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Occupational risks of firefighters in Jakarta: Job safety analysis approach

Article · September 2022

DOI: 10.52547/ijie.2.4.60

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 International journal of innovation in Engineering, Vol 2, No 4, (2022), 60-65

International journal of innovation in Engineering

journal homepage: www.ijie.ir

Research Paper

Occupational Risks of Firefighters in Jakarta: Job Safety Analysis Approach

Irvan Yuvendra a, Tatan Sukwikab1, Soehatman Ramlic

a,c
Department of Manajemen, Sahid University, Jakarta, Indonesia

b
Department of Environmental Engineering, Sahid University, Jakarta, Indonesia

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Received: 03 Jully 2022 City Administration Fire and Rescue Service sub-department East Jakarta. It is
one of the public organizations which, in carrying out its duties, is very wide with
Reviewed: 24 Jully 2022
high risk. If this is not handled properly, events caused by unsafe actions and
Revised: 17 August 2022 unsafe conditions can harm officers, organizations, and environmental safety. This
study aims to analyze and determine the work risks of firefighters at the City
Accepted: 04 August 2022 Administration Fire and Rescue Service sub-department East Jakarta. The method
Keywords: in this study uses qualitative analysis and quantitative combining methods
(numerical data) as well as the facts presented by research informants and then
Firefighter duties, Job Safety
Analysis, Occupational Health and analyzed using the Job Safety Analysis (JSA) method based on the theory of use
Safety, Unsafe Actions and techniques JSA. The results of this study show that there are four types of work
Conditions. identified as risks in the field assignment section. The conclusion stipulates that
the work of firefighters has many potential fire hazards with high severity and a
risk rating of 40% in the High-Risk category, 50% in the Moderate Risk category,
and as much as 10% risk in the Low-Risk category. Organizations are
recommended to evaluate the work process of firefighters by increasing the
completeness of PPE and increasing the competence of officers.

1
Corresponding author
[email protected]

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1. Introduction
Data from the Jakarta Fire and Rescue Service (JFRS) for the 2020 period recorded 1,505 disasters, with 461
houses being burned in an area of 328,202 m2. The number of families who became victims was 3,082 or
10,034 people, with an estimated total loss of fire accidents reaching Rp. 252.1 billion (JFRS-Jakarta, 2020).
Fire disasters throughout 2020 were in all areas of Jakarta, covering East Jakarta (349 cases), West Jakarta
(333 cases), South Jakarta (397 cases), North Jakarta (266 cases), and Central Jakarta (160 cases).
Firefighters' data for 2020 reported no reports of fatalities from the firefighters, while five people were
injured. As for the residents, it was recorded that there were 79 injured people and 18 people died.
To handle fire disasters, firefighters cannot be separated from all risks of work accidents. Especially fire
handling has a high level of risk. Based on data from the Jakarta Fire and Rescue Service, from 2017 to 2020,
there were 38 cases of work accidents experienced by firefighters. In this effort, a Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
is urgently needed, which can later be used as material for policy making by policymakers in making
organizational improvements, both human resources and supporting data sources (Septian et al., 2021;
Wildan et al., 2022). JSA is a hazard analysis on a job that focuses on job duties to identify hazards before
an incident or accident occurs. Focuses on the relationship between workers, tasks, tools, and the work
environment (OSHA, 2002). Ideally, after identifying hazards that cannot be controlled, actions or steps will
be taken to eliminate or reduce them to a level of risk acceptable to workers. This study aims to analyze the
work risk of firefighters at the East Jakarta city administration of Fire and Rescue.

