CONTENTS

Acknowledgment
viii Abstract
ix List of Figures
x

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 2-
8

1 Introduction 2
.1 1 Problem Statement 3
.2 1 Objectives 4
.3 1 Methodology 4
.4 1 Thesis Outline 7
.5

Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEWS 9

-18

2 History of Wireless Power Transmission

.2 2 Basic Principlesnof Wireless Power Transfer 1
.3 2 Justification for the Study 4 1
.4 2 Main concepts of wireless transmission of 5 1
.5 electric energy 5
 2 A summary of the main WPT Interface 1
.6 2Standard
Summary of the chapter
& Alliance 7 1
.7 8
Cha THEORETICAL MODEL 19-
3.1
pter 3: Introduction 26 19

3.2 Wireless transfer by Inductive 19

3.3 Coupling
Advantages of Wireless Charger 24
3.4 Disadvantages of Wireless Charger 25
3.5 Summary of the chapter 26

Cha
27-34
pter 4: HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT
4.1 Introduction 27

4.2 General Principle of Design 27

4.3 Components 31
4.4 Hardware 31
4.5 Summary of the chapter 34
Cha RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 35-38
pter 5:
5.1 Results 35

5.2 Analysis and Discussion 37

5.3 Coil 38
5.4 Oscillator 38

Cha CONCLUSIONS AND

pter 6: RECOMMENDATIONS

6.2 Limitations of the Work 40

6.3 Future Scopes 40
 Abstract

Mobile phone battery life has always been a problem for the manufacturers. People
are complaining about their mobile battery life, they do not have long battery life and they
have to charge their phones multiple times. On this paper, your mobile phone charge is
automatically shown using a new concept timer using a microcontroller circuit. Through
this concept mobile will not be charged and battery life will be long and battery efficiency
remains the same as previous. In this concept we have used two circuits one transmitter
and other receiver circuits, the transmitter circuit is AC to the DC correction circuit and
then it is controlled by pulse-width modular circuits. Foreshine mutation The secondary
coil is connected to the primary coil in the transmitter, from Acid to DC Bridge Circuit, it
is used to connect the charger pin to the mobile port. A microcontroller with timer circuits
is used to avoid the height of the battery.
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction

Wireless power transmission is a source of electrical energy from sources for a

distance other than a wireless or cable. Every day, new technologies make our life easier.
Wireless charging via resonance can be one of the next technologies that bring in the next
future. In this project, it has been shown that low-power devices can be wirelessly charged
with inductive coupling. This reduces the complications arising from the use of
conventional cable systems. In addition, the project also exposes the new possibilities of
wireless systems in our daily life uses.We live in a world of technological advances New
technology raises every day to make our life easier. In spite of this, we still rely on our
everyday low power devices such as mobile phones, digital cameras, and even on mid-
power devices like laptops, on the classical and conventional cable systems.The
conventional cable system creates a mess when it comes to charging different devices
simultaneously. It accepts many electric sockets and each device has its own design for
charging port. A question might arise at this time. If these devices are charged without
using a single device with a single device, then there is no problem in the process? We
gave it a thought and came up with an idea.
This is a simple and effective way of connecting the solution to these contexts in a
modern, wireless way of transmitting electricity. Wireless Power Transmission (WPT):
Electric energy efficient transmission in the atmosphere without using one vacuum or
cable or any other substance from one point to another. It can be used for applications
where an instant amount or continuous supply of energy is required, but where
conventional cables are unreasonable, inconvenient, expensive, dangerous, unwanted or
impossible. Using inductive coupling for small range, power can be sent using resonant
induction for high-range medium-range and electromagnetic wave power transfer. WPT is
a technology that can transport electricity in places, which is otherwise not possible or is
inadequate to reach. Mid Power Devices can be the next big thing by charging low power
devices and ending intermittent connections.
 The purpose of this project is to design and form a method to transmit wireless
electrical power through space and charge a designated low power device. The system
will work using resonator coils to transmit a resisting load power from an AC line.
Different geometric and physical structure factors are investigated to increase connectivity
between transmitters and receivers. Being successful in this way will stop the use of chairs
in charging process, so it is easy and easy to charge a low power device. It will also ensure
the protection of the device as it eliminates the risk of short circuits. The purpose is to use
a single power outlet, which is likely to charge multiple low power devices simultaneously
using single source.
1.2 Problem Statement
People use gadgets to improve their daily routine work every day. The gadget is
using the power socket as their power supply. If they use many gadgets in their daily life,
then this may be the reason for lack of power socket. Nowadays people are using
smartphones to make their living easier. The problem they are experiencing is the rapidly
dissolving smartphones using multi- applications on standby time or standby batteries.
Wireless power transfer was invented by Nikola Tesla in 1839. Vacuum bulbs without
using the cable. Wireless power transfer resonance is used for power exchange through
coil. Figure 1.1 shows the comparison of using wire charging and wireless power transfer
charging.

Figure 1.1: Comparison of using wire charging and wireless power transfer
charging.
 The difference is the wireless power transfer charging is more tidy and manageable,
it also make user more comfortable to using Smartphone without charging using wires.
The problem needs to be highlighted in this project, where wireless power transfers can be
transferred to a long range or only for a short range. Then, the power of wireless power
transfer can be effective from the components used in the coil. Wireless power transfer
needs to be implemented in our lives. It will make people use gadget for better life. In this
project, a test can be used analytical and proven wireless power transfer and get wireless
power transfer skills. On the other hand, we need to consider the health conditions of radio
radiation handover.

1.3 Objectives

The purpose of this project is to achieve various objectives Successfully.

1.Investigation of a wireless power transfer system using a resonant coil.

2.To develop and study the system and examine it to establish its effectiveness

3.Use the LabVIEW software to verify the wireless power transfer coil.

