Abstract

Now in this world the use of bending machine is increased. The construction sites are the most
basic type of example is for bending machine. The main objective of this project is to
implement the Pneumatic rod bending machine in the construction sites with less cost
compared to the existing bending machines, and increasing the productivity of the stirrups. The
bending machine is one of the most important machine tool in sheet metal work shop. It is
primarily designed for bending. The bend has been made with the help of punch which exerts
large force on the work clamped on the die. The bending machine is designed in such a way that,
it works automatically. The automation strategy, when implemented is believed to result in
reduced cycle time, costs and improved product quality. Other possible advantages are
repeatability, increased productivity, reduced labor and integration of business systems.
Automation is achieved with the help of Electro pneumatic system.

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 INDEX
1 Introduction 8
1.1 Problem Summary 8
1.2 Objectives of the Project 8
1.3 AIM Of Project 8
1.4 Project Details 9
2 Literature Survey 9
2.1 Prior Concept 11
3 Materials / Tools Required 12
3.1 Hardware Modules 12
3.2 Components 12
3.3 Description Of Components 12
3.3.1 Pneumatic Cylinder 12
3.3.2 Solenoid Valve 13
3.3.3 Air Compressor 13
3.3.4 Air Pipe 14
3.3.5 TMT Rod 14
3.3.6 Pressure Gauge 15
3.3.7 Pneumatic Fittings 15
4 Cylinder 16
4.1 Design Calculations Of Cylinder 16

4.1.1 Force 16
4.1.2 Pneumatic Cylinder Design 17

4.1.3 Stroke Length 17

5 Components Specification 17

5.1 Pneumatic Cylinder 17

5.2 TMT Steel Rod 18

5.3 Pressure Gauge 18

5.4 Solenoid Valve 18

6 Working Principal 19

Block diagram of a pneumatic bending machine 19

6.1 Project Working 19

7 List Of Components 20

8 Advantages Of Pneumatic TMT Rod Bending Machine 20

9 Disadvantages Of Pneumatic TMT Rod Bending Machine 20

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10 Applications Of Pneumatic TMT Rod Bending Machine 21

11 Conclusion Of Project Report 21

12 Future Scope 22

13 References 23

14 Canvases 24

14.1 AEIOU Canvas 24

14.2 Ideation Canvas 24

14.3 Empathy Mapping Canvas 25

14.4 Product Development Canvas 26

15 Periodic Progress Report 27

15.1 Periodic Progress Report -1 27

15.2 Periodic Progress Report -2 28

15.3 Periodic Progress Report -3 29

15.4 Periodic Progress Report -4 30

16 Patent Search and Analysis Report 31

16.1 Patent Search and Analysis Report -1 31

16.2 Patent Search and Analysis Report -2 33

16.3 Patent Search and Analysis Report -3 36

16.4 Patent Search and Analysis Report -4 39

16.5 Patent Search and Analysis Report -5 40

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 INTRODUCTION

 1.1 Problem Summary:

Since long time ago the labour work has essential role in constructions including mixing coarse
aggregate sand water, cement, ramming sand, land leveling and digging the foundation for base
of structure, cutting rode, etc. Now a days due to development in technology it is required to
reduce the labour work and time since there are lot of resources. Several problems comes in to
the picture when we consider the human work with respect to automation. By using conventional
methods it is not possible to reduce construction time and building it as early as possible. So,
automation in construction system is required. Now-a-days in industries especially in automobile
and other industries the automatic plate bending machines are widely used. Earlier the bending
machines where operated manually. So the output of machine was very less. Now the technique
of bending operation of the component is changed. Once the plate is loaded the operator should
not only use once push button to start the machine, but he has operated two push buttons so that
both the hands of the operator are engaged. This arrangement is made in order to avoid injuries
to operators. The main aim of this project is to have the complete know how of pneumatic
devices, sensors etc. by which the manually operated press or any machine can be converted into
a semi or fully automatic unit. In this project the bending machine is a semi-automatic bending
machine, in which the loading and unloading of the component is done manually and the
bending of the rod is done pneumatically.