2. Research Method Typology

This qualitative research design uses an in-depth interview method to dig up information (Sugiyono, 2015).
This study focuses on operational officers' work risks in the East Jakarta Fire and Rescue Service Sub-dept,
which JSA will analyze. When making a JSA, a job needs a sequence of steps or activities to complete the
work based on the most important priority. In determining jobs or tasks based on priorities based on the
frequency of accidents, accidents that result in injuries, jobs with high potential losses, and new jobs
(Tarwaka, 2014; Friend and Kohn, 2018; Ramli, 2019).
The object research focuses on the risk of carrying out the duties of firefighters at the East Jakarta City
Administration of Fire and Rescue. The location is chosen because it is a dense area with a high rate of fire.
The condition of the dense and large area becomes a challenge for operational officers in minimizing the
occurrence of injuries and disabilities. The technique of collecting data is through interviews with informants
who are considered to know the risks associated with the work of firefighters in East Jakarta. The informants
used were five people consisting of leadership and task executor elements from the Fire and Rescue Service
sub-dept., as well as stakeholders from the community.

3. Results and Discussions

Hazard identification, generally using HIRARC (hazard identification, risk assessment, and risk control), is
a systematic effort to determine potential hazards at work and the risks they pose. Identifying hazards clarifies
and controls the hazards and risks of each operational activity, both routine and non-routine activities.
Accidents to firefighters will cause losses to the organization, so safety efforts are needed as a control against
the occurrence of losses due to accidents (Afandi et al., 2015; Salami & Rachmatiah, 2015; Anthony, 2020;
Lazuardi et al., 2022; Pranata, and Sukwika, 2022; Wildan et al., 2022).
Potential hazards that can be identified are useful for vigilance and caution in work. Organizations that carry
out hazard identification should have an OHSAS 18001 certificate, ISO 14001: 2004 for the management of

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occupational health and safety (K3) management systems and have good competence in the field of OHS
(Agwu, 2012; Kartikasari & Sukwika, 2021; Lazuardi et al., 2022; Pranata, and Sukwika, 2022).
The results of the study presented in Table 1 show the occupational hazards experienced by firefighters,
including exposure to heat or burning, inhalation of combustion fumes, exposure to chemical combustion
products, electric shock, exposure to debris, high pressure or bouncing, and wild animals exposed to fire.
Venomous, swept away by strong currents, hit by sharp tools, and accidents at high speed. These potential
hazards provide various risks, ranging from minor and serious injuries to death. The risk most often
experienced by firefighters is exposure to smoke from the fire, which causes shortness of breath for
firefighters. Generally, the availability of self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), also known as
compressed air breathing apparatus, could be much higher. According to Kartikasari & Sukwika, 2021; and
Sulistyowati & Sukwika (2022) the provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) for operational or
production officers will positively impact worker performance.
Table 1. Hazards in Firefighters' Work and Risks
No Stages of the Work Hazard Identification Risk
Process
1 Fire fighting Exposure to heat/burn Scalded skin to death
Burning smoke Respiratory disorders
Exposure to chemical combustion products Eye and skin irritation
Electricity Minor physical injury to death
Ruins/Wreckage Minor injuries to death
High pressure/bouncing Minor injuries to severe
2 Evacuation and Wild and venomous animals Minor injuries to death
rescue Flow of water Minor injuries to death
Mechanics/sharp tools Minor injuries to moderate
3 Journey to incident High speed crash Minor injuries to severe
location

Table 2 shows the frequency of occurrence of hazards in the work of firefighters caused by potential hazards.
The impact of risks posed by the type of work is also illustrated in this Table 2. During the work of the fire-
fighting process, the most common potential danger experienced by firefighters is being crushed by rubble
due to being burned by fire. The risks experienced by firefighters in Jakarta vary from minor injuries to death.
The risks most often experienced by firefighters are bouncing and electric shock, which can cause injury and
death. At the stage of rescue evacuation work, the most dominant cases experienced by firefighters were
being bitten or stung by an animal. The resulting risk can have an impact on minor injuries to death.
Table 2. Hazards in the Work of Firefighters
Type of Work Type of Work Potential Impact Risk Frequency
Hazard
Fire fighting Exposure to heat or Minor injuries to death 0 case
burning
Smoke Exposure Lung damage 3 case
Exposure to chemical Eye and skin irritation 0 case
combustion products
Electric shock Minor injuries to death 4 case
Fallen by the rubble Minor injuries to death 7 case
Highway accident Minor injuries to severe 1 case
Bouncing Minor injuries to moderate 6 case
Cut or punctured by a sharp Minor injuries to severe 4 case
object
Evacuation and Rescue Flow of water Minor injuries to death 0 case
Bitten or stung by an animal Minor injuries to death 8 case
Cut off Minor injuries to severe 0 case

