International Journal of Textile

and Fashion Technology (IJTFT)

ISSN(P): 2250-2378; ISSN(E): 2319-4510
Vol. 12, Issue 1, Jun 2022, 43–60
© TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

FLAME RETARDANT TEXTILES FOR ELECTRIC ARC FLASH HAZARDS: A

REVIEW

LAIZA RACCA, RAPHAEL BORGES MAGALHÃES BERGAMINI, JOSÉ CARLOS DUTRA FILHO
& ADRIANO ALVES PASSOS
SENAI Innovation Institute for Biosynthetic and Fibres /SENAI CETIQT /Rio de Janeiro
ABSTRACT

Research in textile materials with flame retardant properties for protective clothing is part of a macro-trend of
professional protective uniforms development. In this scenario, it is observed a high demand for workers exposed to
risks of electrical hazards caused by electric arcs or flash fire, due to lethality or brutal consequences of it. Therefore,
once its scenario shows an extreme risk, the material used for protective clothing must attend some rigid criteria. That
way, uniform so-called FR (flame or fire retardant) is capable of making ignition difficult and slowing down the flame
spreading, reducing the risk of more severe burn injuries. This article overviews the most used FR textile materials in
personal protection equipment (PPE) that attends voltaic arc protection, current research in textile materials with anti-
flame and arc-flash protection, and investigates the new tendencies in research of materials, methodologies and

Original Article
techniques in FR segment

KEYWORDS: Fire Resistance, Voltaic Arc, Electric Hazards, Protection Textiles & Personal Protection Equipment

Received: Feb 28, 2022; Accepted: Mar 19, 2022; Published: May 14, 2022; Paper Id: IJTFTJUN20225

INTRODUCTION

As a way to guarantee safety and protection for workers that are constantly exposed to burning risks and to
extreme/hostile conditions, some procedures are mandatory. As an example, the use of protective uniform is
capable of protecting or, at least, considerably minimizing possible damages from the industrial activity. According
to data report published by International Labor Organization (ILO, 2018), every 15 seconds a worker dies due to an
accident or a work related disease. In other words, 6,300 deaths per day, which leads to a sum of 2.3 million death
and 300 million injured workers per year. In 2020, the Statistical Yearbook of Electrical Accidents from Brazilian
Association for Awareness of the Dangers of Electricity(ABRACOPEL 2021), through historical data between
2013 and 2020, workers from electrical segment are the main victims of injuries by electrical shock. Only in
2020,Brazil counted 237 deaths in electric network distribution segment (ABRACOPEL 2021).

Activities that involve electrical systems in general will expose operator to risks and make it necessary to
follow safety standards, whether about proper training, correct handling, appropriate Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE), etc. Among the risks in this nature of work, the electric arc is the most harmful and dangerous.
An arc failure may cause serious accidents, such as thermal impact, pressure wave, particle projection, electrical
and toxic impact, as well as lethal burns. In addition, serious damage to equipment, electrical panels and
installations may also be listed(Bulwark FR 2016; Kanokbannakorn et al. 2016; Kumpulainen et al. 2014). Electric
arcs occur when there is a large electrical current passing at high speed through a material that is not conductive,
such as air. This is usually due to short circuits and electrical failures. This event is usually rapid and chaotic, and it

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44 Laiza Racca, Raphael Borges Magalhães Bergamini, José Carlos Dutra Filho & Adriano Alves Passos

can quickly extinguish or ignite. Thus, given its nature, it is difficult to specify the properties of the generated arcs, such as
the value of their impedance, for example. However, it is known that they reach very high temperatures, above 20,000°C at
the point of origin of the arc. Furthermore, there is a great risk of explosion due to the pressure generated during the
formation of these arcs(Senger and Queiroz 2012; Shelke and Wen 2021).

In the last years, flame or fire retardant (FR) and voltaic arc protective garments have proved to be highly efficient
to ensure the safety of workers that are constantly exposed to thermoelectric risks, and several reports of such data can be
found in the literature (Deng et al. 2021; International Labour Organization (ILO) 2019; Kanokbannakorn et al. 2016;
Kumpulainen et al. 2014; NFPA 70E 2020; Rômulo and Senger 2012; Senger and Queiroz 2012; Udayraj et al. 2016). The
Electrical Safety Foundation International (ESFI), using data from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics in 2020, reported that
fatal accidents caused by electrical hazards have been reducing its occurrence since 2003 (Figure 1). Also according to the
ESFI (2020), the graph of non-fatal accidents from 1992 to 2020 (Figure 2) indicates a great decrease, although the
numbers are still high, reinforcing the fact that research and development of safety equipment is essential for keeping this
trend down.