1.4 METHODOLOGY

This topic will consist:

i. Project flow chart

ii. Case study wireless power transfer using magnetic resonance coupled. iii.
Experiment on wireless power transfer coils
iv. Develop the system and validate the performance. v. Analyse result
vi. Result and analysis
 1.4.1 Project Flow Chart
Figure 1.2 show the project flow chart used to make sure this project is successfully
done before the due date of this project.

Figure 1.2: Flow chart for the methodology of the Project.

1.4.2 Operating Principles

Operation principles of wireless power transfer system are similar to the surface-
based wireless power transmission system used for communication between robot
swarms.
In a resonant system, the circular current in the resonant coil is greater that the drive
coil by the quality factor, Q.Wireless power transfer system circuit uses the MOSFET
power to get a desired transfer frequency. Figure 1.3 show the block diagram of wireless
power transfer transmitter.
 Figure 1.3: Block diagram of wireless power transfer system

During a change in the current flow in a coil transmitter, a resonance is added by the
LC receiver coil. Current is induced in receiver coil at the transmission frequency, which
set as resonance frequency. Resonance frequency can be calculated from the inductance
and capacitance of the LC circuit.

1.4.3 Magnetic Resonance Coupling

Resonance is an event that takes place in the nature of a variety of types, it is

associated with energy consumption in two modes. In a resonance system, it is possible to
build up large energy stored on the system only due to weak tension and if it is more than
the system's loss rate, then the power lost in the system. Figure 1.4 is the example circuit
for resonator.
 Figure 1.4: Example of a resonator

The behaviour of an isolated resonator can be defined by two fundamental

parameters, its resonance frequency, and its intrinsic loss rate, . The ratio of these two
parameters define the quality factor or Q of the resonator (Q = /2 ) a measure of how well
it stores energy.
This wireless power transfer will use the magnetic resonance connection method,
this method transmits an ability to transmit in long distance with a highly efficient and
robustness and takes antenna or known coil positional transfer. The coil concept will be
designed is solenoid.

1.5 Thesis Outline

In this section, the outline of project report is presented. This report includes of six
chapters and each chapter is explained.
Chapter 1: Discuss the introduction related to Wireless Power Transfer Systems.
The problem statement, the purpose and the project are remarkably brief and clear.
Chapter 2: Discusses the literature review on wireless power transfer systems.
History of wireless power transfer.
Chapter 3: In this chapter the theory behind the design of the project is given.

Chapter 4: This chapter gives a detailed explanation on how the device once
assembled operates. It also explains the components used and their role in the design of
each part of the device.
 Chapter 5: This chapter, the results obtained are explained and discussed. The
modifications that were carried out are also explained in this section.

Chapter 6: This chapter gives the conclusion and recommendations after

completion of the final year project. It covers assessment of whether project objectives
and scope were achieved, a highlight of areas for future development, bibliography and
appendices.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEWS
2.1 Introduction

Wireless power transfer system has been tried several times throughout the last few
centuries. The conception ideas started in the experiment of Henrik Hertz and Nikola
Tesla in the 1890s and continued until this day. Although Nikola Tesla was confident
about the idea of his transfer, and nobody was able to verify this idea. Nowadays, wireless
power transfer is widely displayed through induction. Even though the wireless power
transfer through induction limits a very small distance. This chapter provides a literary
review of wireless power transfer history.

2.2 History of Wireless Power Transmission

2.2.1 19th century development and dead end
In the nineteenth century, many theories of theory were developed and counter
theory about how to send electrical power. The circular law of Andrée-Marie Ampere
Amper in 1826 shows that electric current creates a magnetic field. In 1831, Michael
Faraday described that electromotive power combines its induction with a time-changed
magnetic floc to a conductor drive in a conductor loop. Without the wire, the transmission
of electrical energy has been observed by many inventors and researchers, but lack of a
coherent theory has suddenly led to the phenomenon of the electromagnetic index. A brief
explanation of these events came from Maxwell's equation by James Clark Maxwell,
1860, which established the theory that electromagnetism combined the power and
magnetism, which predicted the existence of an electromagnetic wave as the "radio"
carrier. . Approximately 1884, Henry Poison Panning defined the vector and gave the
theory of poning, which describes the electricity flow in an area of electromagnetic
radiation and allows accurate analysis of radio energy transfer systems. theory followed
the legitimacy of Henrik Rudolf Hertz's theory of 1888, of which there was evidence of
radio waves.
 At the same time, two schemes of wireless signaling were placed by William Henry
Ward (1871) and Mahlon Lumis (1872), which were based on the false belief that there is
an electric atmospheric layer at low altitude. Both the innovative patents mention that this
layer connected with a return path using "Earth Currents" allows the wireless telegraph, as
well as the telegraph supply power, to stay away with the artificial batteries and to be used
for lighting, heat and purpose. Could power A more effective demonstration of radio
transmission via Amos Dolbyer's 1879 magneto electric telephone came out, which
operated the ground for transmitting more than a quarter of a mile.

2.2.2 Tesla

After 1890, inventor Nikola Tesla tested the spark-powered radio frequency resonant
transformer with the help of modern and capacitive coupling with power, which is now
known as Tesla
Coles, which produces high AC voltage. Then he tried to develop a radio lighting
system based on nearby producers and managed a series of capacitive coupling and public
protests where he published bright light bulbs from gisler tubes and even a stage. He can
increase the distance that can illuminate a lamp using an acceptable LC circuit connected
to the transmitter's LC circuit with resonance. Using similar recurring pairs. Tesla failed to
produce a commercial product outside of his research, but his resonant's modern joint
machine is now widely used in electronics and is currently being implemented on low-
range wireless power systems.
Tesla went on to develop a radio power distribution system, which he hoped would
be able to send a long distance of electricity and electricity. Early on, he assumed
borrowing from Mahlon Lumis, that the balloons created a system to suspend transmission
of electrodes in altitude of 30,000 feet (9,100 meters) high and propose to supply
electricity from where he feels that the pressure would send him high voltage. Will give
(millions of volts) long distances.
 In 1899, it established a test facility at high altitude in Colorado Springs, to study
further the meteorological nature of low pressure air. He operated there in a large coil
operating in the Megavolts range, and he examined the lightning strikes made from the
electronic sound, he led there wrongly that he could use the entire world of the earth for
the electrical power execution.
This theory involves the driving of its resonant frequency, instead of the existing
branches in the world, working against a higher capacitance to create the probability of
world's prosperity from the driving Tesla coil. Tesla thought that it would allow similar
electricity with similar capacitive antenna to the current power anywhere with little
electricity in any part of the world.