 1.2 Objectives of the Project:

1. To make a bending machine to bend a metal bar up to 20mm.

2. Analytical design of pneumatic tmt rod bending machine.

3. Modelling and simulation of pneumatic tmt rod bending machine.

4. Preparation of prototype sample of pneumatic tmt rod bending machine.

5. Experimental workout of pneumatic tmt rod bending machine.

6. Study of comparative result of pneumatic tmt rod bending machine.

 1.3 AIM Of Project:

Pneumatic TMT rod bending machine will reduce the manual efforts of the user. Pneumatic
TMT rod bending machine will be useful to the user to manage and generate accurate results for
TMT rod at the time of bending. It will reduce the time compare to manually doing.

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 1.4 Project Details:
Where your project or innovation will use?

Our project/innovation is going to be used in construction sites. Because we are seeing that the
labours who are working at construction places have to do the rod bending by there own hands. It
is creating physically problems for the workers.

 2. Literature Survey
I Muhammed, S. Ravivishwnath, P. Sureshkumar , N.Sarvanan Design and fabrication
of hydraulic rod bending machine, April 2014. Worked on design and fabrication of rod bending
machine and they concluded that Each and every work of human is reduced by a machine, but
few are as like construction the usage of machines for bending rods for stirrups which are used to
withstand loads in beams and columns are not done by machine because the cost of machine is
high and need skilled labours to operate it. So this project is aimed to do bending operation for stirrups
using hydraulics and named as hydraulic rod bending machine. The main objective of our project
is to implement the hydraulic rod bending machine in the construction sites with less cost compared to the
existing bending machines, and increasing the productivity of the stirrups.2.Vilas Shinde,
Darshan Adhav, Suraj Jadhav, Afsar Attar, Sandip Gorde. Design and fabrication of hydraulic
stirrup making machine, May 2016.They worked on Design and Fabrication of Hydraulic
Stirrups Making Machine and they concluded that Since testing the stirrup making machine it is
observed that how much time is required to make single piece of stirrup by effective working.
The detail description is given as below: Loading and unloading combining clamping the bar to
fixture it almost takes only 5 to 6seconds. Time required to forward and backward stroke is about
10 to 11 seconds during which stirrup is made. Considering machine ergonomics that is
interaction of human operator with machine, it is very easy to operate it because operating switch
is provided at suitable place of machine. Again loading and unloading is not complicated since
not very specialized tooling is used it is very simple structure. Most of the earlier pneumatic
control systems were used in the process control industries, where the low pressure air of the
order 7-bar was easily obtainable and give sufficiently fast response. Pneumatic systems are
extensively used in the automation of production machinery and in the field of automatic
controllers. For instance, pneumatic circuits that convert the energy of compressed air into
mechanical energy enjoy wide usage, and various types of pneumatic controllers are found in
industry. Certain performance characteristics such as fuel consumption, dynamic response and
output stiffness can be compared for general types of pneumatic actuators, such as piston-
cylinder and rotary types. Figure (a) and (b) show the two types of pneumatic actuators (Sorli et
al., 1999). The final decision on the best type and design configuration for pneumatic actuator
can be made only in relation to the requirements of a particular application. The pneumatic
actuator has most often been of the piston cylinder type because of its low cost and simplicity
(Tablin et al., 1963) The pneumatic power is converted to straight line reciprocating and rotary
motions by pneumatic cylinders and pneumatic motors. The pneumatic power is converted to
straight line reciprocating and rotary motions by pneumatic cylinders and pneumatic motors. The
pneumatic position servo systems are used in numerous applications because of their ability to
position loads with high dynamic response and to augment the force required moving the loads.
Pneumatic systems are also very reliable (Clements and Len, 1985).

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Fig: (a). Double Acting Linear Pneumatic actuator

