I had obtained my
letter of placement.
Submission to Companies
Upon vacation from the just completed semester (300 level alpha semester) in May 2021, I began
submission of the placement letter as well as my personal application letter to my companies of
interest which are related to my field of study (biochemistry). I applied to companies including
Lagoon Hospitals, Ikeja, Lagos, The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and
Control (NAFDAC) Central Laboratory, Oshodi and FrieslandCampina WAMCO, Ogba, Lagos.
I addressed my application to the human resource department of the respective companies.
Acceptance from NAFDAC
I received an acceptance response from National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and
Control in May 2021 for a 6-month industrial training program (May to October); They
thereafter requested I pay a sum of 10,000 to confirm the acceptance which I did. I paid to the
accounts department of the agency, I was given an official receipt and an official SIWES
acceptance letter.
I resumed at the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control on the 19 th of
May 2021 at the Central Laboratory
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1.2 INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY OF ENGAGEMENT
1.2.1 NATIONAL AGENCY FOR FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION AND

CONTROL
The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) is a
federal agency under the Federal Ministry of Health that is responsible for regulating and
controlling the manufacture, importation, exportation, advertisement, distribution, sale and use of
food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, chemicals and packaged water in Nigeria.
FIGURE 1.1 NAFDAC Logo
BRIEF HISTORY OF NAFDAC
The organization was established to checkmate illicit and counterfeit products in Nigeria
in 1993 under the country’s healthy and safety laws. Adulterated and counterfeit drugs are
problems in Nigeria. In one 1989 incident, over 150 children died as a result of paracetamol
syrup containing diethylene glycol, The problem of fake drugs was so severe that neighboring
countries such as Ghana and Sierra Leone officially banned the sale of drugs, foods and
beverages products made in Nigeria. The formation of NAFDAC was inspired by a 1988 World
Health Assembly resolution requesting countries’ help in combating the global health threat
posed by counterfeit pharmaceuticals.
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The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) was
established by Decree No. 15 of 1993 as amended by Decree No. 19 of 1999 and now the
National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control Act Cap N1 Laws of the
Federation of Nigeria (LFN)2004 to regulate and control the manufacture, importation,
exportation, distribution, advertisement, sale, and the use of Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, Medical
Devices, Packaged Water, Chemicals and Detergents (collectively known as regulated products).
The agency was officially established in October 1992. On January 1, 1994, NAFDAC was
officially established as a “parastatal of the Federal Ministry of Health”. The NAFDAC’s
organization consists of the Director General’s Office and fourteen (14) directorates overseeing
the functions of the agency.
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES RENDERED BY NAFDAC
 Regulate and control the importation, exportation, manufacture, advertisement,

distribution, sale and use of drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, packaged water,
and chemicals.
 Conduct appropriate tests and ensure compliance with standard specifications
designated and approved by the council for the effective control of quality of
food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, packaged water, and chemicals.
 Undertake appropriate investigation into the production and raw materials for
food drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals and establish
a relevant quality assurance system, including certification of the production sites
and the regulated products.
 Undertake inspection of imported foods, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices,
bottled water, and chemicals and establish a relevant quality assurance system,
including certification of the production sites and the regulated products.
 Compile standard specification standard specifications, regulations, and
guidelines for the productions, importation, exportation, sale and distribution of
food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water, and chemicals.
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 Undertake the registration of food, drugs, medical devices, bottled water, and
chemicals.
 Control the exportation and issue quality certification of food, drugs, medical
devices, bottles water and chemicals intended for export.
 Establish and maintain relevant laboratories or other institutions in strategic areas
of Nigeria as may be necessary for the performance of its functions.
NAFDAC envisions that by making these functions known, that its actions will be
apparent in all sectors that deal with food, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water, and
chemicals to the extent of instilling extra need for caution and compulsion to respect and obey
existing regulations both for healthy, living and knowledge of certain sanctions or default.
Despite the establishment of NAFDAC, the sale and use of fake drugs did not end.
VISION AND MISSION STATEMENT OF NAFDAC
VISION: To be a World Class Regulator that ensures availability of quality and safe
food, drugs, and other regulated products.
MISSION: To protect and promote the public health by instituting and effective and
efficient regulatory system that ensures only the right quality food, drugs and other regulated
products are manufactured, exported, imported, advertised, distributed, sold, and used
CORE VALUES:
The PRIDE core values of the Agency:
1. Professionalism
2. Resilience
3. Integrity (Transparency and Good Governance)
4. Dedication & Commitment
5. Excellence
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ORGANOGRAM OF THE NATIONAL AGENCY FOR FOOD AND DRUG

ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL.
FIGURE 1.2: ORGANOGRAM OF NAFDAC.
1.3 ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT UPON COMMENCEMENT OF TRAINING

Shortly after the commencement of the six months of my industrial training at NAFDAC in May
2021, I submitted the SIWES acceptance letter from the institute to the SIWES office via email. I
obtained permission from the industry-based supervisor via his signature and stamp of the
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agency and submitted the Student Commencement of Attachment Form (SCAF) within few
weeks of commencement to the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) office at 43 Osolo way, Ajao
Estate 102214, Lagos which is the closest ITF office to the Agency at Oshodi.
1.4 COMMENCEMENT OF STUDENT INTERNSHIP TO THE LAST STAGE
On the day of resumption at NAFDAC, 19 th May 2021, I was briefed on expected conduct by the
head of the administrative unit of the NAFDAC central Laboratory, Mr. Madubuike Ifeanyi. The
rules and regulations were explained to me promptly, I was instructed to adhere strictly to the
protocols and feel free to ask questions where necessary. Afterwards I was shown to my first lab
of engagement; Metal lab.
1.4.1 LABORATORY UNITS WORKED WITH AND DURATION
TABLE 1.1: NATIONAL AGENCY FOR FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION AND
CONTROL
WEEK UNIT
Week 1-5 Metal Laboratory
Week 6-11 Pesticide Residue Laboratory
Week 11-17 Veterinary Medicine Residue Laboratory
Week 17-21 Mycotoxin Laboratory
1.4.2 PHYSICAL SUPERVISION BY COMPANY-BASED SUPERVISOR AND

COVENANT UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR
I was properly supervised by the company-based supervisors. My supervisor at NAFDAC was