Figure 2.1:Tesla's unsuccessful Wardenclyffe power station.

Figure 2.2:Experiment in resonant inductive transfer by Tesla

 His observations believe that the high voltage used in a coil at some feet feet height
will "break down the air layer", eliminating the need for balloon missiles to create its
atmospheric return circuits. Tesla is the world's information and power broadcasts to offer
"World Wireless System" in the following year. In 1901, he tried to build a large high-
voltage radio power plant at Shorham in New York, which is now called the Wardenloft
Tower, but in 1904 the investment dried it and this facility never ended.
2.2.3 Nearby fields and non-radiation technology
The modern power transfer was among the earliest wire cables, the first wireless
power technology was developed, in the 1800s the transformer was available after it was
developed. Induction heating has been used since the early 1900s. With the advent of
cordless device, induction charging studies have been developed to overcome the dangers
of electric shock for wet environment applications such as electric toothbrushes and
electric razors. One of the first applications of formal transfers was the power of electric
engines. In 1892, Morris Hutton and Maurice LeBalck patented a radio system for the
power of train trains using Resouge Coils, which was connected to the 3KGJ track cable.
The first passive RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology was invented by
Mario Cardulo (1973) and Kouël et al. (1975) and used in proximity cards and contactless
smartcards in the 1990's.
Recently, the expansion of portable wireless communication devices like mobile
phones, tablets, and laptop computers has been developing mid-range wireless power and
charging technologies to eliminate the requirements of connecting these devices to wall
plugs during charging. Wireless Power Consortium was established in 2008 to develop
standards for manufacturers throughout
the world. Its Quive Inductive Power Standard, released on August 24, enables high
efficiency charging and powering of portable devices up to 5 watts more than the distance
of 4 cm (1.6 in). The wireless device is placed on a flat charger plate (for example, can be
embedded at the top of the table in the cafe), and the charge is transferred from a flat coil
to the device's equivalent one. In 2007, a team led by Marin Solizic in MIT used a dual
resonance transmitter to transmit the diameter of 10 mhz with 25 mm diameter and 10
watts (6.6 ft) (eight feet) of the transmitter coil diameter).
 In 2008, Greg Leigh and Mike Kane's team of Nevada Lightning Lab used a fixed
dual resonance transmitter, with a radius of 60 cm radius of 57 cm radius, and using a
similar grounded dual resonance receiver, a 12-meter (39 ft) distance was transferred
through an electrical return circuit. In 2011, Christopher A. Professor Kevin Warwick of
Tucker and Review University, Tesla 1900 Patent Revitalized 0,645,576 small scale and
demonstrated power transmission with a coil diameter of 10 cm (3.9 inches) on 4 meters
(13 feet). Resulting frequency of 27.50 MHz with 60.5% effective efficiency.
2.2.4 Microwave and laser
Prior to World War II, there was little progress in wireless transmission. Radio was
developed for communication purposes, but it can not be used for power transmission
because at least the frequency radio wave spreads from all directions and reaching a little
power receiver. In radio contact with the receiver, an amplifier intensifies a weak signal
using the power from another source. For power transmissions, transmitters need efficient
transmitters that can create high- frequency microwaves, which can be focused on narrow
bees towards a receiver.
During the First World War, the development of microwave technology, such as
closton and magnetron tubes and parabolic antennas, created for the first time the radiation
(remote-field) method and the first long-distance wireless power transmission was
achieved by William C. Brown in the 1960s. In 1964 Brown discovered Recta, which
could convert the microwave into a DC Power efficiently, and in 1964 it was first shown
with wireless-powered aircraft, a model helicopter powered by a microwave surrounded
by soil. A major motivation for microwave research in the 1970s and 80s was the
development of solar energy satellites. By Peter Glazer in
1968, it is assumed that it will collect energy from sunlight using solar cells and
absorb the earth as a microwave in a large rectangle, which will convert electric power
into electric power grids. As a technical director of the JPL / Reeththon program in 1975,
54% DC conversion expertise showed a long-range infection with a microwave out of
microwave power 475 watt of Brown Microwave Power. In NASA's Jet Proposition
Laboratory, he and Robert Dickinson sent the 30- meter DC output power from 1.5 mph to
2.38 gHz microwave, from 26 m to 7.3 x 3.5 m rectangular air. The incident-Rafiq's DC
conversion efficiency was 80%. In 1983, Japan introduced the Microx (Microwave
Eonosphere Alien Interaction Experiment), a rocket test to test the transmission of high-
power microwaves through the entoafia.
In recent years, the focus of research has become a development of radio-propelled
drone aircraft, which sponsored Brown's research with the Defense of Defense Rampe
(Reithian Airborne Microwave Platform) project in 1959. Canada's Communication
Research Center created a small prototype aircraft in 1987, known as the Stationary High
Height Relay Platform (SHARP), which will restore the telecommunications information
among the world's points, such
as the communication satellite. Driven by a recta, it can fly up to 13 miles (21 km)
high and may stay high for several months. In Kyoto University, in 1992, a ore advanced
crafts were known, it is known as Mileax (Emacavove Lifted Airplane Apartment).
In 2003, NASA blasted the first laser-powered plane. Smaller model plane motors
were powered by a ground-based laser from a bee of infrared light, powered by photocals,
when a control system looked at the laser in the plane.

