A TECHNICAL REPORT ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

AT

POLICE CLINIC YOLA,

ADAMAWA STATE

FROM

12TH APRIL TO 17TH AUGUST 2021

BY

KETURA .S. DEARMA

ST/SLT/ND/19/069

SUBMITTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT Of SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY

FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC MUBI, ADAMAWA STATE

IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD FOR

NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN

SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY.

AUGUST, 2021
 DEDICATION
I hereby dedicate this work to Almighty God that gave me the
opportunity to write this technical report and my beloved parent Mr&Mrs.
Dearma .s who supported me both morally and financial during the course of
the program and also to my industrial base supervisor for his council and
support and all so to my friends.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am very grateful to God, who granted me the privilege, his divine Marcy,
protection and Guidance through the period of this industrial attachment and
life time especially his special gift of Health and Marcy be glorified. I
equally appreciate working under the supervision of who give me
incentive and immensely, criticize constructively and give up because of this
work. And the entire staffs of SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY and
POLICE CLINIC YOLA.

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

(SIWES)
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skill
acquisition training program which was design to form part of approved
minimum academic standard in all Nigeria tertiary institutions.
The Industrial Training Fund (ITF) was established by Decree 47 of 1971
under the federal Ministry of information by the federal Ministry
Government of Nigeria with it’s headquarter at Jos Plateau and offices all
over the federation, the establishment of this organization is an effort made
by the government in trying to bridge the gap between theory and practical
of engineering technology, science, agriculture, middle, management and
other professional work, methods of ways of safeguarding the work areas
industries and other organizations.
The minimum duration of SIWES program is 16 weeks. The scheme is a
program that involves the students, the institution and the industry (the
employer of labour). The SIWES program is coordinated by the Industrial
Training Fund (ITF). And the National University Commission (NUC).

1.1 MEANING, AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF I.T.F

The full meaning if ITF is Industrial Training Fund. It was federal
government training fund was responsible, for management of student
industrial work experience scheme from 1973. The National Board of
Technical Education NBTE and the National Universities Education UNC
took over from 1976 to 1984.

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 The program was designed to supplement the theoretical practical activities
in the various disciplines. The program was introduced in the year 1970 by
the federal government, as part of man power development. From its
inception it involves student institutional employer of labour, industrial fund
and the cooperation of industries.

1.2 IMPORTANCE OF SIWES

1. To help student to see what practically what they were taught earlier in the
lecture room
2. To bridge the gap between theoretical learning and that of practical
3. To expose student toward methods in handling equipment and tools that
may not be available in school.
4. To help student to practically take part in the work they have acquired
from school to have greater skills production.

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1.3 THE EARLY LABORATORY
The earliest laboratory according to the present evidence is a home
laboratory of Pythagoras of some, the well-known Greek philosopher and
scientist. This laboratory was created when Pythagoras conducted an
experiment about tones of sound and vibration of during. In the painting of
Louis Pasteur by Albert Edelfelt in 1885, Louis Pasteur is shown comparing
a note in his let hand with a bottle filled with solid in his right hand, and not
wearing any personal protective equipment. Researching n terms started 19 th
century, and many new kinds of equipment were developed in the 20 th
century. A 16th century underground alchemical laboratory was accidentally
discovered in year 2002. Rudolf ll, Holy roman Emperor was believed to be
the owner. The laboratory is called speculum Alchemiae and is preserved as
museum in Prague.

1.4 MEANING OF LABORATORY

Laboratory is a room or building equipped for scientific experiment,
research, or teaching, or for the manufacture of drugs of chemicals. A
laboratory in school, college, or university is a room counting scientific
equipment where student are taught science subject such as chemistry
biology and physics.