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Hazard identification results record the frequency of incident cases that pose a risk to firefighters. Therefore,
K3 risk management within the Jakarta Fire and Rescue Service is necessary. The use of HIRARC (hazard
identification, risk assessment, and risk control) helps organizations control the occurrence of losses due to
accidents faced by Jakarta Fire and Rescue personnel (Afandi et al., 2015; Salami & Rachmatiah, 2015;
Anthony, 2020; Lazuardi et al., 2022; Pranata, and Sukwika, 2022; Wildan et al., 2022).
Table 3 shows that the work risk of firefighters in the East Jakarta City Administration of Fire and Rescue
with the High-Risk category is 4, the Moderate Risk category is 5, and the risk in the Low-Risk category is
1. Firefighters are often exposed to exposure while on duty. It is for several reasons. Namely, firefighters still
use inappropriate or damaged PPE; officers still need to be provided with complete and adequate PPE
equipment, such as PPE for wasp evacuation, and the availability of SCBA is not proportional to the number
of officers when carrying out fire-fighting. Only some officers are provided with gloves; the coordination
process with related agencies is slow, such as the power cut when there is a fire by PLN; the physical
endurance of operational officers still needs to improve. In the long term, the above conditions can negatively
affect the performance of firefighters and ultimately affect the organization's productivity.
Table 3. Risk Analysis in the Work of Firefighters
Job Hazard Risk Risk Assessment Risk Control
Description Identification Frequency Severity Risk Level
Fire fighting Exposure to Scalded/ Low High Moderate Using heat-resistant
heat/burn Burned PPE
Toxic smoke Respiratory High High High Using a mask or SCBA
disorders
B3 Exposure Poisoning, Low High Moderate Use heat-resistant PPE
irritation, and breathing
burning apparatus
Electricity Electric High High High -
shock
Ruins/Wreckage Fallen by High High High Using a Safety Helmet
the ruins of
the building
High pressure/ Bouncing Moderate Moderate Moderate Technical education
bouncing and training
Evacuation Wild and Bitten or High High High Using evacuation PPE
and rescue venomous stung
animals
Flow of water Dragged by Low High Moderate Using a float
the rushing
water
Mechanics/ Cut off Low Moderate Low Using evacuation PPE
sharp tools
Journey to High speed crash Traffic Moderate Moderate Moderate -
incident accident
location

In this situation, leadership commitment to firefighter safety becomes important and strategic. According to
Sutrisno and Sukwika (2021), that job satisfaction and the safety performance of task implementers are
largely determined by the leadership's commitment to the safety of members while carrying out their duties.
The formation of a team for developing occupational safety and health programs can help organizations
oversee the operational goals of firefighters' work (Purba & Sukwika, 2021) which is to maintain work
productivity in the organization of the East Jakarta City Administration of Fire Management and Rescue.

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4. Conclusion
The work of firefighters in the East Jakarta administrative city is dominated by the moderate to potential
high-risk category. The risk level for the High-Risk category is 40%, the risk for the Moderate Risk category
is 50%, and the Low-Risk category is 10%. Factors causing work accidents on firefighters' work include:
Officers do not use complete PPE when carrying out fire-fighting, evacuation, or rescue. It is recommended
to empower the supervisory team to check officers' equipment, especially PPE, every time they will and have
carried out their duties at the fire location.

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