Chapter Two
Chapter Two
Chapter Two
of Concrete Dams
2. CONCRETE DAMS
a) Primary Loads
Hydrostatic distribution of pressure with horizontal resultant force P1 (Note also a vertical
component exists in the case of an u/s batter, and equivalent tail water may operate in the
d/s face)
Where crest gates & other ancillary structures of considerable weight exist they must also
be considered in determining Pm & their appropriate position of line of action.
iii. Seepage & uplift load: (Refer fig. 1.8, 3.2 page 6)
Equilibrium seepage patterns will establish within & under a dam e.g. with resultant
forces identified as P3 & P4.
Pu = Ah (Uw ,avg)
if no drain functioning.
If no drains functioning
In modern dams internal uplift is controlled by the provision of vertical relief drains close
behind the u/s face. Mean effective head @ the line of drains, Zd can be expressed as
Zd = Z2+Kd (Z1-Z2) m
The standard provision of deep grout curtain below the u/s face intended to limit seepage
also serves to inhibit pressure within the foundation. However, less certain than efficient
draw system & its effect is commonly disregarded in uplift reduction.
b. Secondary loads
Accumulated silt etc, generates a horizontal thrust, Ps. Tthe magnitude additional to
Pwh is a function of sediment depth, Z3, submerged unit weight s’ & active lateral
pressure coefficient. Ka:
Transient load, Pwave, generated by wave action against the dam. It is not normally
significant & depends on the fetch & wind velocity.
Hs range from 0.75 Hs for concrete dams to 1.3Hs for earth dams.
U= in km/hr
F= in km
iii) Wind load: when the dam is full, wind acts only on the d/s side thus
contribute to stability. When empty the wind can act on the u/s face but in
significant compared to hydrostatic load. For buttress dams load on the
exposed surface has to be considered.
iv) Ice load: Not a problem in Ethiopia. It can be significant where ice sheets
form to appreciable thickness & persist for lengthy periods.
Pice =145 KN/m2 for ice > 0.6m thick, other wise neglected
Seismic load: Horizontal & vertical inertia loads, are generated with respect to the dam
& the retained water by seismic disturbance. Horizontal & vertical accelerations are not
equal, the former being of grater in density. For design purposes both should be
considered operative in the sense last favorable to stability of the dam, under reservoir
full conditions the most adverse seismic loading will then occur when the ground shock is
associated with.
For more extreme circumstances eg. h=0.4 has been employed for dams in high risk
region in Japan, h =0.5 & h =0.6-0.8 damaged Koyna gravity dam, India ( 1967) &
Pacima arch dam USA (1971) respectively.
Horizontal Pemh = h Pm
Vertical Pemv = v Pm operating through centroid of the dam
Hydrodynamic forces: water action
Relative to any elevation @ depth Z1 below the water surface, the pressure pewh
Pewh = Ceh.w Z1. KN/m
Resonance: results when period vibrations of the structure & earth quake period are
equal. For a concrete gravity dam of triangular X- section base thickness T
)
As an example, the natural frequency of vibration of monolithic gravity profiles with
nominal height of 20m & 50m are 15-25 & 6-9 HZ respectively ( if major seismic
shock frequency of 1-10 HZ). Thus it is only of concern for large dams & vulnerable
portion of the dam.
Load combinations
Different design authorities have differing load combinations. A concrete dam should
be designed with regard to the most rigorous groupings or combination of loads
which have a reasonable probability of simultaneous occurrence.
Three nominated load combinations are sufficient for almost all circumstances. In
ascending order of severity we can have normal, unusual & extreme load combination
(NLC, ULC, ELE respectively) (see table)
With probability of simultaneous occurrence of load combination decreases, factor of
safety should also decrease.
Over turning
Sliding
X Stres X
s
a) Overturning stability
Factor of safety against overturning, Fo, in terms of moment about the d/s toe of the dam
b) sliding stability
Factor of safety against sliding, Fs, estimated using one of the three definitions:
1) Sliding factor,
Fss should not permitted to exceed 0.75, but under ELC up to 0.9 is acceptable.