Mrs. Ojo Arinola who was the deputy head of the metal lab; Dr Femi and Mr. Nwankwo Bob
Manuel at the pesticide residue lab, Mrs. Aderibigbe, who is the Head of Unit (HOU) of the
veterinary medicine residue lab, and by Mr. Onwuka at the Mycotoxin lab.
I was visited on the 7th of October 2021 by the covenant university supervisor, Dr. Aderonmu of
chemical engineering department. He spoke to my company-based supervisor at the
administrative department and asked about my attitude to work and general countenance when it
came to tasks assigned to me at work. He signed in my logbook and form 8 and handed the form
C to my company-based supervisor
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CHAPTER TWO
2.1 FACILITIES AVAILABLE
2.1.1 FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN NAFDAC
 Carbolite Furnace
 Analytical Balance
 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) Instrument
 Rotary Evaporator (Rotovap)
 Centrifuge
 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) Instrument
 Freezer/ refrigerator
 Orbital Shaker
 Incubator
 Charm II instrument
 Vortex shaker
 Vacuum pump
 High performance liquid chromatography instrument
 Elisa reader
 Sonicator
 pH meter
 Blender
 Grinder
Carbolite Furnace
A furnace is an enclosed chamber in which heat is produced to heat. In NAFDAC it was used for
the dry-ashing procedure to burn off all remaining organic matter after pre-ashing was done.
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Plate 2.1: CARBOLITE FURNACE
Analytical Balance
An analytical balance is a beam balance of great precision used in quantitative chemical analysis.
In NAFDAC it was used to weigh samples prior to analysis.
Plate 2.2: ANALYTICAL BALANCE
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is based upon the principle that free atoms in the ground
state can absorb light of a certain wavelength. Absorption for each element is specific, no other
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elements absorb this wavelength. In NAFDAC it is used for the detection of heavy metals in
water and other regulated food products.
Plate 2.3: AAS INSTRUMENT AND SAMPLE BOTTLES
Rotary Evaporator.
This instrument works by increasing the rate of evaporation of the solvent by reducing the
pressure to the lower solvent boiling point, rotating the sample to increase the effective surface
area, and heating the solution. In NAFDAC it is used for this same purpose.
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Plate 2.4: ROTARY EVAPORATOR
Centrifuge
A centrifuge is a laboratory equipment that rotates objects in a fixed axis and applies strong force
that is perpendicular to the spin axis. It is used to separate immiscible liquids and suspensions.
Centrifugation is the separation of substances based on their size or density by the application of
a centrifugal force. A centrifuge works by the principle of sedimentation. In NAFDAC It is often
used in conjunction with an extraction solvent to help separate the bulk of a sample from the
desired components i.e., the sediments from the supernatant.
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Plate 2.5: CENTRIFUGE
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer.
The gas chromatography (GC) instrument works on the principle that a mixture will separate into
individual substances when heated. The heated gases are carried through a column with an inert
gas (In NAFDAC it is helium). As the separated substances emerge from the column opening,
they flow into the mass spectrometer (MS). In NAFDAC it is used for the detection of pesticide
residue in cereal and other plant produce.
Plate 2.6: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY- MASS SPECTROMETER (GC-MS) INSTRUMENT
Freezer/ Refrigerator
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A freezer/ electric refrigerator is a piece of equipment in which samples are frozen and stored for
long periods of time. In NAFDAC it is used to preserved prepped samples to stall microbial
action.
Plate 2.7: FREEZER/ ELECTRIC REFRIGERATOR
Orbital Shaker
An orbital shaker is an instrument used to mix up unhomogenized mixtures to get the liquid
medium mixed with the solid medium. In NAFDAC it was used for the mixture of extraction
solvent with weighed samples.
Plate 2.8: ORBITAL SHAKER
Incubator
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An incubator is used for keeping samples at a constant temperature. In NAFDAC it is used in the
extraction of antibiotic residue from animal tissue samples.
Plate 2.9: Incubator
Charm II Instrument
The charm II uses H3 and C14 tagged drug tracers with broadly specific binding agents in a
receptor assay format. Samples with high count (CPM) results are considered negative with
samples with low count are considered positive. In NAFDAC it was used to qualify the presence
or absence of antibiotic residue in animal tissue and other animal produce.
Plate 2.10: CHARM II INSTRUMENT
Vortex Shaker
The vortex shaker is used to shake specimen. In NAFDAC it is used to homogenize the liquid
media with the solid/powder media in given samples.
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Plate 2.11: VORTEX SHAKER
Vacuum Pump
The vacuum pump is used to apply suction pressure in spaces. In NAFDAC it was used to suck
sample through the stacked column during High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
sample preparation.
Plate 2.12: VACUUM PUMP
High Performance Liquid Chromatography Instrument
The separation principle of the HPLC is based on the distribution of the analyte (sample)
between a mobile phase (eluent) and a stationary phase (packing material of the column).
Depending on the chemical structure of the analyte, the molecules are retarded while passing the
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stationary phase. In NAFDAC it was used to quantify the amount of aflatoxins present in cereal
and other regulated plant products.
Plate 2.13: HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID (HPLC) INSTRUMENT
ELISA Reader
ELISA works on the principle that specific antibodies bind the target antigen and detect the
presence and quantity of antigens binding. In order to increase the sensitivity and precision of the
assay, the palte must be coated with antibodies with high affinity; The ELISA microplate reader
works on the principle of spectrophotometry, the yemit light at one wavelength, and measure the
amount of light absorbe and reflected by an object such as a protein. In NAFDAC it was used to
qualify the presence or absence of aflatoxins in cereal and regulated plant products.
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Plate 2.14: ELISA READER
Sonicator
Sonication uses sound waves to agitate particles in a solution. It converts an electrical signal into
a physical vibration to break substances apart. In NAFDAC it was used to get rid of air bubbles
in freshly prepared solvents or solutions.
Plate 2.15: SONICATOR
pH meter
pH meter is used to detect the acidity or basicity of solutions or samples in solution. In NAFDAC
it was used to test the acidity of drinking water and to detect the pH of samples in solution.
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Plate 2.16: PH METER
Blender
A blender is used to homogenize samples by increasing the surface area. In NAFDAC it was
used to blend pieces of animal tissue prior to weighing.
Plate 2.17: BLENDER
Grinder
A grinder is used to homogenize samples by increasing the surface area. In NAFDAC it was
used to grind cereals and other plant products prior to weighing.
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Plate 2.18: GRINDER
2.2 QUALITY OF SUPERVISION FROM COMPANY-BASED SUPERVISORS
Dr. Femi, my industrial based supervisor in NAFDAC is the head-of-unit of the pesticide residue
unit at the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control. He was always
enthusiastic when it came to teaching us new things and educating us on possible fields we could
venture into after our various first degrees. As a professional in chemistry, he aided in
broadening my perspectives and knowledge. He closely supervised and guided us step by step in
analytical techniques and practical areas. He gave us the opportunity to present on different
topics in biochemistry and gave us feedback, areas we should improve on and challenged us to
come up with research questions concerning the respective questions he challenged us with. He
always gave us advice that can only be classified as invaluable to life and even within the work
environment. I also worked with other experienced professionals who were ever ready to share
their knowledge and assist us in areas we needed help.
The overall supervision by my various supervisors and other staff in NAFDAC Central
laboratory was splendid as they helped to broaden my knowledge of biochemistry, enabled me
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gain practical experience and skills that have in part prepared me for the work environment after
my undergraduate degree completion and made my internship program interesting and
worthwhile.
2.3 KNOWLEDGE GAINED
During my SIWES program at National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control I
was helped to see the vastness of the field of biochemistry amongst other disciplines and the
limitless opportunities that abound therein. This industrial training has also given me the
opportunity to apply the theoretical knowledge I got from school to the solution of practical life
problems. The experiences that I gained during my program are listed below:
 I learnt new tests while in Metal Laboratory, Mycotoxin Laboratory, and Pesticide
Residue Laboratory
 I learnt work and laboratory ethics and improved in my ability to work under pressure.
 I learnt the procedures and significance of several chemical and biochemical tests and
procedures carried out in all the laboratories.
 I was taught the importance and observed several safety precautions that are put in place
 I was able to develop my technological prowess and I learnt the importance of records
keeping and proper documentation.
 My social intelligence became heightened because I was constantly being moved to
different sections of the department and therefore had to adapt to dynamic work
environments so as not to lose out on knowledge being passed. I had to opportunity to
share ideas and work closely with fellow IT students, experienced staff, and managers in
the companies. Work was not causing me as much anxiety anymore because of the
constant successful social interactions with fellow IT students and other lab personnel.
2.3.1 NATIONAL AGENCY FOR FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION AND