1.4.1 SAFETY PRECAUTION IN THE LABORATORY

●Always wear protective equipment in the laboratory
●Keep food and drink out o the laboratory
●No noise making in the laboratory
●Avoid touching chemical with out hand gloves

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1.4.2 THE MEDICAL LABORATORY CHART

MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENTIST

HEAMATOLOGY PARASITOLOGICAL CHEMICAL VIROLOGY

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 MEDICAL LABORATORY
TECHNICIAN

MEDICAL LABORATORY ASSISTANT

MEDICAL LABORATORY
ATTENDANT

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 THE MEDICAL LABORATORY DEPARTMENT

The medical laboratory is divided into three
●Heamatology unit
●Parasitological unit
●Chemical unit
●Virology unit

2.1 HEAMATOLOGY UNIT

Heamatology deals with the formation, function and properties of blood.
The primary function is to detect ananemia and assist in diagnose of exact
types of ananemia to enable the physician to place the patient on effective
drugs treatment. Most of the test carried out here deal with the physician
qualification of blood in relation to the human body size or weight for
normal health of person has normal or is detective.

2.1.1 SOME OF THE MATERIALS FOUND IN THE UNIT

●Microscope
●Glass slide
●Syringe
●Tourniquet
●swap
●Candle flame
●Cotton wool
●Prepared anti-sera (A, B&D)
●Capillary tube
●Centrifuge machine

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●Grouping tile
●Ethylene dI-amine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) container
●Heamatocrite reader

2.1.2 METHOD OF COLLECTING VENOUS BLOOD SAMPLE

APPARATUS:
●Tourniquet
●Cotton wool
●Syringe
●EDTA container
PROCEDURE:
The patient upper arm was tied using tourniquet firmly, then the vein was
sterilized using the cotton wool containing 70% alcohol, then the syringe
was inserted into the vein gently and the blood sample was collected by
drawing the inner layer of the syringe backward gently, then the tourniquet
was untied and the syringe was removed gently. The collected blood was
transfer into the EDTA container to avoid the blood clothing.

2.1.3 METHOD OF COLLECTING CAPILLARY BLOOD SAMPLE

APPARATUS:
●Cotton wool
●Capillary tube
●Blood lancet
PROCEDURE:
The patient thump was pricked using the blood lancet, the blood was
collected using the capillary tube gently to avoid air bubble, and then the
bleeding thump was wiped using the cotton wool.

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2.1.4 SOME OF THE TEST CARRY OUT IN THE UNIT
●Packed cell volume (P.C.V)
●Blood grouping
●Blood sugar test

2.1.5 Packed cell volume (P.C.V)

This is the determination of red blood cell in the human body in order to
know the percentage of red blood cells present in the body.
AIM: To determine the percentage of blood in a patient
MATERIALS:
●Patient
●Blood lancet
●Capillary tube
●Candle flame
●Centrifuge machine
●Heamatocrite reader
●Cotton wool
PROCEDURE:
The patient thump was pricked using blood lancet and the capillary tube
was fixed at the point to draw up the blood sample and one end of the tube
was sealed with candle flame, the tube was then placed into the centrifuge at
for 5 minute, and then placed on the Heamatocrite reader, and the level of
the blood was taken as the result in percentage.

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The normal ranges (percentage) for packed cell volume
MAN__________________________________________________42-52%
WOMAN_______________________________________________34-48%
INFANT________________________________________________47-60%

DIAGRAM OF HEAMATOCRITE READER

2.1.6 BLOOD GROUPING

Blood grouping is the way of knowing which group a patient belonged in
order to know the reaction of blood of the patient.
AIM: To know the group of the patient belong
MATERIALS:
●Blood sample
●Clean white tile
●Prepared anti-sera (A, B&D)
●Mixing puppet
PROCEDURE:
On a white tile, equal volume of blood was placed in three different places,
a drop of the anti-sera A, B&D were added near each blood on the respective

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columns. They were mixed separately by emulsifying them and allowed to
agglutinate by rocking the tile gently and it was observed.
Interpretation of the result

Agglutination of A only_______________________________________ A
Negative
Agglutination of B only_______________________________________ B
Negative
Agglutination of D only_______________________________________ O
Positive
Agglutination of A&B only____________________________________ AB
Negative
Agglutination of A&D only____________________________________ A
Positive
Agglutination of B&D only____________________________________ B
Positive
Agglutination of A, B&D_____________________________________ AB
Positive

