5

Po
ctriciiy and Magnetism
chrici

Inside the chapter

Law of magnetism
.Electromagnetism
applications
and its Test for a magnet
Electric cell
Electric current
Primary and secondary cell
Electrical circuits Resistors
.Symbols used in circuits diagrams Good conductors and bad
conductors of electricity

Warm-up
hegiven picture, mark the two poles of the magnets.

Attraction
Repulsion

LAW OF MAGNETISM When an ordinary iron

bar is brought
Ihe most important law of magnetism is: close to this magnet, there is attraction.
However, when another magnet is
ikepoles ofa magnet repel each other
brought near the suspended magnet there
ndunlike poles attract.
twe try to place two bar magnets with is either attraction or repulsion. As seen
milar poles on the same side, they will earlier, attraction occurs even with an iron
immediately repel. bar, but repulsion is possible only with
another magnet.
TEST FOR A MAGNET Thus, repulsion is said to be a sure test ol
such that it
pend magnet by string
a a
magnetism.
ests in the north-south direction.

107
 ckrtnmagnor
Swith t t the current. The
dn
*1act loses its maynetism. u s ,
It
electronmagnet is a tempurary maget.
pnertul tmagnet
can be nmade intvanon
tthe strength ot thu curnnt
by increasing alsu inerease
th
in the circuit. One
can

power ot
electrnomagnet by inersing
an
puls the numt»r ot tums in
the vil.
above-mentimmed teuluns
Because ot the
ot an eletromagnet, it
tinis a umber ut

applications in the elertronii industrv

puls
uSES OF ELECTROMAGNETS
Fig. 7.1 Like poles repel and unlike poies atract
lectromagnets are usnd inn eranes to
stevl inudustry tor
pick serap and n the
ELECTROMAGNETISM litting heary loads.
Electromagnetism is a branch of They an also used to purate
physics which deals with electricity and magnetic substans trvm nn

magnetism and the interaction between ymagnetic ones in serapyards.

them. An electric current produces a They ae used in telepames, sakers,
magnetic field around it. In I819, the udi and video tape riorders, and
Danish physicist, Hans Christian Orsted electric bells
firstdiscovered this relationship.In short They are used in electric motors.
electromagnetism is the magnetic etfect ot Motors are used in miners, tans annd
electric current. Whena
Much of our modern technology is based
other electric applianees.
current is passed through a wire, it
on electromagnetism. In and around the
producrs a magnetic tield. So,whun
house, there are innumerable devices that current-carrying conductor is placed in
use the
principle of electromagnetism. a magnetic tield, it enperiences a torv
Door bells, telephones,televisian and moves. This is the prineiple behind
monitors, electric motors, etc. are a tew an electric motor. It converts elertrical
of the many gadgets that work on the
energy into meclhanical energy.
principle of electromagnetism.
Soft iron core Turns of insulatod
copper wire
ELECTROMAGNET
Wind an insulated copper wire around a N
oft iron bar. Connect the two ends of the
wire to the terminals of a battery through
a key. Switch on the current and
bring
your electromagnet near iron filings, pins
and coins. You will find that the magnetic
materials are attracted to the two ends of
the iron bar. Fig. 7.2 Eiectromagnet

108
 t nprdgA liglhtly Iunletall

Magnet Armalure: it in male of olt

iron, lacng the twopolen nl
rlectromagnwt
Contact HCrew: l Ii a nerew lo make
break the vontact in the uil.
lammer: It in nnale ol nlel,
Gong: in a cireular, uollow line mal
Fig.7.3 An
electrc motor
Motors thal are larger in size are
bras
Switch: It is a punlh bulton
usually made by replacing a permanent.
Ballery: It in the nr ol eletrily in
magnet with an electromagnet. n eoctrie boll.
An eletromagnet is used in electrie
Oe end ot the eleetromagnet in mneetvd
bells to pull a strip ot iron so as to hit
to the powitive torminal of the ballory
the gong, to ring the bell.
through a push butlom rew. 'Tw othr
Let us further study the electrie bell in
end is connected to the metallie ilrlp o
detail.
the spring lhe nepative terminal of thie
Table7,1: Dittenence betuvrn an ehtromugnet and a
battery is ecomneeted to the conlat Aerew,
ermuyuent nuagnet.
The contact serew iN connectel to the ntrip
Electromagnets Permanent magnete
of the spring at point X.
1. It is made of sot 1. It is made of steel
ron
2. It can be made into a 2. lts magnetic switch
Nattery
very strong magnet. strength cannot be
changed.
3. The poles of an 3. The polarity cannot
be changed Contact strew
electromagne can
oft ron amature
be reversed.
4. It is a 4. Magnetism is
temporary permanent.
magnet. Magnetism Electromagnet
Gong Hanmner
can be lost by
Switching off the
current.
Fig. 74 An olectric bell

Electric Bell Working of an Electric Bell

A simple electric bell has the tollowing .When you push the switeh ot the bell,
Components. an electrie current flows through the
lectromagnet: It is a 'U'-shaped, sOtt,
elertromagnat.
iron rod.