CONTROL.
A. METAL LABORATORY
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The metal laboratory in the NAFDAC central lab is where food, drink and other ingestible
regulated products are analyzed to determine the presence or absence of heavy metals such as
Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Platinum etc. using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS).
PRINCIPLE
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is based upon the principle that free atoms in the ground
state can absorb light of a certain wavelength. Absorption for each element is specific, no other
elements absorb this wavelength.
Experiment Procedure
For water samples:
1. Pour the sample into a graduated sample bottle and label appropriately
2. Arrange into sample bottle rack
3. Pour each sample into an auto sample test-tube (pour blank after every 10 samples, and
after the last sample pour a blank, standard, and 1% nitric acid, in that order)
4. Run AAS Instrument
For food samples:
1. Grind and weigh 2grams of sample

2. Put 2 grams of sample into a crucible and pre-ash in a hot plate.
3. Put properly pre-ashed samples inside the furnace at 450 – 550 degrees Celsius to
commence dry ashing
4. Remove properly ashed samples and add 1% nitric acid
5. Filter into a 50ml volumetric flask, make-up to mark
6. Pour the sample into a graduated sample bottle and label appropriately
7. Arrange into sample bottle rack
8. Pour each sample into an auto sample test-tube (pour blank after every 10 samples, and
after the last sample pour a blank, standard, and 1% nitric acid, in that order)
9. Run AAS instrument
Reagents needed.
 1% Nitric acid
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 Blank.
 Standard.
B. PESTICIDE RESIDUE LABORATORY LAB
Pesticide residue lab investigates the presence or absence of pesticide residue in cereal and cereal
products using QUECHERS method of extraction. The lab also works with enforcement
agencies in Nigeria like the Nigerian Police force, The Nigerian Customs corps. Etc. in cases of
suspected poisonings and suspicious cargo loads.
FIGURE 1.3 MORTEIN INSECTICIDE (PYRETHROID)
FIGURE 1.4: RAID INSECTICIDE (D-PHENOTHRIN, PERMETHRIN, PYRETHROID)
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FIGURE 1.5: SNIPER PESTICIDE (DICHLOVORS, AN ORGANOPHOSPHATE