Fig: 8(b). Vane Rotary Pneumatic Actuator

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The open literature surveyed showed a wide spectrum of new applications of pneumatic servos
such as milling machines, robotics, and advanced train suspension. Therefore, the surveyed
literature reported is subdivided into three main groups. The first group is concerned with
various applications of pneumatic actuators. The second group includes the theoretical,
experimental approaches for modeling the pneumatic actuator. The third group is related with the
control strategies applied to pneumatic actuators. Pneumatic servos have advantages over
hydraulics in high temperature and nuclear environments. The actuator, rather than the servo
valve, generally limits system response and stiffness. Where simplicity and cost are paramount,
the piston cylinder is probably the best choice. But if minimum fuel consumption is desired
rotary type of motor is indicated. (Taplin et al., 1963) also have been shown the rotary servo has
nearly twice the band pass of the piston cylinder servo. This result is typical for many
applications. In short duration missile applications, the weight of a self-contained solid
propellant pneumatic servo may be half that of an equivalent self-contained hydraulic system.
Where a pneumatic system is to replace a heavier hydraulic system, maximum dynamic response
and output stiffness are essential. The outstanding difference between pneumatic and hydraulic
systems arises from the low bulk modulus of the pneumatic working medium. The bulk modulus
of a gas is p, where hh is the ratio of specific heats for the gas and p is the instantaneous
pressure. This is the major obstacle in achieving a high response pneumatic system. Several
countries have been investigating and developing active suspension technologies in order to
improve both vertical and lateral ride quality of fast train passenger cars. (Cho et al., (1985).
investigated the use of actively controlled pneumatic actuators in parallel with conventional
passive suspension to improve vehicle dynamics. The use of pneumatic actuators for vehicle
active suspension reduced the rms car body lateral suspension stroke by 34 percent with a power
requirement of 5.7 KW per car. The advantages and limitations of the conventional pneumatic
cylinder were discussed by (Bird et al., 1985). Recent developments in the design of pneumatic
linear actuators have resulted in the production of more compact and better- guided actuators.
The author worked on the development of special servo control system and its integration into
complete control system. (Vincent et al., 1989) investigated an alternative approach to the design
of controllers for positioning damping. To avoid conflicting requirements problem associated
with traditional state variable feedback design, the design is based on energy methods and is not
a full state variable feedback design. The method is illustrated using a low order spring mass
example, and the results are compared with a linear quadratic design. Electro hydraulic and
electro pneumatic servo drives can provide precise position control for a multitude of industries
from textile manufacture to machine tools. A significant application of the latter type was in a
universal rotary machining center where the primary requirement was for an increase in both
productivity and flexibility.

 2.1 Prior Concept:

Pneumatics, from the Greek (pneumatikos, coming from the wind) is the use of pressurized
gases to do work in science and technology. Pneumatics was first documented by
Hero of Alexandria in 60 A.D., but the concept had existed before then. Pneumatic
products represent a multi-billion dollar industry today.

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Pneumatic devices are used in many industrial applications. Generally appropriate for
applications involving less force than hydraulic applications, and typically less expensive than
electric applications, most pneumatic devices are designed to use clean dry air as an
energy source. The actuator then converts that compressed air into mechanical motion. The type
of motion produced depends on the design of the actuator.

Pneumatics is employed in a variety of settings. In dentistry applications, pneumatic drills are

lighter, faster and simpler than an electric drill of the same power rating, because the
prime mover, the compressor, is separate from the drill and pumped air is capable of rotating
the drill bit at extremely high rpm. Pneumatic transfer systems are employed in many industries
to move powders and pellets.

Pneumatic devices are also used where electric motors cannot be used for safety
reasons, such as mining applications where rock drills are powered by air motors to preclude the
need for electric motors deep in the mine where explosive gases may be present.

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 Materials / Tools Required

 3.1 Hardware Modules:

Thermo-mechanical processing, also known as thermo-mechanical treated bars' (TMT), is a
metallurgical process that integrates forging, rolling and/or work hardening with heat-treatment
into a single process.

 3.2 Components:
Pneumatic Cylinder
Solenoid Valve
Air Compressor
Air Pipe
Rods
Pressure Gauge

 3.3 Description Of Components:

3.3.1 Pneumatic Cylinder:

Fig. 3.3.1 :- Pneumatic Cylinder

Pneumatic cylinder(s) (sometimes known as air cylinders) are mechanical devices which use the
power of compressed gas to produce a force in a reciprocating linear motion. Like hydraulic
cylinders, something forces a piston to move in the desired direction. The piston is a disc or
cylinder, and the piston rod transfers the force it develops to the object to be moved. Engineers
sometimes prefer to use pneumatics because they are quieter, cleaner, and do not require large
amounts of space for fluid storage. Because the operating fluid is a gas, leakage from a
pneumatic cylinder will not drip out and contaminate the surroundings, making pneumatics more
desirable where cleanliness is a requirement.
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3.3.2 Solenoid Valve:
A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is controlled by an electric
current through a solenoid. In the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in
the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. Multiple
solenoid valves can be placed together on a manifold. Solenoid valves are the most frequently
used control elements in fluidics. Their tasks are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix
fluids. They are found in many application areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching,
high reliability, long service life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control
power and compact design.