109
 The elertromagnet attractls the soft iron the other cend despite all obstacles. So
r i . The hammer altached to the strip the current, which is called conventional
then hita the current, moves in the opposite direction.
gong, making it ring.
AN the oft iron The direction of the flow of electric current
Mrip gets attached
lothe eleetromagnet, it does not is taken to be the direction in which
touch the screw, and hence, the
positive charges would flow.
circuit is broken, Thin turns off the Current is defined as the rate of flow of
electromagnet and it can no longer electric charge. The presence and the
attract the soft iron strip. The soft iron direction of flow of electric current are
trip returns to its initial position and detected by a device called galvanometer
louches the This results in the
screw. The SI unit of current is Ampere. An
circuit being completed and current ammeter is an instrument used to measure
starts lowing again.
electric current.
When steps 1 to 3 are
repeated quick
in
Electron
NUICCeHsiOn, we hear the continuous ring of Flow of electron
the bell

Electric Current
Metals such as copper have a large number Flow of current
of free electrons. It is these electrons that Fig. 7.5 Diroction of flow of current in a wire
are responsible for the conduction of
electricity. Such electrons are also called Electric Cell
mobile electrons. "They are the carriers of An electric cell is a direct source of electric
harge. current. It converts chemical energy into
However, in a cell, the chemical solution, electrical energy.
called electrolyte, has both positive and If you want to check whether a cell can
negative ions which move from one end actually provide current, you can use a
to the other end, conducting
electricity. galvanometer. When a bulb is connected
When an extra electron gets added to an to the terminals of a cell, it lights up. The
atom, it becomes negatively charged and is chemical energy of the electrolyte in the
called a negative ion. When an atom loses cell is converted into electrical energy.
its electron, it becomes positively charged The chemical, in the cell in the form of a
and is called a positive ion. solution or a semi-solid paste, is called
Consider a cross-section of a conducting an
electrolyte. The positive and negative
wire. There are millions of electrons that ions in the solution are responsible for the
move from one end of the wire to the passage of electric current. This makes an
other. There are fixed positive ions that electrical object work when connected to
come in the way of moving electrons. But the cell. The components of a dry cell are
the electrons continue moving towards
shown schematically in Figure 7.5.

110
 chemicals
the
Despit their fairly short life, dry cells are Cannot be reversed because
and
widely used because they are very cheap electricity draw current
that produce
and convenient to carry. A standard dry are used up.
cells can be recharged
cell produces voltage of 1.5
a V. Oweve, secondary
life and
and reused. They have
a longer
After the bulb has lighted up fora current. A standard

sufficient length of time, the cell gets can generate a strong

of 1.5 V. The
produces a voltage
cell
discharged. Thus, single cell provides a
a dry
in cars is one such
weak current. lead-acid battery used

is used. A type.
For a stronger currernt, battery
a alkaline
also called
Nickel cadmium cells,
number of similar cells connected together equipment
batteries, are used in portable
form a battery. and
c a m e r a s , clocks
like calculators,

Primary and Secondary Cells watches.

electrolyte in
the
contains an
Primary cells are used to power small A dry cell that it is dry
form of a semi-solid paste, so
of everyday use like torches, but
appliances to be used in portable
devices

remotes, etc. They enough

small radios, TV to allow a
c h e m i c a l reaction

small current fora long time. wet enough

provide a for the passage of
current.
cells cannot be reused
Once used, primary
reaction in it
and recharged. The chemical

Pause and Do
Write T for true and F for false.
each other.
1. The like poles of a Tmagnet repel
to be a sure test of magnetism.
2. Repulsion is said
which deals with electricity.
Electromagnetism is a branch of physics
3. off.
the current is switched
loses its magnetism when
4. An electromagnet
are made of steel.
5. Permanent magnets
can be changed.
of permanent magnets
6. The magnetic strength
steel.
the gong is made of
7. In the electric bell,
free electrons.
have a large number of
Metals such as copper and is
8. becomes positively charged
added to an atom, it
extra electron gets
9. When an
called a positive ion.
into chemical energy.
converts electrical energy
10.An electric cell

111
 various appliances, back to
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT through
the
the other terminal of
source.

What happens when we conneet two the

A switch or a key to control
terminals of a bulb with the two ends of an
appliance.
electric oell using copper wires? Ne
Open and Closed Electric Circuit
will see that the bulb lights up. Why does
what will be the
this happen? In the given experiment,
disconnect one of the
The bulb glows when we connect the two result if we

terminals of a cell with those of a bulb connecting wires?