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No agglutination in the entire anti-sera____________________ O Negative

2.1.7 BLOOD SUGAR TEST

A blood sugar test is a procedure that measures the amount of sugar, or
glucose, in the patient blood. There are several different types of sugar test.
Fasting blood sugar (FBS) measures blood glucose regardless of when you
have not eaten at least 8 hours. It is often the first test done to check for pre-
diabetes and diabetes.
Random blood sugar (RBS) measure blood glucose regardless of when
you last ate. Several random testing is useful because glucose levels in heath
people do not vary widely through out the day.
AIM: To measure the amount of sugar or glucose in the blood of a patient.
MATERIALS:
●Patient
●Blood lancet
●Glucometer
●Glucose test strip
●Cotton wool
METHOD:
The glucose strip was inserted into the Glucometer, and then the patient
finger was pricked using the blood lancet. And the blood was dropped on the
glucose strip that is already inserted into the machine the result was shown
on the screen after 10-20 seconds.

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2.2 PARASITOLOGICAL UNIT

2.2.0 INTRODUCTION
Parasitological is the study of parasite and their relationship with the host
that harbors them. Parasites are organisms that depend on their host for food
and shelter which contribute other things to the host.

2.2.1 SOME MATERIALS FOUND IN THE UNIT

●Microscope
●Glass slide
●Swap
●Cotton wool
●Urine container
●Stool container
●Normal saline
●Field stain A&B
●Centrifuge machine
●Cover slide
●pipette

2.2.2 METHOD OF COLLECTING SAMPLE

Fresh early morning sample or blood, stool, urine were collected into sterile
container and labeled or numbered.

2.2.3 SOME OF THE TESTCARRY OUT IN THE UNIT

● Malaria parasite (MP)
●Urine microscope
●Stool microscope

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2.2.4 MALARIA PARASITE (MP)
Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease of human cause by parasite protozoan (a
group of single celled microorganisms), belonging to the genus plasmodium.
Malaria cause symptoms that include: fever, fatigue, vomiting and headache.
In several cases it can cause yellow skin, seizure or death.
AIM: To examine the presence of plasmodium species that causes malaria
in the human blood.
MATERIALS:
●Blood sample
●Glass slide
●Microscope
●Field stain A&B
●Tap water
PROCEDURE:
A drop of blood was dropped on a glass slide and smeared, it was allowed
for some minutes to dry, then dipped into stain A(blue stain) for 30-60
seconds and it was removed and dipped into tap water for rising, the
smeared was also dipped into field stain B (red stain) for some seconds and
it was removed and dip into tap water for rising, then it was allowed to air
dry and then one drop of immersion oil was applied onto the slide, and it
was observed under the microscope using x100 objective lens.
INTERPRETATION OF MALARIA PARASITE RESULT, AS VIEW
UNDER THE MICROSCOPE:
●One to eight (1-8) plasmodium species seen in the microscope, the result is
reported as (+1) positive
●Eight to sixteen (8-16) plasmodium species seen under the microscope, the
result is reported as (+2) positive

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●Sixteen (16) upward the result is reported as (+3) positive

DIAGRAM OF MICROSCOPE

2.2.5 URINE MICROSCOPY

This is the type of test that is done to patient to examine what causes
abnormality to a patient using the urine and how that reactions of the
abnormalities are.
AIM: To examine the urine o a patient.
MATERIALS:
●Urine sample
●Test tube

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●Glass slide
●Centrifuge machine
●Microscope
●Cover slide
PROCEDURE:
The urine sample was transferred into test-tube, and it was placed into a
centrifuge machine with another test-tube containing equal amount of water
for balancing, it was centrifuge for 5 minutes at 3000rpm,it was remove and
the supernatant was discard and the sediment was placed on the glass slide
and it was observed under x40 objective lens.