Figure 1: Fatalities Caused by Contact with/Exposure to Electric

current in USA, during 2003 to 2020. Adapted from: (ESFI, 2020).

Figure 2 :– NON-Fatal Accidents Caused By Contact With/Exposure To Electric

Current in USA, During 2003 to 2020. Adapted from: (Esfi, 2020).

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Flame Retardant Textiles for Electric Arc Flash Hazards: A Review 45

It has been proved, through showed data above, the importance of investment and research in protection segment.
The importance of been aware of this data and results are great for the successful development and increase of segment. In
industry or home daily, humans are constantly being exposed to electric hazards and efficient PPE helps to improve quality
life. As a protection segment of great importance for safety, materials must attend high criteria and it is highly
recommended a recent review. According to literature, the most recent document about a review of flash hazards protection
textiles is from 2013 (S. Li et al. 2013).However, there are many research in literature that keeps achieving new fire
resistance level after this, with research about application of new materials in FR segment, green-based technologies and
sources, and even new PPE techniques. The main goal of this paper is to update the lasts reviews in segment by correlating
the fibers used in fire resistance textile segment; determine which of them can guarantee arc voltaic protection and update
what are the new trends in FR material, technologies and methodologies.

2. FIRE RESISTANT TEXTILE MATERIALS

Fire resistant (FR) textile materials can interfere in two or more requirement of combustion process (heat, fuel or oxygen),
leading to a high heat and flame resistance. Its feature can be measure by the temperature of ignition (Tc) or temperature of
pyrolysis (Td), greater the temperature of flame, more flammable is the fiber (Norouzi et al. 2015; Price and Horrocks
2013). Other parameter used to measure the fiber/yarn/fabric flammability is the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI).LOI is a
laboratorial test that measures the relative flammability of materials and its standardized in NFT 51-071 or ASTM D2863.
The test determine the minimum of oxygen concentration [O2] (in percents) of a O2/N2 mixture is needed to either maintain
a 3 minutes flame or the burning of 5 cm of sample’s length (ABNT NBR IEC 60695-2-11 2016; ASTM D2863-00 2017;
EN 60695-2-11 2014). Values lower than 21% (natural oxygen contained in air) are highly flammable; LOI values around
21 – 25% are moderately flammable and, usually, textiles with LOI values higher than 25% are approved in many national
and international standard tests for flame retardant textiles (Khan 2019; Kundu, Gangireddy, et al. 2020; Laoutid et al.
2009; Norouzi et al. 2015; Price and Horrocks 2013).This property can be achieved by two main processes: by using
inherent FR materials or adding to textiles’ surface a chemical treatment(Didane et al. 2012; H. Gu 2009; Gurusamy
Pandian and Ashifa 2020; Hamouda 2018; Kundu, Gangireddy, et al. 2020; Martini et al. 2010; McPartlin et al. 2021;
Trombini 2004; Wan et al. 2020).

Some synthetic fibers, filaments and yarns that present FR properties are usually those thermoset aromatic fibers,
or thermoplastic ones with addition of FR fillers by extrusion or in-situ polymerization, such as phosphorous and non-
halogenated based chemicals, among others(Gurusamy Pandian and Ashifa 2020; Khan 2019; Kundu, Li, et al. 2020;
Liang et al. 2020). There are commonly FR materials used in protection garment confection, such as aramid fibers, with is
classified into two types - meta and para-aramids; viscose fibers; polyamide fibers; modacrylic; polyethylene terephtalate
(PET) fibers; oxidised poly(acrylonitrile) fiber (OPAN) or preoxidized acrylonitrile fiber (PREOX); polybenzimidazole
(PBI); poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) fiber (PBO); phenolformaldehyde fibers, or Novoloid (commercial known
as Kynol®) and Vectran®.