Fig. 3.3.2:- Solenoid Valve

3.3.3 Air Compressor:

Fig. 3.3.3 :- Air Compressor

An air compressor is a device that converts power (using an electric motor, diesel or
gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in pressurized air (i.e., compressed air). By
one of several methods, an air compressor forces more and more air into a storage tank,
increasing the pressure. When tank pressure reaches its upper limit the air compressor shuts
off. The compressed air, then, is held in the tank until called into use. An air compressor is a
device that converts power (using an electric motor, diesel or gasoline engine, etc.) into
potential energy stored in pressurized air (i.e., compressed air).The energy contained in the
compressed air can be used for a variety of applications, utilizing the kinetic energy of the air
as it is released and the tank depressurizes.

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When tank pressure reaches its lower limit, the air compressor turns on again and re-pressurizes
the tank. The most common types of air compressors are: electric or gas/diesel powered
compressors. The power of a compressor is measured in HP (Horsepower) and CFM (cubic
feet of air per minute). The gallon size of the tank tells you how much compressed air "in
reserve" is available.

3.3.4 Air Pipe:

Fig. 3.3.4 :- Air Pipe

A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually but not necessarily of circular
cross section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow liquids and
gases (fluids), slurries, powders, masses of small solids. It can also be used for structural
applications; hollow pipe is far stiffer per unit weight than solid members.

3.3.5 TMT Rod:

Fig. 3.3.5 :- TMT Road

Thermo-mechanical processing, also known as thermo-mechanical treated bars' (TMT), is a
metallurgical process that integrates forging, rolling and/or work hardening with heat-treatment
into a single process.

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3.3.6 Pressure Gauge:

Pressure regulators, commonly called pressure- reducing valves, maintain constant output
pressure in compressed-air systems regardless of variations in input pressure or output flow.
Regulators are a special class of valve containing integral loading, sensing, actuating, and control
components. Available in many configurations, they can be broadly classified as general purpose,
special purpose, or precision.

Fig. 3.3.6 :- Pressure Gauge

3.3.7 Pneumatic Fittings:

Fig. 3.3.7:- Pneumatic Fittings

Fittings provide the essential link between components in any pneumatic system. Pneumadyne’s
extensive offering of miniature pneumatic fittings accommodates numerous connector and tubing
requirements.

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 4. Cylinder:
Cylinders are linear actuators which convert fluid power into mechanical power. They are
also known as JACKS or RAMS. Hydraulic cylinders are used at high pressures and
produce large forces and precise movement. For this reason they are constructed of strong
materials such as steel and designed to withstand large forces. Because gas is an
expansive substance, it is dangerous to use pneumatic cylinders at high pressures so they
are limited to about 10 bar pressure. Consequently they are constructed from lighter
materials such as aluminum and brass. Because gas is a compressible substance, the
motion of a pneumatic cylinder is hard to control precisely. The basic theory for
hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders is otherwise the same.

4.1Design Calculations Of Cylinder:

4.1.1 Force:
The fluid pushes against the face of the piston and produces a force. The force
produced is given by the formula:

F = p.A

p is the pressure in N/m2 and A is the area the pressure acts on in m2.

This assumes that the pressure on the other side of the piston is negligible. The diagram
shows a double acting cylinder. In this case the pressure on the other side is usually
atmospheric so if p is a gauge pressure we need not worry about the atmospheric
pressure.

Let “A” be the full area of the piston and “a” be the cross sectional area of the rod. If the
pressure is acting on the road side, then the area on which the pressure acts is (A - a).

F = p.A on the full area of piston.

This force acting on the load is often less because of friction between the seals and both
the piston and piston rod.

Diameter of rod= 10 mm

Material= TMT rod

Assume pressure is constant at 4 bar.