In this case, the bulb will stop glowing.
using coPper wires. Thus, we provide aa
complete path for the current to flow and This is because we have stopped the flow
this flow of current makes the bulb glow. of current in the electric circuit. Such a

This complete path that allows current circuit is said to be an open, a broken or
wherein the current
to flow through it is called an electric anincomplete circuit
circuit or an electric path. In an electric cannot flow through the circuit. In such a
circuit, the current flows from the positive case, the electrical appliance will not work.
terminal of the cell to its negative terminal. The circuit that allows current to flow
The important components of an electric through it so that the electrical appliance
circuit, therefore, are as follows: connected to it works is calleda closed or a
Source of electric current, such as an complete circuit.

electric cell or a
battery.
The electrical appliance, such as a bulb,

i
which will use the electrical energy.
Wires made of a metal like copper,
Silver or aluminium to provide a path
for the flow of current.
An unbroken Closed electric circuit
loop of wire running Open electric circuit

from one terminal of the source, Fig. 7.6 Types of circuits

Experiment

Aim: To make a simple electric circuit

Materials required: Electrical wires, an electric cell, a small torch bulb (a

load), insulation or electric tape, a pair of scissors or blade

112
Procedure:

Cut the wire into two pieces.

.Removethe he plastic
insulation ftrom the ends
metal part ot the ires is visible. of the
two wires that the
Take one of the two Wires
es
using scissors or a blade so
T
and attach
marked with a'+' sign) this to the
positive terminal of the cell (tne
Attach the other end of this wire to
one of the
Take another wire and attach this terminals of your torch bulb.
this wire free. to the negative terminal
gative terminal of of the electric cell. Keep the other eno oof
the electric
Vour circuit is now ready. Observe
cell. Keep
touch the other terminal of the torchwhat happens when you make the free end o re
bulb. u
observation: When the free end of the wire
glows touches the second terminal of the torch Duo,
Precautions:

.Adult supervision is
necessary.
.Do not use any source of electricity
for this experiment other than a
pencil cell.
.A load should always be connected
between the two terminals of two
ends of a battery with only a wire and no load.
a battery. Do not conne
damage the battery and reduce its life. Doing so is called 'shorting the battery'. shorung w

Electric Switch Precautions to be taken before an electric

What will you do if your mother asks you circuit is switched-on:
to turn off the lights or to switch off the (i) Never touch the switch with wet hand
television or any other electrical device? or when the switch is wet. Water forms
You will simply turn off the switch.(A a conducting layer which can give an
switch is a device that is used to open or electric shock.
close an electric circuit. The switch controls (1) There should be no lose connection
the current flowing through an electric and the wiring should not be old and
circuit.When we open an electric circuit, broken in places.
the flow of electric current in the circuit iiWhile doing any repair work or while
stops and when we close an electric circuit,
replacing a bulb, first put the switch in
the off position.
an electric current flows through it. We can
iyyWear rubber or plastic slippers while
make a simple switch to understand its
handling any electrical appliance.
working. (v) Damaged wires, plugs and pins must
be replaced. They can cause short
circuiting and fires.

Simple Electric Circuit: Series and Parallel

Closed switch
Until you have studied the most basic
now,
Open switch
Fig. 7.7 Switch
circuit, consisting of a cell, a bulb (load) and

113
a key
lounderntand eletrcal cneelw
in homes
wndtng halls, hrintman Iree
ightung avnl strvet liglhting, cireuitw are
wnd wue moe than two
omponenta are
You have men long wires holding a
may Three bulbs connected in series

number ol bulbs at regular intervals,

liglhting up the tront of hounes and
sopping malls. It any one bulb fuses,
the rest of the bulbs
stop glowing. To
understand the above
phenomenon, we
have to understand the series and
parallel
ystems ot wiring in detail.
When two bulbs are connected in
or more Three bulbs connected in parallel
MCTies one after another, there is Fig. 7.8 Series and parallel circuits
only
ne
path for electrons to flow. Hence, the Advantages of series connections
S a e current
passes through each bulb 1/Current in all parts of the circuit is the
(load). So if any one
component in the áme.
series is taken out, the others All components are controlled by one
stop
working, as the circuit gets broken. If switch.
onebulb fuses, the others do not You could try this activity with four torch
glow. bulbs two 9 volt batteries, two safety pins
Two bulbs, when connected in series, are
to act as switches and some loose wires for
dimmer than a single bulb. Three bulbs in
connection.
a series are even dimmer.
Connect the battery, safety pin and two
Consider our household wiring. If the fan
bulbs one after another in series, as shown
is switched off, other
appliances and bulbs in the diagram
alongside. The procedure
is
continue to work at the same voltage. the same as the experiment given earlier.
Household wiring is the best example of a
parallel circuit.
Only in this experiment, two bulbs are
to be connected in series in circuit 1, and
In a parallel circuit,
there is more than one
remaining two bulbs in parallel, as in
path for the electrons to flow. Each light circuit 2.
bulb receives current from the battery. Use the safety pin as a switch. When the
All of them light up as if each of the bulbs circuit is complete, observe the difference
was connected separately to the battery. in the brightness of the bulbs in the two
Thus, if any one bulb fuses, the others circuits.
continue to glow with the same brightness The bulbs light up brightly in the
However, the battery will be used up
parallel
circuit. Whereas in series circuit, they glow
quickly. dim.