For other side, there are fiber materials that have FR properties but they are not applied in textile segment.
However, considering their performance and flame/fire/heat resistance, those materials should be highlighted and
posteriorly investigated in protection garment segment. One example is polyether ether ketone (PEEK), with one of the
main properties of PEEK is its high resistance in extreme conditions (thermal, chemical, mechanical and abrasion). It is
very used as FR material in many areas, such as: aerospace, automotive and medical(Bourbigot and Flambard 2002;

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46 Laiza Racca, Raphael Borges Magalhães Bergamini, José Carlos Dutra Filho & Adriano Alves Passos

Hufenus et al. 2020; Trivedi and Rachchh 2022).Other significant FR polymer is poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS), with a
sulphur-containing fiber, named as Sulfar by Federal Trade Commission, once its chains structures are unique and does not
apply in polymer classes. PPS main applications includes chemical resistant filters, reinforcing material, and insulators
(Bourbigot and Flambard 2002; Fei 2017; Hufenus et al. 2020).

The wool fiber is also a inherent material, from natural proteic fiber that, beyond increasing comfort, guarantees a
low inherent flame resistance with slow burn and LOI of 25% (Flambard et al. 2002; Weil and Levchik 2008). Cotton in
another natural fiber widely used in textile segment, including fire protection material, despite its low LOI value (18%) and
facilitate to ignite, due to the possibilities of FR surface treatment (Chavali et al. 2020; Grancaric et al. 2017; Wan et al.
2020; S. Wang et al. 2021). Table 1 correlates the principal properties of materials.

Table 1: Most Common Materials Used In Fire Protection Textile Segment And Its Properties
Fiber Fire Comfo
LOI(%) Reference
Material resistance rt
Cotton (Chavali et al. 2020; Qi et al. 2022; Z. Zhang
18 - 54 -- ++
(treated) et al. 2019)
Wool 25 + ++ (Horrocks 2016)
(Amesimeku et al. 2021; Price and Horrocks
Meta aramid 29-30 ++ - 2013; K. Wu et al. 2020; Cong Zhang et al.
2020)
(Amesimeku et al. 2021; Price and Horrocks
Para aramid 29 + -
2013; K. Wu et al. 2020)
(Graupner et al. 2020; Liang et al. 2020; Liu
Viscose 18,9 -- ++
et al. 2020; Ranganathan et al. 2016)
(Y. Y. Li et al. 2017; Price and Horrocks
Polyamide 21-24 +
2013)
(Kim and Kim 2018; Penthala and Son 2021;
Modacrylic 29-30 ++ ++
Price and Horrocks 2013; Tanaka et al. 2015)
(Didane et al. 2012; Fei 2017; Hufenus et al.
PET 21 - + 2020; Tao et al. 2021; Chenxi Zhang et al.
2021)
(Bourbigot and Flambard 2002; Martini et al.
OPAN 55 +
2010; Terra et al. 2021)
(Davis et al. 2010; Fei 2017; Houshyar et al.
PBI 41 ++ +
2016; Menczel 2020)
(IMATTEC 2022a; Seely et al. 2004; Sharma
PBO 68 ++
et al. 2019; Toboyo 2022)
(Duquesne and Bourbigot 2010; Gooch 2011;
Novoloid 30-40 ++ +
Horrocks 2016)
Vectran® 30 + + (IMATTEC 2022b; Komorek et al. 2021)
(Bourbigot and Flambard 2002; Hufenus et al.
PEEK 35 ++ -
2020; Trivedi and Rachchh 2022)
(Bourbigot and Flambard 2002; Fei 2017;
PPS 40 ++ -
Hufenus et al. 2020)

Once, inherent FR materials are expensive, other alternative is to apply directly in the surface of the fabric a
chemical treatment, which composition can be constituted by fire retardant materials.

