Oluwatomiwa Siwes
Oluwatomiwa Siwes
Oluwatomiwa Siwes
ON
HELD AT
BY
OGUNDARE, TOMIWA ESTHER
FEBRUARY, 2023.
DECLARATION
I, TOMIWA ESTHER OGUNDARE with matriculation number 170804106, hereby declare that
this report was written by me, and that it is a record of activities carried out by me during SIWES
…………………………… ………………………
Signature Date
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CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this report on SIWES industrial attachment was presented by TOMIWA
ESTHER OGUNDARE (Matric No: 170804106), and then submitted to the Department of
Biological Sciences of Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology having met the
standard as to content and style of the Institution
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DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to Almighty God who has mercifully saved me and has predestined me unto
good works in himself, also to my caring and loving parent and friends.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All thanks and praises go to the Almighty, unquestionable God the most merciful and the most
I also give thanks to my loving parents Mr. and Mrs. I. S. OGUNDARE for their inexhaustible efforts
financially, and morally and their consistent prayer toward my success in life.
My profound gratitude goes to my very hardworking supervisor Dr. Afolabi O. Osewole for his
guidance during the course of this report. I pray that God blesses you and your family.
Though I cannot mention all, I regard all my friends and I pray that the most high continue to help
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ……………………………………………………………………………ii
CERTIFICATION …………………………………………………………………………..iii
DEDICATION ………………………………………………………………………………iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………………………………...v
SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………………..xi
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTER TWO
CHAPTER THREE
vi
3.0 General Knowledge of Water ……………………………………………………………9
CHAPTER FOUR
CHAPTER FIVE
vii
5.0 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………….22
viii
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: Recommended range of total hardness in drinking water is classified in mg/l or ppm ….13
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LIST OF FIGURES
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SUMMARY
This report centers on the various tests carried out to determine water quality. Ondo State Water
Corporation’s central laboratory focuses on the physical and chemical tests for water as this has
The physical tests carried out are as follows: conductivity test, total dissolved solids (TDS), and
pH test. The chemical tests carried out are free carbon test, alkalinity test, chloride test, hardness
The above-mentioned tests help to check the physical and chemical properties of water that make
it unsafe for drinking and serve as the basis for water treatment based on the results of the analysis.
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
As included in the National objectives stated in the second National development plan in 1970,
Nigeria felt the need for economic self-sufficiency and the need to have skilled indigenous
manpower.
As a result of this, the federal government established the Industrial Training Fund (I.T.F) in 1971
under the federal ministry of information, with 22 area offices and its headquarters located at Jos,
Plateau state.
In 1974, the Industrial Training Fund Board initiated and designed the students’ industrial work
experience scheme (SIWES) as part of its man-power development program and funded it until
1978 when it became obvious that the board cannot shoulder the financial responsibility due to the
increase in the number of students in the program, until 1984 when the federal government started
SIWES has indeed brought and is still bringing a lot of advantages to Nigerian society and
I. Knowledge that may not be available in the educational institution, which provides opportunities
for students in Nigerian Universities, Polytechnics, and Colleges of Education by impacting a great
graduation.
III. Bridges the gap between theoretical learning and practical industrial work-life situations and
working experiences.
IV. It also exposes students to various equipment and tools of theoretical knowledge in real-world
situations.
V. Bridge the gap between college work and actual practical work.
VI. Provide a means for students in tertiary institutions to acquire industrial skills and experience
in their field of study, particularly in pure and applied science, engineering, and technology.
VIII. Expose students to work methods, ethics, and techniques in handling equipment and
IX. Enlist and strengthen employer involvement in the entire educational process of preparing
student employment.
I. It provides students with the opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real-life
situations.
III. It strengthens links between employers, universities, and the industrial training fund (ITF)
IV. It also prepares the student for the labour market after graduation.
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1.4 The rules of students on SIWES
I. To keep regular records of the training activities and other assignments in the log book.
IV. To submit to ITF through their institution the evolution report form 8 dully completed by the
V. To ensure the employer completes the SPE-1 form and forwards it to the nearest ITF area office
Provide early enough Industrial Training application letters and logbooks so that students can
Encourage and ensure students have submitted their application letters to various companies.
Organize a form of training or research program for students who are not able to secure placement
in industries.
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CHAPTER TWO
Ondo State Water Corporation has its head office at Alagbaka, Akure, located at PMB 705
Ondo State Water Corporation was established by Edict No.2 of 1971 as body corporate with
perpetual succession and common seal and has the power to sue and be sued in its corporate name.
This Edict was replaced with Ondo State Water Board Law which came into effect on July 1, 2004.
I. To produce and distribute water to the people of Kaduna state for domestic, commercial and
industrial purposes.
II. To maintain the distribution system and also collect rates for water consumed by customers.
I. The production of water that meets the standard quality. To control and manage water works.
III. To increase the coverage, continuity and quality of a sustainable water supply service in Akure,
Ondo State, and improve the financial viability and governance of the sector.