π π
F= 4 * ( ∗D2) = 4 * ( ∗102)
4 4

π
= 4 * ( ∗100) = 314 N
4

F = 314 N

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4.1.2 Pneumatic Cylinder Design:
We know pressure is given by,

F
P=
A

π 2
A= D So,
4

Assume pressure is constant at 4 bar

314
P= π
( ∗D2)
4

D2 = 0.001m

D = 0.0317m

D = 31.62mm

So, select standard cylinder diameter as 32 mm.

4.1.3 Stroke Length :

Minimum bending length of bar 60 mm

Clearance between striker and rod diameter = 20 mm

Cylinder stroke length = bending length + clearance

= 60 + 20 = 80 mm

Select standard length is 100 mm

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 5. Components Specification:

5.1 Pneumatic Cylinder:

Type-Single acting cylinder

Diameter = bore diameter =25mm

L=stroke length = 100mm

Max. Supplying pressure = 10kgf/cm2

Max .Operating pressure = 5-8kgf/cm2

5.2 TMT Steel Rod:

Length of rod = 100mm

Diameter of the rod = 10-12 mm

5.3 Pressure Gauge:

Max. Supplying pressure = 15kgf/cm2

Max. Operating pressure = 9.9kgf/cm2

Regulating range = 0.5-8.5kgf/cm2

Ambient and media temperature = 5-60c

5.4 Solenoid Valve:

Max. Supplying pressure =10kgf/cm2

Max. Operating pressure =5-8kgf/cm2

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 6. Working Principal:

Fig. 6.0: Block diagram of a pneumatic bending machine

The bending machine works with the help of pneumatic single acting cylinder. The piston is
connected to the moving bending tool. It is used to bend the small size of the TMT Rod. The
machine is portable in size, so easy transportable. The compressed air from the compressor is
used as the force medium for this operation. There are pneumatic Single acting cylinders
solenoid valves, flow control valve and the timer unit is used. The arm from the compressor
enters to the flow control valve. The controlled air from the flow control valve enters to the
solenoid valve. The function of solenoid valves all of air correct time interval. The 3/2 solenoid
valve is used. In one position air enters to the cylinder and pushes the piston so that the bending
stroke is obtained. The next position air enters to the other side of cylinder and pusses the piston
return back, so that the releasing stroke is obtained. The speed of the bending and releasing
stroke is varied by the timer control unit circuit.

6.1 Project Working:

Project deals with the semi-automatic bending of rod. The hardware consists of pneumatic
cylinder constructed with steel, pressure gauge, and rod. A rod which is to be bent is taken.
The length of the rod is around 60 mm. As our project is semi-automatic, human
interference is needed. The rod is placed on the pneumatic cylinder machine. Pressure is set in
the pressure gauge .The pressure can be change. The pressure gauge is operated by human.
When the rod is placed, the point where it should be bent is marked on it. With the help of
pressure gauge, the force is applied on the rod for bending. When the pressure is applied,
the piston pushes the rod to the front side of the machine. Due to the pressure applied, the rod is
bent per the human need. This is a semi-automatic project so both human and machine
interference is needed.

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Block Diagrams

Front View

Top View

3d View

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 7. List Of Components:
SR. NO. Component Name Quantity
1. Hinges 1
2. Single Acting Cylinder 1
3. Pneumatic Pipes 1 (8mm X 5mm)
4. Pneumatic Fittings 1
5. Pneumatic Valves 1
6. Solenoid Valve 1
7. Pressure Gauge 1
8. TMT Rod 2-3

9. Air Compressor 1

 8. Advantages Of Pneumatic TMT Rod Bending Machine:

High durability and reliability
Simple design
High adaptability to harsh environment
Pneumatic systems are safer than electromotive systems
Environmental friendly
Economical low cost
Less power
The pneumatic is more efficient in the technical field.
Quick response is achieved
Simple in construction
Easy maintenance and repair
Cost of unit is very less
No fire hazard problem due to overloading
Continuous operation is possible without stopping
Reduction of man power employed.
Improved output
Increased safety
Easy handling & movement of machine.
Easy access to all areas

 9. Disadvantages Of Pneumatic TMT Rod Bending Machine:

Silence must be used while compressing the air
High torque cannot be obtained
Load carrying capacity is low

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 10. Applications Of Pneumatic TMT Rod Bending Machine:
Angle bending
Metal bending
In construction field
In production
This machine is very useful for small scale industries
All industrial application

