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    Water Formation Volume Factor

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    Khairil Ikram
    Water formation volume factor (Bw) is the ratio of the volume of water at reservoir conditions to its volume at surface conditions. Bw increases as pressure decreases due to liquid expansion. Below the bubble point pressure, gas is liberated but Bw still increases because liquid shrinkage is outweighed by expansion. Bw is typically measured in a lab but can be estimated using density correlations accounting for dissolved gas. Bw is affected by gas liberation, liquid expansion, and temperature-induced water shrinkage as pressure changes.

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    Water Formation Volume Factor

    Uploaded by

    Khairil Ikram
    632 views3 pages
    Water formation volume factor (Bw) is the ratio of the volume of water at reservoir conditions to its volume at surface conditions. Bw increases as pressure decreases due to liquid expansion. Below the bubble point pressure, gas is liberated but Bw still increases because liquid shrinkage is outweighed by expansion. Bw is typically measured in a lab but can be estimated using density correlations accounting for dissolved gas. Bw is affected by gas liberation, liquid expansion, and temperature-induced water shrinkage as pressure changes.

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    Volume Factor

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    Water formation volume factor (Bw) is the ratio of the volume of water at reservoir conditions to its volume at surface conditions. Bw increases as pressure decreases due to liquid expansion. Below the bubble point pressure, gas is liberated but Bw still increases because liquid shrinkage is outweighed by expansion. Bw is typically measured in a lab but can be estimated using density correlations accounting for dissolved gas. Bw is affected by gas liberation, liquid expansion, and temperature-induced water shrinkage as pressure changes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    632 views3 pages

    Water Formation Volume Factor

    Uploaded by

    Khairil Ikram
    Water formation volume factor (Bw) is the ratio of the volume of water at reservoir conditions to its volume at surface conditions. Bw increases as pressure decreases due to liquid expansion. Below the bubble point pressure, gas is liberated but Bw still increases because liquid shrinkage is outweighed by expansion. Bw is typically measured in a lab but can be estimated using density correlations accounting for dissolved gas. Bw is affected by gas liberation, liquid expansion, and temperature-induced water shrinkage as pressure changes.

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    of 3

    Water Formation Volume Factor (

    Bw

    Water formation volume factor is defined as the ratio of the volume of water at
    reservoir (in-situ) conditions to that at stock tank (surface) conditions. It is occupied by 1
    stock tank barrel (STB) of formation water plus its dissolved gas. It represents the change in
    volume of the formation water as it moves from reservoir conditions to surface conditions.
    The formula is as below.

    Bw

    V reservoir

    V surface

    Effect of Pressure on Formation Volume Factor of Water


    The graph below shows a typical plot of water formation volume factor versus the
    Pb
    Bw
    pressure. As the pressure is decreased to the bubblepoint (
    ), the
    increases as the
    liquid expands. At pressures below the bubblepoint, gas is liberated. But in most cases, the
    Bw
    still will increase because the shrinkage of the water resulting from gas liberation is
    insufficient to counterbalance the expansion of the liquid. This is the effect of the small
    solubility of natural gas in water.

    Fig. 1: A graph of B w versus pressure

    Measuring Water Formation Volume Factor


    The most accurate source of

    Bw

    is from the laboratory data. It can also be

    calculated from density correlations if the effects of solution of gas have been accounted
    Bw
    properly. Eq. 1 is used to estimate
    if solution of gas is included in the laboratory
    measurement.

    .....(1)

    Where :
    Vrc

    volume occupied by a unit mass of water at reservoir conditions (weight of gas


    dissolved in water at reservoir or standard conditions is negligible), ft3,

    Vsc

    volume occupied by a unit mass of water at standard conditions, ft3,

    sc

    density of water at standard conditions, lbm/ ft3,

    rc

    density of water at reservoir conditions, lbm/ ft3.

    The density correlations and the methods of estimating


    described previously. The

    Bw

    sc

    and

    rc

    were

    can be less than 1 if the increase in volume resulting from

    dissolved gas is not great enough to overcome the decrease in volume caused by increased
    Bw
    pressure. The value of
    is seldom higher than 1.06.
    There are also another three effects involved in

    Bw

    . Firstly is liberation of gas from

    water as pressure is reduced. Secondly, the water undergo expansion as the pressure is
    reduced and lastly, the shrinkage of water as the temperature is reduced.

    References
    McCain, W.D. Jr.: McCain, W.D. Jr. 1990. The Properties of Petroleum Fluids, second
    edition. Tulsa, Oklahoma: PennWell Books.
    McCain Jr., W.D. 1991. Reservoir-Fluid Property Correlations-State of the Art (includes
    associated papers 23583 and 23594). SPE Res Eng 6 (2): 266-272. SPE-18571PA. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/18571-PA
    http://www.fekete.com/SAN/TheoryAndEquations/WellTestTheoryEquations/Water_Formati
    on_Volume_Factor.htm
    http://petrowiki.org/Produced_water_formation_volume_factor#Effect_of_pressure_on_form
    ation_volume_factor_of_water

    Chew, J., and Connally, C.A.: /1959/,"A Viscosity Correlation for Gas Saturated Crude Oils",
    Trans. AIME 216, 23 (1959).

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