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Figure 1: Department Organogram
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2.4 Equipment and Functions
I. Oven: it’s used for the heating of glassware at a very high range temperature above 100℃,
III. Furnace: It is used for heating at a very high temperature above 100℃ for dry sterilization.
V. Weighing balance: For the determination of the actual volume of a sample to analyze.
VIII. Measuring cylinder: For the collection of actual volume required to analyze a given sample.
XIII. Conductivity meter: It is used for measuring the amount of nutrients, impurities or salt in
water.
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Figure 2: Autoclave machine
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Figure 3: Water distiller
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CHAPTER THREE
Water is a compound with the chemical formula H2O. Water molecule contains one oxygen and
two hydrogen atoms bonded by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at standard ambient temperature
and pressure, but it often co-exists on earth with its solid state (ice) and gaseous state (water vapors
or steam). Water covers 71% of earth’s surface, and is vital for all known forms of life. Water on
earth moves continually through the hydrological cycle of evaporation and transpiration
Evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land (Marriott, 2009).
Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other life forms even though it provide no calories
or organic nutrients. Access to safe drinking water has improved over the last decades in almost
every part of the world, but approximately one billion people still lack access to safe water and
over 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation. There is a clear correlation between access to
safe water and GDP per capita. However, some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than
half of the world’s world population will be facing water-based vulnerability. A recent report
(November 2009) suggests that by 2030, in some developing regions of the world, water demand
will exceed supply by 50%, water plays an important role in the world economy, as it functions as
a solvent. For a wide variety of chemical substances and facilitates industrial cooling and
transportation. Approximately 70% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture (Gleik,
2005).
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3.1 Sources of water
I. River
II. Sea
III. Well
IV. Lake
V. Spring
VI. Stream
VII. Rain
I. Turbidity: This is the degree of clarity of water. It is also the degree to which water loses its
transparency due to the Presence of suspended particle. The world Health Organization (WHO)
established a standard that the turbidity of safe drinking water should not be more than five (5) or
II. Odor: is an unpleasant smell due to the presence of organic substances. Some odour indicates
an increase in biological activity while others originates from industrial waste product.
III. Taste: Quality drinking water should be tasteless even in the presence of dissolved minerals.
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3.3 Chemical properties of water
III. It has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom, making an angle of
1050C.
I. It is a colorless liquid
II. The freezing point of water is 0℃ (320F) and its boiling point is 100℃ (2120F)
III. Water is transparent in the visible electromagnetic spectrum thus, the aquatic plant can live in
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CHAPTER FOUR
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water. It is a
measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or
to any human need or purpose. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against
which compliance, generally achieved through the treatment of the water, can be assessed
(Debenedetti, 2001).
The most common standards used to assess water quality relate to the health of ecosystems, the
Ondo state water corporation (central laboratory) analysis water samples, treated or raw water
through Physico-chemical analysis to meet up the recommended range of drinking water. The
4.2.1 pH test
The acidity and alkalinity of water are known as pH and the aim of conducting this test is to
determine the Alkalinity or Acidity of various water samples such as raw water and treated water.
The pH ranges from 0-14, and 7 is neutral meaning that there is a balance between acidity and
alkalinity. Measurement below 7 means acid is present and measurement above 7 means it is basic.
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Procedures
Rinse the beaker using the treated water and allow it to dry.
Measure 100 ml of a water sample using a measuring cylinder and transfer it into a beaker.
Switch on the pH meter and insert it into the beaker containing the sample.
Observations
The recommended Nigerian standard for drinking water quality maximum permissible level
(NSDWQ*MPL) of pH is 6.5-8.5 and if the corresponding value is below 6.5 and above 8.5, the
water is unfit for drinking and can pose a threat to our health.
A conductivity meter is used to measure the amount of nutrients, impurity, or salt in water and it
Procedure
A measuring cylinder and transfer into a beaker. Switch on the conductivity meter and insert it
electrode into the beaker containing the sample. Record the reading.
Observations
The recommended Nigerian standard for drinking water quality maximum permissible level
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Figure 4: pH Meter
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Figure 5: Conductivity Meter
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4.3 Chemical Analysis
A free carbon test is carried out to know the amount of carbon present in the water sample. Free
carbon and water react chemically to produce carbonic acid, which is a weak acid that stimulates
Procedures
Measure 100 ml of the sample using a measuring cylinder and transfer it into a beaker.
Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein as indicator into the beaker and shake carefully.
Titrate immediately with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) until a pink colour is obtained.
Record your reading and calculate the carbon content by multiplying the result by 10.
Observation
The pH of carbonated water is 3-4, which means it is slightly acidic and however drinking
carbonated water does not make your body more acidic because the kidney and lungs remove
excess carbon dioxide which in turn keep your blood at a slightly alkaline pH of 7.35-7.45
A chloride test is carried out to know the amount of chloride in the water sample. This can be
achieved by titration.
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Procedures
Measure 100 ml of the sample using a measuring cylinder and transfer it into a beaker. Add 2-3
drops of potassium dichromate as an indicator into the beaker and shake carefully. Titrate with
silver nitrate until a brown color is obtained. Record your reading and calculate the chloride content
by multiplying the result by 0.0141 and 35450 and divide all by volume of sample used (100 ml).