PESTICIDE)
PRINCIPLE
The gas chromatography (GC) instrument works on the principle that a mixture will separate into
individual substances when heated. The heated gases are carried through a column with an inert
gas (In NAFDAC it is helium). As the separated substances emerge from the column opening,
they flow into the mass spectrometer (MS).
Experimental Procedure
1. Blend sample
2. Put 5g into ad extraction tube
3. Add 10ml of distilled water to the extraction tube
4. Shake well using the vortex shaker
5. Add 10ml of acetonitrile to the extraction tube
6. Shake using the vortex shaker
7. Add extraction salt
8. Centrifuge at 3000 rpm for five minutes
9. Take 6ml of supernatant (organic solvent) into a clean-up test tube
10. Centrifuge at 3000 rpm for five minutes
11. Pour extract into a graduated test tube (for every 1ml of sample in graduated test tube add
1 microlitre of formic acid)
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12. Take 1-2ml into a test tube and dry using a rotary evaporator
13. Dry and reconstitute with acetone and hexane (4:1)
14. Put into the GC-MS vial
Reagents needed:
 Acetone
 Hexane
 Acetonitrile
 Distilled water
 Formic acid
C. VETERINARY DRUG RESIDUE (VDR) LABORATORY
The VDR lab is saddled with testing for antibiotic residue in animal tissue, honey, and dairy
products. They use the CHARM II instrument and the CHARM II kits to detect the presence of
antibiotics such as tetracycline, sulfa-drugs (sulfonamides), and beta-lactams above the
maximum residue limit (MRL).
PRINCIPLE
The charm II uses H3 and C14 tagged drug tracers with broadly specific binding agents in a
receptor assay format. Samples with high count (CPM) results are considered negative with
samples with low count are considered positive.
Experimental procedure for Beta-lactams:
1. Blend sample
2. Weigh 10 grams of sample into a centrifuge tube
3. Add 30ml of MSU buffer
5. Incubate at 80°C for 30 minutes
6. Put sample bottles in a cold-water bathe to cool for 10 minutes
7. Centrifuge at 33 x 1000 rpm for 10 minutes on a HEMLE Rotoflix
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8. Filter off the top layer ensuring the solid particles do not contaminate the supernatant
9. If pH is too low add 300µl of M2 buffer and check pH again to know if the ideal pH has
been reached
10. Add the green tablet (binding reagent) to and empty test tube
11. Add 300 ± 100µl of water
12. Mix for 10 seconds to break up tablet
13. Add 2.0 ± 0.25 ml of extract; Use a new pipette tip for each sample
15. Add yellow tablet (tracer reagent) and mix well
17. Centrifuge at 33 x 1000 rpm for 3 minutes
18. Immediately pour off supernatant
19. Add 300µl of distilled water and mix well to break up residue
20. Add 3.0ml of scintillating fluid and shake the capped test tube well till there is a uniform
cloudy appearance
21. Put the scintillation tube into the Charm II scintillation counter for 60 seconds
Tetracycline extraction and experimental procedure:
1. Blend sample
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been reached
10. Add the white tablet (binding reagent) to and empty test tube
14. Add orange tablet (tracer reagent) and mix well
cloudy appearance
Sulfa-drugs extraction and experiment procedure
1. Blend sample
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been reached
10. Add the white tablet (binding reagent) to and empty test tube
14. Add pink tablet (tracer reagent) and mix well
cloudy appearance
Reagents needed:
 MSU extraction buffer
 M2 Buffer
 Distilled water
 Scintillation fluid
 Charm II kit (tablets inside)
D. MYCOTOXIN LABORATORY
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Mycotoxin lab is a lab tasked with the qualitative and quantitative analysis of aflatoxins in
processed food and feeds using methods like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
FIG 1.6: TYPES OF AFLATOXIN
PRINCIPLE
The separation principle of the HPLC is based on the distribution of the analyte (sample)
between a mobile phase (eluent) and a stationary phase (packing material of the column).
Depending on the chemical structure of the analyte, the molecules are retarded while passing the
stationary phase.
Detection of aflatoxin
Experimental procedure:
Blend sample
Weigh 2g of sample into sample bottle
Add 10ml of ELISA extraction solvent [methanol: deionized water (70:30)]
Shake at 2500 rpm for 3 minutes on an orbital shaker
36 |
Filter out mixture into a test tube
Pipette 450µl of deionized water into a glass test tube
Pipette 100µl of each sample into test tubes
Pipette 50µl of this mixture into the ELISA plate wells
Leave to incubate in darkness for 45 minutes
Pour out the mixture from the wells and dry thoroughly with paper napkins
Add antibody and substrate then leave to incubate for 30 minutes
Load the ELISA plate into the ELISA reader
37 |
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONTRIBUTIONS
3.1.1 APPLICABILITY OF KNOWLEDGE GAINED
3.1.2 APPLICABILITY OF KNOWLEDGE GAINED ON FIELD OF STUDY