: is the ratio of total resistance to shear & sliding which can be mobilized on a plane to
the total horizontal load.
In the presence of horizon with low shear resistance it may be advisable to make S=0.
Load combination
Location of sliding plane Normal Unusual Extreme
Dam concrete, base interface 3.0 2.0 >1.0
Foundation rock 4.0 2.7 1.3
This follows conventional soil mechanics logic in defining F LE, as the ratio of shear
strength to mean applied stress across a plane i.e
FLE =
FLE =2.0 normal operation & FLE =1.3 under transmit condition embracing seismic
activity)
C. Stress analysis in gravity method (Refer Figures 3.7 page 16)
Gravity method is useful to analyses stress in straight dams which are not geometrically
complex. It is founded on 2-D elastic dam on uniformly rigid foundation & linear
variation of stress from u/s to d/s.
Analysis is based on modified beam theory which is by combining axial & bending load.
Where, v- resultant vertical load above the plane considered exclusive of uplift.
M* - summation of moments expressed w.r.t the centroid of the plane.
y’ - distance from the centroid to point of considerations.
I - second moment of area of the plane w.r.t centroid.
For 2-D plane section of unit width Parallel to the dam axis, & with thickness T normal to
the axis:
and at y’=T/2
For e> T/6, at u/s face –ve stress is developed, i.e. tensile stress. In design, tensile stress
has to be prohibited, but difficult to totally eliminate low tensile stress in gravity dam.
Total vertical stresses at either face are obtained by the addition of external hydrostatic
pressure.
Numerically equal & complementary horizontal (zy) & vertical (yz) shear stresses are
generated @ any point as a result of variation of vertical normal stress over a horizontal
plane.
The variation b/n u/s & d/s stress is parabolic, & depend on rate of change of variation of
normal stress
4. Principal stresses
1 & 3 may be determined from knowledge of z & y & construction of Mohr’s circle
diagram to represent stress conditions at a point, or by application of the equation given
below.
Where
The following table gives permissible compression stresses factor of safety for gravity
dam body & rock foundations. (USBR 1976)
When the uplift is introduced & the uplift pressure @ the U/s face is < A1, the final stress
may be computed by the above formula. If the uplift pressure @ the upstream face is
greater than A1. i.e. less than permissible tension stress. Revise as follows.
1. A horizontal crack is assumed to exist & extend from the u/s face toward the d/s face
to a point where the vertical stress of adjusted diagram is equal to the uplift pressure @
the u/s face.
2. Taking moments about center of gravity & check whether the section is adequate for
over turning, sliding & material failure.
U/s face flare: the u/s face of a gravity profile is frequently modified by the introduction
of a significant flare.
Design of small dams associated with provision of’ standard’ trianngular profile of u/s
vertical face & d/s slope of 0.75 horizontal to 1.0 vertical.
In the case of large dams a unique profile should be determined to match the specific
conditions applicable. Two approaches are possible; the multi stage & single stage.
Single stage: is based on definition on a suitable & uniform d/s slope. The apex of the
triangular profile is set @ or just above DFL & initial base thickness T is determined for
each loading combination in terms of F0. The critical value of T is then checked for
sliding stability & modified if necessary before checking heel & toe stress @ base level.
Take =1.0
The multistage approach defines a profile where the slopes are altered at suitable
intervals.
Design commences from crest level, & descends downwards through profile stages
corresponding to pre determined elevations. Each stage is proportioned to as to maintain
stress level within acceptable limits. E.g. no tension under any condition of loading. The
resulting profile allows marginal economics on concrete, but more expensive to construct
than the single –stage. Multi-stage profiles are now seldom employed, even on large
dams.
When interaction b/n adjacent monolith result in loads transfer & complex structural
response, and further differential settlement exist, then alternative analytical approaches
called trial loads twist analysis & finite element analysis exist.
Stabilizing and heightening (Refer fig. 3:10 & 3:11 page 16)
Sliding
The pre-stressing tendons are typically located @ 3 to 7m centers to centers along the
crest. The pre-stress load required for each, PT (kN) is the appropriate multiple of Pps . Pre-
stressing also useful for heightening of the dam.