DIAGRAM OF SOME PARASITE IN THE URINE

2.2.6 STOOL MICROSCOPY

This is the type of test done for a patient to examine the stool and know
what causes abnormality to a patient in the stool and know the reactions of
the abnormality are.
AIM: To examine abnormalities in the stool
MATERIALS:
●Stool sample

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●Glass slide
●Normal saline
●Microscope
PROCEDURE:
Normal saline was drop on the glass slide, and a small drop of stool sample
was placed on the glass slide containing a drop of normal saline, then it was
mixed with a tooth pick and observed under the microscope using x40
objective lens.

DIAGRAM OF SOME STOOL PARASITE.

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2.3 CHEMICAL UNIT

2.3.0 INTRODUCTION
Chemical unit deals with the chemical composition of blood fluid like
plasma and also the study of blood chemistry and urine examination to
observed the presence of acid protein, and sugar etc, that are likely to cause
abnormalities in human body.

2.3.1 METHOD OF COLLECTING SAMPLE

Fresh early morning sample of blood and urine was collected in a sterile
container and it was labeled or numbered.

2.3.2 SOME OF THE TEST CARRY OUT IN THE UNIT

●Pregnancy test (pt)
●Widal agglutination
●Urine analysis

2.3.3 PREGNANCY TEST (PT)

Pregnancy test are designed to tell, if a patient developed a hormone called
human chronic gonadotropin (HCG). This hormone is produce right after a
fertilized egg is attached to the wall of a woman’s uterus.
AIM: To test for the presence of human chronic gonadotropin hormone in
urine
MATERIALS
●Urine sample
●HCG strip
●Hand glove
PROCEDURE

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The HCG strip was immersed into a container that contain early morning
urine sample, the strip was removed after some seconds the reading was
taken after some minutes based on the line that appear on the strip.
INTERPRETATION OF RESULT
●Two lines on the strip indicates positive
●One line on the strip indicates negative
● No line appeared on the strip indicates invalid result
● Patient control line appears indicate invalid

DIAGRAM SHOWING PREGNANCY TEST

2.3.4 WIDAL AGGLUTINATION TEST

A widal agglutination is a test of blood serum that uses an agglutination or
reaction to diagnose typhoid fever or Widal test is a diagonal of typhoid
fever base on agglutination of salmonella typhoid by dilution of patient
serum.
AIM: To test typhoid fever in a patient.

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MATERIALS:
●Blood sample
●Centrifuge machine
●White tile
●Antigen/widal kid
Dropper
PROCEDURE:
The blood sample was placed into the centrifuge machine, for 5 minutes.
Then the serum was dropped in eight places, and the widal kid where also
placed near the serum, and they where mixed and then rocked gently for the
appearance of agglutination.
INTERPRETATION OF RESULT
● One to eight agglutination (1-8) seen the result is reported as 1/40
● Eight to sixteen agglutination (8-16) seen the result is reported as 1/80
● Sixteen to thirty two (16-32) seen the result is reported as 1/160
● Thirty two above (32 above) the result is reported as 1/320
● No agglutination seen the result is reported as negative that is 1/20

2.3.5 URINE ANALYSIS

The biochemical test of urine samples helps to investigate for urinary tract
infection (UTI) abnormal chemical constituent in urine.
MATERIALS:
Urine sample
Urinalysis strip (COMBI 9)
Hand glove
PROCEDURE:

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The urine strip (combi 9) urine strip was immersed in to the container that
contain urine sample, for 20-30 seconds, it was remove from the container
and the strip was observed.

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2.4 VIROLOGY UNIT

2.4.0 INTRODUCTION
Virology unit conduct both basic and applied research focusing on the
molecular biology and immunology of several different viral and Chlamydia
infection, as well as the pathogenesis caused by them.

2.4.1 SOME OF THE TEST FOUND IN THE UNIT

●Retroviral screening (RVS)
●Hepatitis virus (HBsAg)
●Rapid test for detection of malaria

2.4.2 HOW TO CENTRIFUGE BLOOD SAMPLE

MATERIALS:
●Centrifuge machine
●Blood sample
●Buffer
●Test-tube
METHOD:
The blood sample was transfer into a test-tube, few drops of buffer was
dropped in to the sample the blood sample in the test-tube, then it was
placed into the centrifuge machine. The machine was on for 5 minutes and
the blood sample was removed.