The amount of knowledge I gained during my training has greatly helped me in the development
of my career as a future biochemist. The practical demonstrations and techniques carried out in
the Mycotoxin lab of the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control are
indirectly applicable to my course of study, Biochemistry. It links to branches of biochemistry
including plant biochemistry, food/nutritional biochemistry, metabolism, toxicology, and
medical biochemistry.
 Experiments carried out to ascertain the toxicity and adverse effects of certain chemical
contaminants were also ongoing during my internship and this is linked to toxicology,
chemical and medical aspects of my field of study.
The processes and analysis involved in the detection of heavy metals in the National Agency for
Food and Drug Administration and Control are related to courses Food and Nutritional
biochemistry and Analytical biochemistry.
I have been introduced to some of the procedures, equipment and techniques used in these
laboratories during my course of study at the university, hence my understanding and practical
knowledge of those areas have been very much improved.
3.1.3 APPLICABILITY OF KNOWLEDGE GAINED ON GOALS OF THE COMPANY

The primary goal of NAFDAC is to protect and promote the public health by instituting and
effective and efficient regulatory system that ensures only the right quality food, drugs and other
regulated products are manufactured, exported, imported, advertised, distributed, sold, and used.
During my training at the agency, I was involved in research and activities which are directed at
preventing and controlling endemic diseases through thorough testing and analysis of products
provided by various international and local manufacturers. Through these activities and the
knowledge acquired I was able to get a real time feel of the agency’s set goals.
38 |
3.1.4 APPLICABILITY OF KNOWLEDGE GAINED ON THE LARGER SOCIETY
The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, hosts and engages in
various school outreaches via the means of debates between schools in the vicinity with themes
that educate and enlighten the youths and young teens on the issues faced by the agency daily.
They are also the co-benefactors behind certain scholarships which help to alleviate its environs
and surrounding communities from illiteracy and poor education
3.1.5 PRACTICAL TRAINING AND THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE LEARNT ON

CAMPUS
The training I received from NAFDAC are mostly related to the theoretical knowledge I gained
while on campus. I was exposed to the practical aspects of some of the things I learnt in class. I
was able to apply some of the theoretical knowledge taught in school to the processes carried out
in the agency. This helped me gain clarity and better understanding of these topics. In cases
where the theoretical aspect was complemented with practical classes in school, I was able to get
an even better hands-on experience in those areas during my training. I was given the
opportunity to, on my own, handle certain equipment that I was previously introduced to and see
some of the principles taught in school come into play. This has helped bridge some gaps in the
knowledge I gained at school and gives me a better standing in what I have been taught in my
course of study. I hereby agree that practical training obtained during the SIWES program helps
bridge gaps in knowledge.
3.1.6 ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN GOALS