 11. Conclusion Of Project Report:

From this project we conclude that Pneumatic bending machine is very cheap as compared to
hydraulic bending machine. We can increase the bending thickness by arranging the high
pressure compressor. This machine can also be used where electricity problems occur. This type
of bending machine uses compressed air. So, when electricity problem occurs we can change our
electric compressor to IC-Engine installed compressor. This type of bending machine is very
useful to small scale bending industries because they can’t afford the expensive hydraulic
bending machine. In this machine the manually controlled press is converted into automatic
machine. So, we can save maximum operating time and the output will also increase compared
to manual. In this project the humans have to only load and unload the TMT bars. It can be also
called as semi-automatic type bending machine. This machine can also be converted into fully
automatic machine so the loading and unloading will be done automatically. For making
automatic one should have to be fully knowledgeable in this particular field. By doing so the
existing old machines can be modified and made automatic by which the initial cost, to procure
new automatic machines may be minimized. Thus there is a lot of scope in this area
(automation). We can achieve many types of shapes by using many types of fixtures in bed. This
system is easily handle by any worker. The worker don’t have to be someone knowledgeable.
Because of it’s cheap and simple design this machine can be sell everywhere with ease. Advance
bar bending machine use for mass production. By using advance bar bending machine increases
production rate and reduce labour cost. With the bending machine the manual usage and cycle
time is reduced. They are compact in size and reliable.

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 12. Future Scope:
Operation for making rod bend is tedious and required continuous manual work to perform the
bending operation. This will minimize human efforts for less physical exertion of the operator.
Adverse effect of repetitive work on human health is inimizing. Reduce the wastage of stirrup
and this will reduce the cost of stirrup making activity. There is a scope to design the stirrup
with safety standards and with ergonomic considerations which will help to avoid the
incidents during manually stirrup making. There is a scope to improve the stirrup making
efficiency and production capacity of stirrup by using human powered flywheel motor of
stirrup making. The currently available machines are motor power (electrical supply)
operation machines and hydraulic type machine which cannot work where non availability
of electricity. This research presents a new urge as method to bend the given rod of 10, 12 mm
diameter with the help of human power as a energy source for performing the job. Since old age
man is always trying to gain more and more luxurious. Man is always trying to develop more
and more modified technique with increasing the aesthetic look and economic consideration.
Hence there is always more and more scope. But due to some time constraints, and also due to
lack of funds, we only have thought and put in the report the following future modifications.
1. It can be made rack and pinion operated or spring and lever operated, by replacing the
pneumatic circuit by rack and the pinion arrangement by the square threaded screw and nut
arrangement. 2. The place where there is scarcity of the electricity the electric motor operate
compressor is replaced by an I.C. Engine installed compressor. 3. In this machine, compressed
air is used to move the cutting tool for carrying out cutting operation. After the completion of the
cycle the air moves out through the out port of Solenoid valve. This air is released to the
atmosphere. In future the mechanism can be developed to use this air again for the working of
cylinder. Thus in future there are so many modifications, which we can make to survive the huge
global world of competition.

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 13. References:
1) www.ijirset.com/upload/2014/special/tapsa/41_TAPSAMECH003.pdf
2) www.mdpi.com/2076-0825/5/1/3/pdf
3) Oil, Hydraulic & Pneumatics Book published by Tech Max
4) https://images.google.com/
5) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searching
6) www.ijirset.com/upload/2014/special/ta psa/41_TAPSAMECH003.pdf
7) seminarprojects.org/c/working-of-hydraulic- sheet-bending-machine-pdf
8) Manufacturing Process II published by Books India
9) http://www.paperpublications.org/

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 Canvases:

 14.1 AEIOU Canvas:

 14.2 Ideation Canvas:

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 14.3 Empathy Mapping Canvas:

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 14.4 Product Development Canvas:

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 Periodic Progress Report:

 15.1 First PPR:

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 15.2 Second PPR:

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 15.3 Third PPR:

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 15.4 Forth PPR:

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 Patent Search and Analysis Report

 16.1 PSAR -1:

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 16.2 PSAR -2:

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 16.3 PSAR -3:

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 16.4 PSAR-4:

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 16.5 PSAR-5:

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Thank You

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