A FR finisher is defined as a chemical product that, when applied in a combustive material, leads to a reduction in
its ignition and flame propagation by isolating the flammable gases generated during combustive process (such as pyrogen,
oxygen and other flammable gases) (Gurusamy Pandian and Ashifa 2020; Nie et al. 2021). Besides being extensively

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Flame Retardant Textiles for Electric Arc Flash Hazards: A Review 47

applied, FR materials containing halogenated compounds (as additives or inherently in its structure) are highly dangerous
to environment and human health. Among their biggest risks, can be mentioned: toxicological effects, contamination,
potential disruption of neurological and organ function and release of toxic volatiles when exposed to heat or flame (Cheng
et al. 2020; J. Gu et al. 2021; McPartlin et al. 2021; Chenxi Zhang et al. 2021). Non-halogenated FR materials are a high
efficiency and eco-friendly alternative (McPartlin et al. 2021; X. Zhang et al. 2021). They usually have in their structure
phosphorous based compounds (Qi et al. 2022; Wan et al. 2020; W. Wu and Yang 2007; F. Zhang et al. 2018), but is also
observed in literature, silicon (Cheng et al. 2020), nitrogen(Luo et al. 2022) and sulfur (Jin et al. 2021).Phosphorous-based
compounds as a flame retardant acts by transforming phosphorus into phosphoric acid, during thermal decomposition of
treated material. This acid is non-volatile and reacts with the decomposition macromolecules of textile material by
esterification, leading to dehydration and eventually to promotion of char residue formation(Chen et al. 2022; S. Wang et
al. 2021). FR finishing treatment is mainly used in cotton fabrics, the natural fiber most used in textile industry, due to its
previously mentioned properties and its low cost (Feng et al. 2017; Jang et al. 2018; Luo et al. 2022; Wan et al. 2020).

Despite the fire and heat protection that material must have, not all fire retardant materials can be applied as a
voltaic arc protection material. Once injuries caused by electric arc exposure are way more severe than flame exposure,
industries should attend more rigid criteria.

3. VOLTAIC ARC MATERIALS CRITERIA

When a voltaic arc occurs, it generates light and a high thermal radiation that can achieve over 35,000°C. Beyond that, arc
may cause burns, hearing loss, eye injuries, skin damage from blasts of molten metal or flying particles, lung damage, blast
injuries, third degree burns or even death. To avoid those injuries, a proper material should be used in the garment
confection, as a measure to protect the worker(Guo et al. 2022; Henrique and Brotto 2021; X. Li et al. 2021).

A series of precautions should be taken when it is intended to work with electrical hazards. To categorize these
materials and ensure the protection factor, some criteria were defined. Regulaments around the world intend to establish
some safe criteria to protect and preserve worker’s integrity, such as National Fire Protection Association 70E-Standard for
Electrical Safety in the Workplace – NFPA 70E (NFPA 70E 2020); Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers – IEEE
1584 Standards (Doan et al. 2010), and Norma Regulamentadora de Número 10 (NR-10 – Regulatory Standard, in
english), from Brazil (Ministério do Trabalho 2004).

It is important to acknowledge the correct known risks and exposures that each activity may cause, to
consequently being able to select the textile materials that might be applied in PPEs and techniques to manufacturing them.
There are five risk categories and each one of these is correlated to an incident energy value (cal/cm²) and the minimum
ATPV (Arc Thermal Protection Value) required by PPE. ATPV, according to American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) F1959 standard, consists of a value in calories per square centimeter of the protection provided by the fabric to the
thermal effect from an electric arc. It serves as an indicator for measuring the performance of FR fabric for application in
each industrial activity (ASTM F1959 2017; Bottaro and Eichinger 2018; NFPA 70E 2020).To classify the labor hazard
according to risk category, simulations of task environment must be made to determine what is the potential arc exposure.
The most extreme scenario in incident energy exposure must be considered (Doan et al. 2010).

Here are many ways to keep the workers in more safe conditions during their job. In addition to inspection,
routine maintenance, certification of equipment used and qualified team, in order to guarantee the worker a risk-free

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48 Laiza Racca, Raphael Borges Magalhães Bergamini, José Carlos Dutra Filho & Adriano Alves Passos

environment, it is important to pay attention to the use of correct personal protective equipment (PPE).This PPE should be
tested in order to attest its performance. Table 2 correlates the risk category, the minimum incident energy value that
equipment must support to avoid a second degree burn and the PPE required(Doan et al. 2010; NFPA 70E 2020).