Observation
The recommended Nigerian standard for drinking water quality maximum permissible level
(NSDWQ*MPL) range of chloride content in water is 250 mg/l, If the corresponding value is
above 250 mg/l, it means that the chloride content present in the sample is in excess and can pose
Alkalinity test is carried out to neutralize the content of acid present in the water sample. This can
be achieved by titration.
Procedures
Measure 100 ml of water sample using the measuring cylinder and transfer it into a beaker. Add
2-3 drops of mixed indicator and shake carefully. Titrate with tetraoxosulphate(vi) acid (H2SO4)
until a golden yellow color is obtained. Record your reading and calculate the total alkaline present
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Observation
The recommended Nigerian standard for drinking water quality maximum permissible level
(NSDWQ*MPL) range of alkaline in drinking water is 100 mg/l and if the corresponding value is
above 100 mg/l, it means the water is not safe for drinking and can pose a high risk to the health.
A total hardness test is carried out to know the amount of CaCO3 and to also know how hard the
water is.
Procedures
Measure 100 ml of water sample using the measuring cylinder and transfer it into a beaker. Pipette
2 ml of buffer solution into the beaker and add few drops of Eriochrome black as indicator. Titrate
with ethylene dimethyl tetraacetic acid (EDTA) until blue color is obtained. Record your reading
and calculate the total hardness of the water sample by multiplying the result by 10.
Observation
Table 1: Recommended range of total hardness in drinking water is classified in mg/l or ppm
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4.3.5 Calcium test
A calcium test is carried out to know the amount of calcium present in the water sample and it is
achieved by titration.
Procedures
Measure 100 ml of water sample using a measuring cylinder and transfer it into a beaker. Pipette
2 ml of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) into the beaker and add few drops of Murexide as indicator.
Titrate with ethylene dimethyl tetraacetic acid (EDTA) until a purple color is obtained. Record
your reading and calculate the calcium content present in the water sample by multiplying the
result by 10.
Observation
The recommended Nigerian standard for drinking water quality maximum permissible level
A chlorine test is carried out to know the quality, effectiveness, and how good it is when purchasing
it.
Procedures
Dissolve 1 g of chlorine in 100 ml of distilled water in a conical flask. Dissolve 3.25 g of sodium
thiosulphate in 125 ml of distilled water in a conical flask. Weigh 2 g of potassium iodide. Dissolve
potassium iodide, 10 ml of acetic acid and 25 ml of distilled water. Titrate against sodium
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thiosulphate until a wine color is observed. Record your reading. Add 2 ml of starch and titrate
against sodium thiosulphate until the wine color changes. Record your reading. Add the volume
of the sample to the first and second readings together and multiply 0.71 to get the percentage of
chlorine.
Observation
60% upward shows that the chlorine has good quality and it is effective.
An iron test is carried out to check for the iron content in the water which is for only portable and
Procedures
Measure 100 ml of water sample and 100 ml of distilled water into two different beaker using a
measuring cylinder. Label each beaker A & B. Beaker B stands for blank and A stand for the
Heat beaker A & B to half the volume of content using a hot plate regulator. Allow to cool and
transfer content in each beaker into a separate conical flask. Add 20 ml of Ammonium acetate and
2 ml of phenolphthalein to each conical flask. Add distilled water to the sample and take your
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Observation
The lighter the color change observed, the lesser the concentration of iron content and the deeper
the color change observed, the higher the concentration of iron content in the sample. The
recommended Nigerian standard for drinking water quality maximum permissible level
II. Most of the tests are carried out on demand and not for the interest of the student.
4.4.1 Solution
I. The private sector, cooperate bodies, Industries and establishments should try to alleviate the
II. Funds allocated to students after SIWES should instead be given during the attachment period
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CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion
The industrial attachment is a program that not only exposes students to laboratory or bench work
but it also makes them appreciate the theoretical part of learning. The industrial training fund is an
inevitable training and experience ground for students, this help to expose the student to basic skill
and work experience which will be useful and helpful to the student after graduation. I sincerely
appreciate the fact that the SIWES program has bridged the gap between theoretical university
work and practical work. Thus, augmenting theoretical knowledge acquired through the four
The knowledge I acquired during the SIWES will remain so useful and helpful to me, especially
after graduation, I participated fully and learnt a lot that has to do with my field of study. I also
gained a lot of knowledge from the staff and the company’s manager I served for the period of six
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5.1 Recommendation
I recommend Industrial Training for all students of high institutions in Nigeria so that they can
gain knowledge and be more exposed to their various fields. This will help them to give their best
to the community and help in developing the educational standard and skills acquisition across the
county. In view of the importance and contribution of the Students Industrial Work Experience
Scheme (SIWES), the ITF should try its own possible best to see that students do their training in
places where they will be exposed to vast of practical work related to their field of study. Also,
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5.2 References
Gleik P.H. (2005); A guide to world fresh water resources, oxford University press
Udoma, M. (2005); The theory and practice of clean water production for domestics and industrials
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