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DIAGRAM OF CENTRIFUGE MACHINE

2.4.3 RETROVIRAL SCREENING (RVS)

Highly sensitive and specific rapid test antibody test that can be used as
screening of confirmatory test are commercially available. They design for
testing individual blood sample, often used serum or plasma. Test is easy to
perform and interpret, given test result after ten minutes.
MATERIALS
●Determine strip for R.V.S
●Blood sample
●Pipette
PROCEDURE:
The determine strip of RVS was placed on a table, then a pipette was used
to drop a few sample of the blood on the determine strip as directed on the
strip, then two drop of buffer was added on the drop of blood on the strip
and allow to flow and diffuse on the strip. The strip was observed after some
minutes and the result are been recorded.

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INTERPRETATION OF RESULT
●Two lines on the strip indicates positive
●One line on the strip indicates negative
● No line appeared on the strip indicates invalid result

2.4.4 HEPATITIS VIRUS (HBsAg)

This disease is the inflammation of the liver and is cause by virus which
has the ability to stay alive for a long period of time outside the host, this
shows dangerous the disease is and it is done to know whether a patient is
infected or not.
AIM: To determined hepatitis virus in the patient blood.
MATERIALS:
●Serum sample
●HBsAg strip
●Dropping pipette

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PROCEDURE:
The determine strip of HBsAg was placed on a table, then a pipette was
used to drop a few sample of the serum on the determine strip as directed on
the strip. The strip was observed after some minutes and the result are been
recorded.
INTERPRETATION OF RESULT
●Two lines on the strip indicates positive
●One line on the strip indicates negative
● No line appeared on the strip indicates invalid result

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2.4.5 RAPID TEST FOR DETECTION OF MALARIA
AIM: To test malaria using rapid test strip
MATERIAL:
Serum sample
Test strip for malaria HRP (P.F)
Dropping pipette
PROCEDURE:
The malaria test strip HRP (P.F) was placed on a table, then a pipette was
used to drop a few sample of the serum on the determine strip as directed on
the strip. The strip was observed after some minutes and the result are been
recorded.
INTERPRETATION OF RESULT
●Two lines on the strip indicates positive
●One line on the strip indicates negative
● No line appeared on the strip indicates invalid result

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 CHAPTER THREE:

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 SUMMARY
The Student Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is absolutely and
essentially training program organized by the federal government of Nigeria
through the Industrial Training fund (ITF) in 1974.
It was organized in order to expose and make theory to be practically
undergone, due to lack of practical equipment in school e.g. Collages,
Polytechnic and university learning.
The ITF was set up to ensure effective and efficient administration of this
program by promoting, encouraging, and financing the acquisition of skills
and man power development.
In this sixteen weeks of SIWES program am able to conduct different types
of test been carry out in the medical laboratory unit (Heamatology unit,
parasitological unit, chemical unit, and virology unit)

3.2 CONCLUSION
The SIWES exercise/program was worthwhile experience because it really
exposes student to their field of study. And also help them know and
understand the practical of their studies. Industrial Training Fund also help
the student to operate some modern equipment that are not found in their
schools

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3.2 RECOMMENDATION
Recommendation is regards to the problems related to the equipping of
student due lack of equipments and difficulties to operate some modern
equipment in the laboratory. In this respect, I will like to plead with the
federal government to provide equipment to the school laboratory and the
student should be given opportunities to operate the available apparatus been
provided.

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 REFERENCES

Aboyemi A, (2007) Analytical procedure Nematode, A Textbook for

medical laboratory practice, 1st Edition.
Ochei T. (2006) Medical laboratory science Theory and practical
Thomas Devilin (2007) textbook of biochemistry with clinic corrections (6 th
Edition) JOHN AND SONS INTER Publication
ELBSE first published 1976.

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