2.3 Basic Principles of Wireless Power Transfer

The radio was discovered by a person named Nikola Tesla who was "Father of
Wireless", he is the one who the first person that conceived the idea of transmitting power
through the air has been around for over century, with the Nikola Tesla’s pioneer idea and
his experiments attempts to do so. Most of the wireless power transfer systems use some
electromagnetic (EM) fields that are sent to power. Figure 2.1 shows the simple block
diagram of wireless power transfer. There are three type of wireless power transfer that
can use in wireless power transfer that is radioactive transfer, inductive coupling and
resonant coupling.
 Figure 2.3: Basic Block Diagram of Wireless Power Transfer

There are three type of wireless power transfer that can use in wireless power
transfer that is radiative transfer, inductive coupling and resonant coupling. Radiative
transfer are suitable to exchange information and transfer a small power in miliwatts, most
of it were wasted into free space. For inductive coupling, it can be transmitted the power
with high efficiency but in very short distance.
Last type is resonant coupling, it can transfer high power at medium distance. Basic
principles of resonance system based on the possibility of forming two separate coils with
same frequency similar to high frequency magnetic coupling and high exchange capacity.

2.4 Justification for the Study

The capacity for wireless transmission capabilities has increased over the years.
Currently a research is being conducted to obtain the appropriate method that can be
used in lots of uses such as device development. The following are reasons why it is
important:
a) Flexibility: WPT conductors and cable use will be removed. Instead, there are
many wiring power running on power devices from power sources that can be sent
wirelessly, so avoid mess created by wire and many more devices can be driven without
having all their energy sources.
 b) Safety: With the increase in electrification in the area, there are electric shock
cases people even the animals have been rampant to end up touching the conveyor. WPT
will be exhaust the conductors thus preventing electric shock.
c) Convenience: Convenient use of WPT application devices will be enabled. Fo
example, the pacemaker in the medical field that uses the battery can be re-branded
battery life is over when compared to having every surgical. For this, the cost will
be saved surgery and more a convenient alternative.
d) Reliability: Many times people are using a device and it runs out of power yet
one doesn’t have a cord to charge the device or perhaps there is no source of power
around. However with WPT the devices can be charged wirelessly hence the risk of low
battery power will be eliminated.

2.5 Main concepts of wireless transmission of electric energy

As a result of the extensive research in WPT, various categories have arisen. WPT
can be categorized in terms of efficiency, distance of transmission, power level and size.
Classification based on distance of transmission however is more relevant.

Figure 2.4: Classification of WPT

 For both electromagnetic sources electric (e-fields) and magnetic (H-field) fields are
created around it. These fields are characterized by radioactive and non-radiation
components. Depending on the distance from the source they can be close to the field,
near the transfer zone or the remote area. Transit area has both the transfer characteristics
of nearby and far fields. The area of adjacent field can be said to be found in the radius of
the wavelength, where the
fields are located outside the radius of two wavelengths. However, it is less than the
wavelength for transmitters and receivers. Far field transfer is only one type, whereas all
polarization types in the adjacent field movements are vertical, horizontal, elliptic and
circular.
The study found a high efficiency during transfer time so far near the transfer place.
This can be attributed to both reducing electrical and magnetic fields proportionally the
distance from the source. In addition, the neighboring region allows higher division of the
wave, resulting in a strong range of strong sharpness and weak direction. In all this light,
more research has been done to improve the relocation of remote areas compared to
remote field transfers.
Both near field transfer and far field are further categorized based on the method of
operation of the transfer. Some of the methods are as follows:

Far Field Transfer:

a) Microwave Power transfer

In this method, the DC is supplied to the microwave generator, which is converted

into microwaves. Radioactivity occurs through the coaxial-waveguide adapter and then
through the
waveguide circular, which reduces the radiation from external energy.
 Finally, the radiation flows through the tuner and directional coupler device, which
separates the signal according to the direction of the signal transmission. The radiation is
then transmitted through the antenna on the air, Where it is obtained by antenna in
rectennial, where microwave radiation passes through a low pass filter, then a matching
network and then it is converted into DC as a rectifier.

Figure: 2.5: Microwave Power Transfer

b) Photo electricity

c) Propagating electromagnetic waves

Near Field Transfer

a) Inductive Coupling

2.6 A summary of the main WPT Interface Standards and Alliances as of January
2015
 Table 2.1: Summary of main WPT Interface:

Organizatio WPC PMA A4WP

n Established 2008 2012 2012
No. of 203+ 80+ 140+
Transfer
members Inductive Inductive Magnetic
type Max. 5W
coupling (10- coupling
5W (10- resonance
up to 50W
Range
transfer power Short range 15W soon)
15W soon) Short range Mid-range
Transfer 100 to 205 277 to 357 6.78 MHz
Latest
frequency kHz 1.1.2 kHz PMA1.1 A4WP-S-
Certified
version 684 24 -
0001 v1.2
Authorized
Products 10 3 2
test labs

2.7 Summary of the chapter

This section contains an assessment of current work with respect to the existing
work. It is dedicated to critically reviewing technical and academic literature in previous
work of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT).In this chapter we discussed about history of
wireless power transfer, main concepts of wireless transmission of electric energy, basic
principles of wireless power transfer, and the justification for the study.
 CHAPTER 3
THEORETICAL MODEL
3.1 Introduction

In this chapter the main topics that will be discussed is the theoretical framework
and approaches used to complete this project. In this experiment we used some
components that are discussed in this chapter.