ATTAINMENT
At NAFDAC, I carried out my industrial training program, there are certain values, philosophies
and modes of interaction which contribute to the efficiency of production and goals attainment at
the agency. Staff of NAFDAC maintain good-interpersonal relationships and are strongly
motivated by teamwork. Everyone is free and friendly; however, boundaries are still set. Teams
are formed to solve pertinent and troublesome problems. Higher ranked staff mentor and nurture
39 |
their subordinates, it’s a rarity to see the senior staff wave-off a question asked out of pure
curiosity; help and assistance are readily rendered when needed.
In NAFDAC punctuality by all staff is mandatory as the role of every personnel is important and
timeliness of delivering set objectives is of optimum necessity to the attainment of the agency’s
goals. This ensures that everyone functions to their full capacity while on duty. There is effective
communication and information sharing within the agency
These organizational cultures which are strongly held, ultimately contribute to ensuring the
agency’s objectives are achieved.
3.2 CHALLENGES
3.2.1 CHALLENGES I ENCOUNTERED
During my six months SIWES attachment, I encountered some challenges which are listed
below:
 Collecting samples from the sample reception required a lot of protocol and hence took a
lot of time and energy.
 At NAFDAC, Central laboratory, they had too few lab attendants in the numerous
departments, hence we had to carry and register a bulk of the samples we tested and
arrange them which was tedious and took the time for analysis.
 I was restricted from carrying out certain tests which are sensitive and as they believed as
an IT student, I might damage some expensive devices.
 I was also exposed to some hazardous chemicals during my industrial training such as
96% Nitric acid, Acetonitrile, Hydrochloric acid, Scintillating fluid, etc.
HOW I OVERCAME THE CHALLENGES
 I requested for help which I was granted whenever I had to take samples from the sample
reception office.
 On occasions where I was not allowed to carry out some tests, I would watch very closely
and ask as many questions as possible. However, over time and after several trials the
staff allowed me carry out some of those tests.
40 |
 I ensured I used the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) provided when handling any
hazardous chemicals and cleaned the work area thoroughly before and after using the
chemicals.
3.2.2 CHALLENGES FACED BY THE COMPANY
The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) had so much to
offer, as it is an ideal environment for research studies, however, these challenges made our work
harder.
 Archaic filing system: The agency still uses manual registration for their individual lab
sample inventory, this makes working less optimal in the sense that all the manual work
could be automated
 Lack of a canteen or an eating area: This is unsafe as in some labs where poisoned
samples were being analysed it was a health hazard, talk less of labs with carcinogens
stored in them
 Unsanitary and aged laboratory set ups made analysis tedious as the environment wasn’t
tidy
CONTRIBUTIONS
 I carried out, recorded, and calculated the results of some tests correctly with minimal
supervision.
 I was very hardworking and contributed my services when performing various functions.
 I assisted my Supervisors and IT students where needed.
 I helped in organizing and arranging equipment when seminars and debates were being
held.
3.2.3 PROJECTS IDENTIFIED
Due to a mandate by the international organization for chemical disarmament, the NAFDAC
central laboratory has a lab focused on the determination of chemical weapons; The organization
for the prohibition of chemical weapons laboratory’s (OPCW Labs’) primary function is to
detect and report any compound or substance that can potentially act as a chemical weapon (even
41 |
as a bioweapon), this can be further explored to detect materials or compounds that can used as
fuels in any capacity.
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1 CONCLUSION
My Industrial Training period was educative and full of interesting and valuable experiences,
most of which I cannot put down in the report due to volume constraints. This program has
exposed me to many aspects in the industry and has given me the opportunity to carry out
various analysis and how to properly handle laboratory apparatus and equipment. I was able to
acquire practical knowledge and experiences in my course of study, Biochemistry. It has also
helped me to realize the relevance of my course in quality control in the food industry.
I had the opportunity of being exposed to the corporate and professional environment which has
helped me learn a great deal about professionalism and chain of command. This program has
given me a greater mind-set towards life and what to look out for in the labor market after school
and has exposed me to the reality of life and how to make the best out of it with the resources
available to me.
I have been able to link the theoretical knowledge with the practical aspect. It has helped me to
see the vastness of biochemistry. In conclusion, this training has increased my interest in
biochemistry, has positively contributed to my development as a future Biochemist and has
exposed me to a better understanding of what was learned in class, especially the correlation of
theoretical works done in class and their practical applications.
4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
The following recommendations, if promptly put in place will help in ensuring that the industrial
training is of maximum benefit and that the experience the trainee gets has a lasting effect.
42 |
 I would like to urge the university, particularly the biochemistry department to increase
the frequency of practical classes and to always complement the theoretical aspect of our
course with a lot of practical learned in classes, as students learn better when they carry
out practical learning themselves.
 I suggest that IT letters should be given out at a much earlier time to afford students
ample time and space in securing placements.
 The trainees could be motivated to put in their best by means of allowances. This will go
a long way especially in places where the trainee must go by means of public transport to
the place of attachment.
 Students on industrial training should be allowed to work in offices/sections other than
where initially posted as this will help to expose the student to other fields and broaden
the knowledge even more.
 For a balanced industrial training experience, exposure, and standards, I suggest the
department should build relationship with several reputable companies which are related
to the course of study within the country so that every IT student is posted in numbers or
groups to these companies during their 6 months training as getting IT placements is
quite difficult and time consuming.
 The Federal government should channel more funds towards NAFDAC to improve the
physical state of the labs in the central laboratory and the quality of services provided
therein.
43 |