14
ymbol of Electric Components
Electric component
Symbol

Electric cell
The shorter line denotes the
negative terminal and the longer
positive terminal.
ine denotes the

Battery

Electric bulb (a) off

(a) (b) on -
(b)

Switch in ON position ON OFF

Switch in OFF position ON OFP

Wire

Resistor
 electrons moving lraiifti.
acro14,
of electric current
flowing in a circuit. fre
electric charye. They allow eurrunt t,f,
A thinner but
longer coil of wire has a through them vanily, In thea, the oleetrir n
greater resistance.
Good conductors such force is nol strony enough l huled thu
copper, silver
as
electros to the nucleus, Metals uch a
and aluminum have less resistance,
copper, aluminiuin, iron and ilver ar
whereas insulators that have almost no
thee, cofper and
free electrons have very high resistance. good conductors. O
Resistors are introduced in an electric silver are he best conductors. The human

circuit to reduce the current, divide the body is also a conductor of electricity
voltage and generate and disperse heat, as Insulators have very few free eoctronst
in heating elements. transmit charge, hernce, they are alo called

bad conductors. Ebonite, fur, glass, womd

GOOD CONDUCTORS AND BAD amber and plastic arc some examples o
CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITY insulators. Distilled waler and air are alu

Good conductors have insulators.

a
large number of
Try It Out
To test whether a given object is good or bad conductor of electricity
A simple circuit using a battery, metal wires, wooden stick, plastic straw and a bulb.
Connect the circuit using the battery, metal wire and a bulb. If the bulb
of electricity. Next, use the wooden stick and the lights up, it is a conductor
plastic straw, instead of metal wires. This time the
bulb will not light up, showing that the wooden stick and
straw are non conductors.

Summary..
The most important law of magnetism is: Like
Conventional current moves in the direction
poles of a magnet repel and unlike poles opposite to the motion of electrons.
attract.
Current is the rate of flow of charge.
Repulsion is a sure test of magnetism.
An ammeter measures electric current.
Electromagnetism is the magnetic effect of
current. An electric cell is a direct source of electric
Current.
An electromagnet is a
coil of insulated copper
around a soft iron bar connected to a A n electric cell
wire
battery and a switch.
can produce a weak current.
A battery is a collection of similar cells joined
An electromagnet is a temporary magnet. together.
Permanent magnets are made of steel. Primary cells cannot be reused and recharged.
Electrons are carriers of charge in a conductor. Secondary cells can be reused and recharged.

116
-
 The lead acid
secondary cellbattery used in cars is a In a parallel
The term resistor circuit, each bulb recsives currern
from the
of electrons. means
resistance to the flow battery and, thus, glows vith the
same brightness.

When the switch is in the on Copper and silver are the best condutors of
circuit is said to be position, the electricity.
complete and current flows.
When bulbs are Ebonite, fur, glass, wood and amber are
in series, the connected one after sorne
same current another examples of insulators.
each bulb. passes through

Glossary...
Electromagnetism: the branch of physics that deals
Electric current: the flow of electric with the
magnetic effect of electric currert
Cell: device that converts
a charge
chemical
Battery: a combination of cells of the energy
into electrical
energy
same kind
Electrical circuit: a path
along which electrons can flow
Closed circuit: an uninterrupted
circuit
Switch: a device that can open or close through
circuit
which electric
a
charges can pass
Circuit diagram: an electrical circuit drawn using standard
Electrical conductors: materials which have electrons thatsymbols
Electrical insulators: materials which do not have electrons thatfree
are to move around in them
are free to move around in then

Exercises
Part I: Objective Type Questions
Choose the correct option in each of the following.
1. Electricity is a form of:

3energy b. matter
C. neither matter nor energy d. none of these
2. When similar charged bodies are brought near, they will show:
a. attraction repulsion C. no effect d. none of these
3. A good conductor of electricity is:
a. hydrogen b. oxygen Silver d. plastic
4 Charges always occur:
Ltogether b. separate treely d. none of these

5. The flow of electrons (electric charge) is known as:

a electric current b. electric potential
C. electric field d. none of these