3.2 Wireless transfer by Inductive Coupling

Wireless transmission capabilities are based on the right reasons for electromagnetic
field correctly electromagnetic induction. Biot-Savart's law, Which is similar to the laws
of Coulomb, states that the magnetic field intensity dH at r due to the current element Idl
at r' is dR. It gives the relation between the magnetic field and the length, direction,
proximity and current length of electricity through which it has been created.

Figure: 3.1: Magnetic flux

Where R is the full displacement vector from the current source to the field point, Idl
infinitesimal current source point in the wire. A magnetic field of Br is produced by the
copper coil. The magnitude of the magnetic field is affected by r which is the distance of
the field point from the center of the coil. Magnetic field B coil current i proportional.
Suppose two copper laminated coils are located near the field while grabbing as well as
combine one magnetic field is generated. However, only the transmitter coil is operated
and current flows through it. This magnetic field created by TX coil at point x is being
made in the RX coil.

Where N is the number of coil spin, I is the current of the transmitter current, it is a
radius TX quilts are the separation distance between D and TXX. Rx will be given by the
magnetic flux that will pass through the coil:

Magnetic flux density generated by B transmitter and ST receiver coil surface area.

In the transmitter coil current is flowing, depending on the time the receiver creates
magnetic flux variations in the coil. An electromotive force (emf) will be induced in RX
coil.Which is obtained by applying Faraday’s law of induction which states that “The
induced emf ε
in a coil is proportional to the negative of the rate of change of magnetic flux”.
 For a coil that contains n loops, the total motivated MMF will be large

Where Φ is the magnetic flux. EMF tech coil is currently driving magnetic fields are
opposed to the change in the timing of magnetic floc in accordance with Lenz's law.
Therefore, the power is transferred from the TX quoy to the RX coil. An MMF can be
launched in the following way:

(i) by varying the magnitude of B with time as in the figure below

Figure 3.2: Magnitude of B

(ii) by varying the magnitude of A, i.e., the area enclosed by the loop with time22

Figure 3.3: Magnitude of A

 The property of self-inductance circuits opposes the current change of its own
magnetic field circuits. Self-inductance of the coil can be defined as:
L=N Φ/I
Where N is the number of these magnetic flux and I have the coil current. Therefore,

Where L is self-inductance of the coil, M is mutual inductance of two coils, I is the

current of the coil. So the emf induced in the coil directly proportional to the mutual
inductance of the
coils and rate at which the current is oscillating. Mutual inductance can also be
given

M=K(L1L2)^½

Where k is the coupling factor, L1 and L2 are TX and RX inductances. Coupling

factor determines the grade of coupling, i.e. how much the total floc floc is entered inside
receiver coil If the current option is, get:

Therefore,
 It clearly shows that the voltage introduced in the second coil depends on current
and voltage in the primary coil, current and voltage frequency in the primary coil, the
separation distance between coils and coil’s surface area. As a result, two coil coupling
systems are illustrated below.

Figure 3.4: The two coil coupling system

Connectors representing C1 and C2 are tuning capacitors, L1 and L2 are mutual

inductance M, R1 and R2 are composite resistance .d is the distance between the coils and
V1 and V2 are input
and output voltages. Second coil output can be defined as energy:

Where ω is the operating frequency of the system, RL is load resistance. RL is load

resistance. Thus the overall efficiency of the system depends only on transmission
frequency, mutation, coils' parasite resistances and load resistance.
The Q factor which is defined as the proportional proportion of the resistance coil
energy is performed and determines the overall efficiency of the system. A high Q factor a
low power loss and so good means the transmission efficiency.
 Generally there are question factor values from 0 to 1000 for WPT coils. It is
defined as

Where L is the inductance of the coil, R is its resistance and is the operating
frequency of the system. Of course, increasing the operating frequency increases the Q
factor. However, when it is reaching its peak value, it will decrease as the operating
frequency continues to rise.
A higher Q factor means a narrow band-width, thereby allowing dropping coupling
efficiency and a tuning circuit. Maximum transfer efficiency is defined by:

Where k is the coupling factor between two coils, Q1and Q2are the quality factors of
the transmitter and receiver coils. As a result, to reach maximum efficiency, developers
should optimize their system coupling and quality reasons.

3.3 Advantages of Wireless Charger

1. Safe for human, simple implementation.

2. Charging multiple devices simultaneously with multiple capacities, high charging

skills.
3. It improves user-friendliness as the hassle from connecting cables is removed.
Different models of different brands and devices can use the same charger.
 4. It increases flexibility, especially in devices for which batteries or replacement
chargers for charging are expensive, dangerous, or disabled (eg body-implanted sensors).
5.It render the design and fabric of many smaller devices without battery
attachments.
6. It provides better product durability (e.g., waterproof and dustproof) for contact-
free devices.
7.If wireless communications are not acceptable or wireless charging is convenient
and the product is embedded in the product or the product can not reach.Wireless charging
is usually used in medical devices and food products where electric shock or bacterial
layers should be kept to the lowest and no electrical contact is allowed.
8.Wiring charging can also reduce the amount of cables and power adapters you
need to have custom manufactured for your device or application.
9.Wireless charging can be sized to deliver 5W or 10W of energy to the battery. It
can be a good solution to charge your battery.It can charge your battery at a faster speed,
depending on the size of the battery pack.
10.In most applications the distance between the two coils is typically 5mm.It is
possible to extend the extent to at least 35 mm.