Table 2: PPEs And Its Respectively Risk Category(Doan et al. 2010; NFPA 70E 2020)
Incident Energy Number
Risk Value Protection Garment of
Category
(cal/cm²) Layers*
Protective clothing, untreated natural fiber, with a minimum
weight of 152 g/cm²; shirts (long sleeves); pants (long); safety
0 Less than 4 1
glasses; hearing protection (insertion model in the ear canal);
leather gloves when needed
Arc-rated long-sleeve shirt and pants or arc-rared coveralls; arc
resistant face shield or arc resistant executioner hood; helmet;
1 Higher than 4 1
safety glasses; hearing protection (insertion model in the ear
canal); leather gloves; leather safety shoe when needed
Arc-rated long-sleeve shirt and pants or arc-rared coveralls; arc-
resistant face shield or arc-resistant executioner hood and arc-
resistant balaclava; arc resistant jacket, tracksuit, waterproof
2 Higher than 8 2
clothing or helmet lining when necessary; helmet; safety glasses;
hearing protection (insertion model in the ear canal); leather
gloves; leather safety shoe when needed
Arc-resistant long-sleeve shirt; long bow resistant trousers, when
required; arc resistant coveralls, when required; arc resistant
jacket, when required; arc-resistant hangman hood; arc resistant
3 Higher than 25 gloves; arc resistant jacket, tracksuit, waterproof clothing or 3
helmet lining when necessary; helmet; safety glasses; hearing
protection (insertion model in the ear canal); leather safety shoe
when needed
Arc-resistant long-sleeve shirt; long bow resistant pants, when
required; arc resistant coveralls, when required; arc resistant
jacket, when required; arc-resistant hangman hood; arc resistant
4 Higher than 40 gloves; arc resistant jacket, tracksuit, waterproof clothing or 4
helmet lining when necessary; helmet, safety glasses, hearing
protection (ear canal insertion model), leather safety shoe when
needed.
*Layers of fabric, which can be garment with lining and/or pieces of clothes overlaid.

4. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

Even though ATPV value is the most important criteria to determine the applicability against electric hazards, studies have
been showed that clothing comfort is one of the major concerns of garment manufacturers(Das and Alagirusamy 2011;
Kilinc-Balci 2011; McLoughlin and Paul 2017). The concept of confort is relative and may vary according to the user’s
opinion. However, the main parameters are: fit, touch and tactile properties (if friction forces are not too high or if fabric is
soft, for example), flexibility, surface roughness, low weight, allergies or skin reactions, thermo-physiological properties
(such as sweat vapour dissipation), drape and aesthetic (Das and Alagirusamy 2011; Kilinc-Balci 2011; McLoughlin and
Paul 2017; Scott 2009; Udayraj et al. 2016).

According to Silva-Santos and co-workers (2017), the use of natural FR materials, such as cotton and wool, is
massively investigated due to their softness and comfort, when compared with synthetic fibers. Those fibers result in
lighter and breathable fabric, resulting in very operational and functional design(Silva-Santos et al. 2017). A 100% natural

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Flame Retardant Textiles for Electric Arc Flash Hazards: A Review 49

fiber, however, is not heat and flame resistant enough to be qualified in arc resistance segment. For those cases, a fabric
based on natural-synthetic fibers is possible. There are many commercial fabrics meeting these characteristics, for example
Protal 5®, Indura® 867 and Titânio®. Besides being a synthetic fiber, modaclylic is a fiber known by its fire-proofing and
comfort properties. Viscose fibers also give comfort to garments. Those materials, on other hand, are more expensive than
natural fibers (Kim and Kim 2018).Another factor that influences clothing comfort is the knitting. According to
McLoughlin and Paul (2017), knitted structures remove liquid sweat and provide tactile and sensorial comfort(McLoughlin
and Paul 2017).

5. NEW TENDENCIES

New inherent fibers and FR finishing treatment are extensively investigated in literature. The following studies indicated
new materials, methodologies and technologies that resulted in final products with potential to, eventually, achieve the
criteria to arc voltaic protection.

Technologies and Methodologies

Ling and Guo (2020) used a solvent-free methodology to treat cotton fabric surface with an FR finishing of
hyperbranched polyester. The finishing contained reactive groups that can form strong covalent bonds with cellulose,
which resulted in an increase in flame retardancy, cotton resistance and LOI value (reaching up to 42% and 29%, even
after 50 laundering cycles) (Ling and Guo 2020).