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SIWES TECHNICAL REPORT

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

ADELEYE ABAYOMI OLUWASEUN

THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY,

COLLEGE OF SCEINCE AND TECHNOLOGY,

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF

COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………..10

1.1 Activities Carried out Before Commencement of Training……………………...10

CHAPTER TWO: FACILITIES AVAILABLE…………………………………………….16

2.1 Facilities Available…………………………………………………….…….......16

2.2 Quality of Supervision from Company-Based Supervisors………….…………...27

2.3 Knowledge Gained………………………………………………………….……28

CHAPTER THREE: CONTRIBUTIONS………………………………….…………..........38

3.1.1 Applicability of Knowledge gained on:……………….………………...38

3.1.2 Field of Study and Educational Career………………….……………...38

3.1.3 The Goals of the Company of Engagement…………….………………38

3.1.4 The Larger Society……………………………………….…………….39

3.1.5 Practical Training and Theoretical Knowledge Learnt on Campus….…39

3.1.6 Organizational Culture and Its Importance in Goals Attainment…….…40

3.2.1 Challenges Encountered……………………………………………….40

3.2.2 Challenges the Agency faced…………………………………….41

3.2.3 Identified projects……………………………………………………...42

CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS………………………42

Figure 1.3 …………………………………………………………………………………….. 30

Figure 1.4 …………………………………………………………………………………….. 31

Figure 1.5 ……………………………………………………………………………………. 31

Figure 1.6 …………………………………………………………………………………… 36

1.1 ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BEFORE COMMENCEMENT OF TRAINING

Collection of SIWES Letter of Placement

Acceptance from NAFDAC

1.2 INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY OF ENGAGEMENT

1.2.1 NATIONAL AGENCY FOR FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION AND

FIGURE 1.1 NAFDAC Logo

BRIEF HISTORY OF NAFDAC

PRODUCTS AND SERVICES RENDERED BY NAFDAC

 Regulate and control the importation, exportation, manufacture, advertisement,

VISION AND MISSION STATEMENT OF NAFDAC

The PRIDE core values of the Agency:

ORGANOGRAM OF THE NATIONAL AGENCY FOR FOOD AND DRUG

FIGURE 1.2: ORGANOGRAM OF NAFDAC.

1.3 ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT UPON COMMENCEMENT OF TRAINING

1.4 COMMENCEMENT OF STUDENT INTERNSHIP TO THE LAST STAGE

1.4.1 LABORATORY UNITS WORKED WITH AND DURATION

1.4.2 PHYSICAL SUPERVISION BY COMPANY-BASED SUPERVISOR AND

I was properly supervised by the company-based supervisors. My supervisor at NAFDAC was

2.1 FACILITIES AVAILABLE

2.1.1 FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN NAFDAC

Plate 2.1: CARBOLITE FURNACE

Plate 2.2: ANALYTICAL BALANCE

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.

Plate 2.3: AAS INSTRUMENT AND SAMPLE BOTTLES

Plate 2.4: ROTARY EVAPORATOR

Plate 2.5: CENTRIFUGE

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer.

Plate 2.6: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY- MASS SPECTROMETER (GC-MS) INSTRUMENT

Plate 2.7: FREEZER/ ELECTRIC REFRIGERATOR

Plate 2.8: ORBITAL SHAKER

Plate 2.9: Incubator

Plate 2.10: CHARM II INSTRUMENT