3.4 Disadvantages of wireless Charger

1. The main disadvantages of low efficiency and heat dissipation wireless charging.
It has low efficiency and resistant heat is more than direct contact charging. Very slow
charge of low frequency device. In the same case with older drive technology. It's smart
steps to keep the device on the mat and keep it cool. It is easily charged.
2. One of the reasons that wireless charging has not been fully integrated is that it
can still be slower and less efficient than a traditional charger. It is important to mention
that this factor is technology based. Some wireless chargers can not only reach the same
level of efficiency as traditional charging, so the process continues to be slow. In addition,
the heat produced in certain
types of wireless charging technologies is generally more than the conventional method of
charging.
3. Mobility. Must have mobile device pad for charge. It can not be moved around
with it as with direct contact charger with cable. It can not be operated during
charging.Though the signal transmitted between your smartphone and the charging station
is wireless, it is still necessary to plug the charging station to the wall. Therefore, the
devices currently available on the market are not portable and therefore do not allow you
to 'continue'. If you have a plug for the human chain charging stations, then come with a
portable battery that can be charged. Go till there is enough power to maintain its energy.

4. My biggest challenge was to adjust before. There is no real value of wireless

charger yet. Losses are covered by the advantages of wireless charging and hence more
people are going to buy at least one wireless charger. Still, I found a brand that was able to
support 3 of my devices that I use for mobile photography (Samsung S5 and iPhone 6).

3.5 Summary of the chapter

This chapter elaborates on the method of wireless power transfer that was selected
which is inductive coupling. Ending of this chapter we know about wireless transfer by
inductive coupling, and advantages and disadvantages of wireless charger.
 CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT
4.1 Introduction
The most efficient way to develop end applications for Qi wireless charging is to
start with available evaluation kits (EVK) or evaluation modules (EVM).These tools show
the designers easy and fast performance features and performance of potential devices, to
speed up the development effort. Some tools even got Q certification by independent
testing facilities, and can therefore be used as Qi-compliant reference designs. Mouser
stocks both Qi Wireless Power Transmitters and Q Wireless Power Receiver Evaluation
Modules. This complete transmitter- side and receiver-side solution, with all necessary
components, such as allowing the coils to be
evaluated promptly. The receiver needs to be installed in a Qi-compliant wireless
charging pad to test the module and likewise, the transmitter evaluation module needs to
be connected to a Qi- compliant receiving device.
4.2 General Principle of Design
The general principle of operation is designed using relative coupling and energy
transfer is possible and ensure that the transfer between nearby fields is possible. Designed
for versatile and optimization, battery charging circuits are power efficient and prevent
damage.
Circuit has been divided into two categories:
1.Transmitter circuit
2.Receiver circuit
Transmitter circuit comprised of the power supply, boost converter, royar oscillator
and copper laminated coils. The receiver side had the receiver coil, rectifier,etc.
 The figure below shows the block diagram of the design:

Figure 4.1: block diagram of the design

AC supplied from power supply and feeding electricity supply. It is down and then
stepped corrected to give DC power. DC voltage is then passed through the voltage
regulator LM7805, so give a constant 5V DC. A significant reason for this DC signal is
not enough make a big emf that will cause the induction. 5V is then fed to DC booster
converter increase the 30V voltage.
30V now becomes the input of the royar oscillator circuit. The oscillator then
accepts AC voltage AC power with a high frequency change.

Working of transmitter circuit

Our project is made of a DC power source, an oscillator circuit, in the transmitter
module (Commonly known as an electrode) and a transmitter coil. DC power source
oscillator circuit inputs a fixed DC Provides voltage. until now, This DC power is
converted to a high frequency AC power and the transmitter coil is supplied. Transmitter
coil, energized by high frequency AC current, produces an alternative magnetic field.

DC Supply
DC power source consists of a simple step down transformer and a correction
circuit. The Transformer moves the voltage to a desired level and the rectifier circuit AC
voltage is DC. Converts.
Oscillator Circuit
Planned prototype oscillator circuit for the project is a modified rye oscillator. This
oscillator circuit is incredibly easy yet a very powerful design. Extremely high recurring
current semiconductor can be achieved with this circuit. Here the high current magnetic
fields need to increase strength.
Oscillator circuit work
The circuit contains two chocons with labeled L1 and L2, two semiconductors (N-
channel here enhancement power-mossafts), labeled C2 and an indicator (here the
transmitter coil) with a similar capacitor Q1 and Q2 labeled. Cross-acceleration response
diodes are supplied through D1 and D2, R1.The rising network for R3 and R2, R4
MOSFETS. When the force is applied, the DC flows through the current between the two
coils of the coil and the drainage of the transistor. At the same time the voltage is
displayed in both the gates and the transistor started to start. A transistor is going to be
slightly faster and more than the other. Current coil (transformer) saturates will continue
to grow up. Resonance Capacitor C increase the voltage across the private first and then
fall into a standard sine wave pattern. Considering the turn of Q1, the drain voltage of Q1
will be bound to land, when the drainage voltage of Q2 will rise to a peak and then the
tank made by the capacitor and coil the primary oscillator is formed through one
half circle. Then, D1 will be advancing in advance by more voltage than D2 and so it will
turn on Q2 and cycle repeat. Applying load secondary (source coil), defined by the coil,
capacitor value and the addition of lower amounts, run in the Oscillator frequency.Known
formula for operating frequency resonance,
F = 1/2 × π × √ (LC)
Transmitter coil
The transmitter coil for this project was built with 9 mm diameter, 17 swg copper
wires and 100 turns.
From the inductance of a single layer air core coil, we inductance L = 8.1 uH.
Working of reciever circuit
The receiver module of our project consists of a receiver coil, a rectifier circuit and a
voltage Regulator IC And additional wild converter get more current by reducing the 5
volt output voltage.
An AC voltage receiver coil is introduced. The rectifier circuit is DC. Transforms it
and the voltage regulator helps in maintaining a fixed voltage in IC load.

Receiver Coil
The receiver coil for our project is designed as a transmitter coil with the same
quality.

MOSFETS
MOSFETS is supplied copper coil which causes a large current. The

The image below shows the circuit of the transmitter section.