Zhai and coworkers investigated the application of thin layers of Al/SiO2 films, by magnetron sputtering, in
aramid fabric’s surface. The finishing is an alternative to improve effectiveness of protective garments by increasing its
reflectivity and, thus, reducing the absorbed temperature (Zhai et al. 2015).

Abu Elella and coworkers treated the surface of a cotton/polyester textile with polypyrrole and silver nitrate
(AgNO3) via vapor phase polymerization (VPP). First, textile samples were treated with silver nitrate and then submitted to
vapor polymerization with pyrrole monomers. Treated samples achieved good electrical, mechanical, thermal and fire
resistance. It was also observed an increase of 46% in flame retardation after treatment. Beyond that, the methodology
increased the wash resistance of AgNO3 nanoparticles, where polypyrrole layer acted as a stabilizer (Abu Elella et al.
2021).

Wang and coworkers modified activated carbon granules with Si, in order to obtain a volatile organic compound
with FR properties. Samples were submitted to toluene adsorption-desorption experiments and authors observed that the
efficiency remained at nearly 80%, even after five cycles. This performance indicated great potential for industrial
applications (X. Wang et al. 2021).

Shaid, Bhuiyan and Wang developed an aerogel-nonwoven protective fabric to act as thermal protective in a
multilayer clothing. The aerogel obtained was more flexible and less dusty than commercial reference and presented
similar thermal resistance (Shaid et al. 2021).

Zhang and coworkers synthesized a hydroxyl-containing cyclic phosphoramide DPHP (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-

propanediol-(2′-hydroxyethyl)phosphoramidate) as flame retardant to later apply in PET fabric. The goal was to improve
fire and heat resistance of fabric. It was observed an increase of 27,6% in LOI (when compared to neat PET), good
performance in vertical flammability and a non-dripping behavior. When investigating char residues, authors witnessed

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50 Laiza Racca, Raphael Borges Magalhães Bergamini, José Carlos Dutra Filho & Adriano Alves Passos

many worm-like particles, which authors correlated with the good heat insulation, confirming the great flame retardancy
and non-dripping burning effects (Chenxi Zhang et al. 2021).

Fang and coworkers developed a conductive, flame retardant and anti-dropping PET fabric, by using PA@PANI
(polyaniline and phytic acid as dopant). Authors believed that multifunctional textiles are an interesting field that should be
explored and increased in traditional applications, once they can achieve performances that cannot be reached by single-
functional fabrics. Those textiles have advantages in some special fields. Authors used as example the firefighting suits
with conductive and flame retardant: they say those garments can not only protect the lives of firefighters in the fire scene
but also monitor the movement status of firefighters through the electrical signals reacted by the firefighting suits. Textile
material obtained in this paper presented a great fire resistance, LOI of 33,5% and complete disappearance of melt-drop
effect (Fang et al. 2022).

Atmospheric Plasma

Thi and coworkers treated cotton fabric surface with atmospheric-pressure dieletric barrier discharge plasma to posteriorly
treat with FR chemical. Plasma treatment step resulted in a significant reduction in temperature and time of FR treatment
step, which lead to a reduction in mechanical strength loss in post treatment cotton fabric (Thi et al. 2020).

Inherent Fibers

Kynol® fiber for years was known as being relativity weak, due to its cross-linked structure (Horrocks 2016), which
resulted in Kynol being used only in nonwoven fabrics. However, it is now possible to find in current market some yarns
made from 100% Kynol® fiber, indicating the possibility of a new range of applications for those great-performance
material.

Green FR Chemicals

Sustainable FR finishing, obtained from natural resources, such as biomass (Pan et al. 2017; Rahman et al. 2021; Z. Zhang
et al. 2019), animal (Laufer et al. 2012; Vahabi et al. 2021), plants (Carosio et al. 2015; Feng et al. 2017; Liao et al.
2021)or microbial are being extensively studied and have been showed great performance. Those natural materials act as
FR due to the presence of abundant casein (phosphorus-containing molecule) and hydrophobins (sulfur and nitrogen-
containing molecules) in their chains promotes cellulose char formation when ignited(Cheng et al. 2020; Meng et al. 2020;
Muktha and Keerthi Gowda 2017; Vahabi et al. 2021).