The transmitter circuit section has two power MOSFETs which are biased using the
resistors R1, R2, R3, R4.There is also a choke made up of inductors L1 & L2.L2.The
capacitors C operate as resonating capacitors to ensure the coils are at resonant
frequencies.
 Figure 4.2: Transmitter section circuit
These two diodes provide cross-engined feedback in D1 and D2. Transmitter is the
coil l which is essentially a promoter where electromagnetic induction occurs. The coil
used in this case is 25. When power is given to the oscillator circuit, the DC current starts
flowing through the two sidesof the coil (L1&L2) and also to the Drain terminals of the
MOSFET. In the same instant time, both the transistors are shown voltage in the gate
terminal and try to turn on transistors. Anyone of the
transistor will be faster than the other and it will turn ON first. When the first Q1 is
launched, its drain voltage will be stuck in the ground. Meanwhile Q2 will be closed state.
Once Q2 is in place, its drain voltage starts to learn and immediately starts dropping due to
the capacitor C and primary coil formed by the tank circuit.

In the receiver side the circuit was as below:

Figure 4.3: Receiver Circuit

When the receiver coil is placed in the field range from the transmitter coil, the
transmitter extends magnetic field into the coil and generates it which induces an AC
voltage the current flow in the wireless charger receiver coil. The transmitted AC voltage
is then fed rectifier which it converts to DC. A capacitive filter is used to extract any
wave. The voltage of the revised voltage controller is fed and the voltage is controlled and
constant. Output 5V DC is controlled.
4.3 Components
Table 4.1: Required components

Items Quantity
TTC 5200 Transistor 1
Heat Sink 1
Resistor 1
25 Gauge wire As required
1N4007 Diode 4 ,for making a bridge
5-8 cm round anything for connection
1
12 volt power supply
coil winding 1
Bread board 1
Capacitors As required
Charging put and 1

4.4 Hardware
4.4.1 Power Supply

Figure 4.4: Power Supply

 Oscillator supplies require 30V DC Used power supply unit gave an output 5V DC.
There is a transformer reducing the 230V ACT supplied in the power supply 9V AC
ocean. A full wave bridge correction is then fixed 9V AC. Full wave bridge half wave
rectifier for a large, because the half of the wave bridge correction is preferred over the
rectifier. If the capacitor exceeds AC cycle, the voltage will be retained during that gap.
The bridge rectifier has 80% efficiency so the corrected output was less than the input.
The output received was 7.2V DC. This voltage is still reluctant and thus pulsating
anyway. Smoothening capacitors are needed. Charge as a smoothening capacitor supply.
The correctional voltage is thus fall in any evening on the smoothened DC voltage. Then
the voltage is fed stable LM7805 which ensures a stable output voltage of 5V.

4.4.2 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

Receiver side receptive transmitted current is AC. But for battery charging purposes
, DC needs correction. The design is a complete wave bridge rectifier instead of a half-
wave rectifier. It is basically a full wave correction but instead of using four diodes.
Then there are two bridge corrections which form the weapon. It was used for the
following reasons:
I. It does not require a center tap on secondary winding, so the AC voltage can be
fed directly into the bridge circuit.
II. For its construction, the crystal diode can be used. Diodes are easily available
Market and cheap circuits are more compact.
III. Transformer use high power.
 There are four diagonal arms. When the AC voltage is applied to one arm, the
correction is DC voltage received from the opposite hand. The bridge rectifier performs
positive and negative half-cycle. Point A is positive and point B is negative during
positive cycle. In this case diodes D1 and D2 will take place when the D3 and D4 will be
closed. D1 and D2 forward this point feeling and conducting a series with loads. The
image in the current current as current down:

During negative half-rounds, the AC voltage feeding constant is such as the opposite
point B is now positive when the point becomes a negative. In this case Diodes D3 and D4
will be launched which means they can advance preferential, so it can be useful when D1
and D2 are closed reverse bias similarly for the positive AC cycle, the series will be run
with D3 and D4 loads and the current will flow as the following image:

Figure 4.6: Flow of Current 2

It is worth noting that current in the load flows in the same direction for both ac
cycles. For this reason the current wave current is unidirectional current. However the
rectified dc voltage had ripples. The capacitor's response is much smaller than the resistive
price, since a capacitive filter was added to the filter instead of joining.
 4.5 Summary

This section gives a detailed explanation of how to combine devices once. It also
explains the components used and their role in the design of each part of the device.In this
we known about components which are requred for this project. Also learned about basic
circuit diagram of a MOSFET and how it work.In this chapter also discussed about full
wave bridge rectifier and working of receiver & oscillator circuit.
 CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 Results
The main purpose of the project was to develop a device for wireless power transfer.
The device will be an electronic circuit. The objectives of achieving this goal were divided
into specific objectives, which together helped to improve the device. Other objectives
were as follows:
1. Design and assemble a power supply unit. Power supply provides high
frequencies from 230V AC to 12V AC. 12V DC is then fixed to give 5V DC.
2. Step up DC supply. Using a boost converter, the DC voltage is raised to 30V DC.
3. Design and gather a suitable oscillator. For the project, a rye oscillator was
found to be the most suitable. After combining the elements on Veroboard and fabricating
it. The above three purpose consists of transmitter modules.

After assembling and fabricating the components on the veroboard.When

assembled and fabricated it was as depicted in the figure below:
 Figure 5.1: Primary coil & main circuit board

4. Develop transmitters and receiver coils. Electromagnetic induction occurs

between two coils and an emf generated on the TX coil that induces a current on the RX
coil.The coils were embedded on the fabricated casing of the modules.However the
receiver coil is in the figure below:

Figure 5.2: Imbedded Coils or receiver coil

 5. Design receiver module and rectify the AC voltage found in receiver coil.DC
power output needed a correction that would be used for power Element.

5.2 Analysis and Discussion

5.2.1 Coil

To test whether the power was sent, we first sold a LED in the receiver coil. The test
was there Oscillator power only succeeded with 5V DC. But power was also good enough
battery charging circuit made of an LCD and microprocessor. Voltage step by step up to
30V DC uses a boost converter. Two used coils were used and each had an LED lamp.
They both shine brightly. We then added a set of LEDs and the results below were the
results. The acceptable cables were not separated from the transmitter coil. But as though
increase the separation distance separating brightness. This proves that this is really the
distance separation determines the current introduced into the receiver coil. Increase the
distance, less the current flux is inspired from the changes. Tested LED bulbs lit up bright
up to a separation their brightness decreases
significantly after the distance of 5 cm in two kilometers.

Also, the gauze used in the coil is more effective. Currently the most common gauge
in market is

26 and gauge 16. It was noted for gauge coils 16, the separation distance between
the coils was small and also bright the bulb gauge was less than 26. Various objects were
placed in the receiver heat dissipation. They were connected with them. Voltage stepped
up to 30V DC at the primary level of the transmitter circuit The first MOSFET still did not
flush fast. That is the reason that it has been discovered voltage is being fed to a short
circuit power until it is very slowly growing.
 To solve this problem, a reset switch was introduced into power supply and
oscillator circuits. Switch also MOSFETs are able to reset the circuits once heated. It is
also noticed that as long as the voltage has been increased to the oscillator, the power is
much higher Battery charging circuit strength obtained on the load coil was not enough.
This was it Because the receiver coil is slightly out of resonance, it was not able to take it
this way Power is good For this solution we are sure that the same number of coils and
used capacitors were identical, so that the transmitter and receiver circuit were both the
same resonated frequency.
5.2.2 Battery charging circuit
Battery Charging Circuit Amplifier is included, which converts AC to DC, a atomge
328 microcontroller, a 16X2 LCD and a CD 4066 switch. This section was originally there
controlled by the microcontroller. The battery is initially used as a relay switch after it is
full. However it is more current acting as drawing and thus loading. The CD 4066 became
a good one as an alternative it consumed less current and was less bulky than single
channel relay one of the challenges of modern chargers is to complete charging once;
There is nothing like that charge closed user notification To solve this; A buzzer is used
once charging it is complete listening. However this means that the input signal was run
on the same as the fridge frequency and it consumes more energy. Instead there was an
RGB LED has been used. Its operation is loaded coded and microcontroller. It was shown
that once the battery started charging it loaded the correctional voltage significantly drops
it happened. Battery is suspected to be the main cause of internal resistance of this.

5.3 Summary

The goal of this project was to develop and implement a wireless charger for low
power devices through a resonant linkage connection. After analyzing the entire system
for step-by-step optimization, a circuit was designed and implemented.Experimental
results show that significant improvements in terms of power transfer skills have been
achieved. As it was mentioned earlier, wireless charging could be the next big thing.and
transmitter coil to protect sending power has an effect. It is observed that it was not any
significant influence on the power that is transmitted. However when there was a magnetic
element in Coils it was an effect to place within.
 5.4 Oscillator

The royer Oscillator was elected due to its simplicity yet powerful design. It's
capable Which is necessary to increase the energy, which produces very high oscillating
current Magnetic field This is achieved by semi-conductor used. In this case, the power of
IR 540 mosfets. However due to large current, heat exchanges have occurred in the
MOSFET.
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS

6.1 Conclusions

The purpose of the project has been met. An electronic device that transmits
electricity wirelessly and then the charge batteries were developed. We can design
such discrete components as such the royer oscillator, coils and a full bridge voltage
correction for the system design process.
The decisions collected from the project study are as follows:

1. The processor was based on the wireless charging theory through the
introduction coupling used in the project, it can be seen that the various aspects such as
distance, resonance frequency, quality factor; to determine the WPT efficiency of the coil
turned ratio. There is also an addition exponential corrosion for power versus separation
distance.
2.From the analysis it is seen that at the distance of 0 centimeters separation, there
was power transfer the most efficient of the test lighting brightness seen by.
3. Due to small ranges or closest field from prototype, WPT is 5
cm away

Which shifted significantly began to drop.

4. It can also be concluded that WPT can be used in other applications. We are in
the project was able to charge a 9V battery from the power that was transmitted
wirelessly.
5. Finally, we can conclude that WPT is not affected by non-magnetic materials
shielding the
two coils. Because of this it can effectively be used in
medical field charge pacemakers and other devices.
 6.2 Limitations of the Work

High power loss for the long distance of major damage to wireless power transfer.
Even if the distance is too small, we can transfer power efficiently from one point to the
other if the distance increases rapidly.
Some disadvantages:

1. Power Wireless transmission has some effect on human radiation, because its
radiation.
2. Network traffic may cause problems in charging
3. Charging depends on network coverage
4. Rate of charging may be of minute range
5. Actual possibilities are not yet applicable as there is no progress in this field.
6. Process is of high cost
6.3 Future Scopes of the Work

Possible applications and future jobs

Applications:
1) Smart phones, portable media players, digital cameras and tablets.
2) Public Access Charging Terminal.
3) Computer system
4) Miscellaneous: The Wireless Charger finds its way into something with a battery
inside of it. It includes games and TV remote, cordless power equipment, cordless vacuum
cleaners, soap dispensers, hearing aids and even cardiac pacemakers. Wireless chargers
are capable of charging super capacitors (super caps) or a device that is optionally
powered by a low-voltage power cable.
 Work in the future:
To transmit power to a greater distance, a high power radio frequency amplifier
needs to be connected with an oscillator. But heavy RF power amplifiers require a lot of
time and patience to build.
High power vacuum tube transistor amplifier system with high current will be more
efficient. A crystal oscillator circuit can be a good option for circuit transmitter because it
can present a very high frequency AC.
More efforts on this same project can generate some real solutions that can solve the
problem of this project. Knowledge of this project will help those who want to design
wireless charging system.