Suryaprabha and Sthuraman (2020) investigated the effect of a DNA-based FR finishing in cotton textile. They
observed that the finishing promoted a great increase in thermal stability, a decrease in the spread speed of fire and, beyond
that, a super hydrophobic character. The surface treatment also achieves great chemical and mechanical stability
(Suryaprabha and Sethuraman 2020).

Zhang and coworkers produce natural grown fungi fiber with FR properties. The authors enriched fungi’s
nutrition with Si source and observed that it was absorbed and converted into part of the hyphal structure. This strategy
leads to an improvement in thermal stability and fire resistance (X. Zhang et al. 2021).

The work of Cheng (2020) consisted in an environmentally flame retardant coating based on phytic acid doped
silica sol. The treated samples degraded in lower temperatures, but presented higher thermal stability at higher
temperatures. Beyond that, treated samples released less smoke, as a barrier effect and insulating behavior of phosphorus-

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Flame Retardant Textiles for Electric Arc Flash Hazards: A Review 51

containing char residues (Cheng et al. 2020).

A great on spot area of green FR is graphene-based materials, due to their unique structure and properties.
Graphene has excellent mechanical strength, high specific surface area and has strong interaction with polymeric chains
(Trivedi and Rachchh 2022). Chavali and co-workers (2020) developed functionalized graphene oxide (FGO)
nanocomposites-based intumescent flame-retardant coating for cotton fabric. It showed superior flame-retardancy
properties, among the green apple (flame exposure ~1500°C) (Chavali et al. 2020). Another work, developed by Jang and
co-workers (2018), treated cotton fabric with graphene multilayer nanocoating. TGA, cone calorimetry and VFT results
indicated that the treatment increased tendency of incombustibility (Jang et al. 2018).

ε-Caprolactam-based Polyamid 6 Fibers

Nowadays, in literature, due to environmental pollution issues and limited petroleum resources, renewable alternatives for
obtaining polyamide are being investigated. Vasilijevic and coworkers (2019) developed a PA6 fibers through ε-
caprolactam monomer and fire retardant. The obtained yarns demonstrated a good indicative for flame resistance
applications (Jelena Vasiljević et al. 2019).

In the subsequent year, the team developed ε-caprolactam-based PA6/multilayer graphene nanoplatelet composite
textile filaments, in order to investigate composite’s behavior. Graphene lead polymer to an increase in crystallization
temperature and crystallization; increased thermal stability and graphene’s anti-dripping properties indicated an effective
support for gas-phase active flame retardants, leading to an anti-dripping self-extinguishing properties for PA6 textile
materials(Jelenade Vasiljević et al. 2020). Recently, Kovács, Pomázi and Toldy (2021) prepared ε-caprolactam-based PA6
in situ and investigated several fire retardants that are promising to increase PA6 fire resistance (Kovács et al. 2021).
However, this research area is still very recent and many investigations should be done before applicable results being
observed.

6. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

 The development of protective textile materials is a growing area, with constant innovation and a good variety of
applied materials, techniques and methodologies. What allows this growth and what generates the positive results
showed along this paper is the possibility of investment in many research fields, ranging from the search of new
materials to the study of confort and usability improvements.

 There are an increasing number of new segments emerging, with solutions and facilitations. Market trends suggest
great opportunities for nanotechnology, plasma treatment and new fibers with high LOI value in the FR clothing
market. Latest years have been heavily focused in green-based FR technology in literature, since plants until
DNA-based precursors.

 Several works demonstrate that those new materials, technologies and techniques have a great potential and might
be able to attend voltaic arc criteria. It is undeniable the positive contribution of textile materials in FR garment
segment in society and both production and research should be encouraged.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This paper is the result of a R&D project entitled “Development of a prototype and Series Head of uniform in a high

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52 Laiza Racca, Raphael Borges Magalhães Bergamini, José Carlos Dutra Filho & Adriano Alves Passos

quality single weave, resistant to heat, flame and electric arcs, with oleophobic property” of Electric Power Companies of
Paraíba – EPASA, represented by Rodrigo Sergio Amorim da Paz, and Pernambuco Electric Power Plants – EPESA,
represented by Hugo Costa Pires Ferreira, linked to the Research and Development Program for the Electricity Sector of
the National Electric Energy Agency – ANEEL.

REFERENCES

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