Electromagnetism

Aqeel ur rehman
O level physics
Electromagnetic Induction
 Section 1: Basics
 Section 2: DC Motor
 Section 3: Ac Generator
Electromagnets
• When an electric current passes through a wire
which is coiled around an iron core, the core
becomes magnetised and an electromagnet is
produced.

• When an a.c. current is used, the current changed

direction and so the magnetic field changes
direction.

e-m demo
Electromagnets
• Strength of electromagnet with/without iron core?

• Effect of increasing current through the coil?

• Effect of increasing number of turns in the

• coil (while keeping current constant)?
How is an electromagnet
constructed?

• A conducting wire is wound round an iron core.

• When a current passes through the

• conductor there is a magnetic field around
• the conductor. By wrapping it round a soft
• iron core, the magnetic field is concentrated.
How can the strength of an
electromagnet be increased?
• By increasing the current through the
• coil.

• By increasing the number of turns on the

• coil of wire.
What are the advantages of an
electromagnet over a
permanent magnet?
• The electromagnet can be switched off.

• The magnetic field strength can be varied

• (how?)

• The electromagnet provides a much stronger

• magnet field for the same size than a
• permanent magnet.
Electromagnetic Induction

• What happens when a wire is moved in a

magnetic field?

• A voltage is created – or induced. For thisreason we

call this electromagnetic induction.
Electromagnetic Induction
• http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/faraday2/

• What happens when a permanent magnet is moved

towards or away from a coil of wire?
• Current is induced in the coil which can be detected
by ammeter
How to find direction of
Field
Objective
• Describe that a force acts on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic
field, including the effect of reversing:
• (a) the current
• (b) the direction of the field
2 recall and use the relative directions of force, magnetic field and current
3 DC. Motor
we know that a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field may experience a
turning effect and that the turning effect is increased by increasing:
• (a) the number of turns on the coil
• (b) the current
• (c) the strength of the magnetic field
• describe the operation of an electric motor, including the action of a
split-ring commutator and brushes
 The motor effect
When a conductor
carrying an electric + S -
current is placed in a
magnetic field,
+- -+
it may experience a
force. N
This is called the motor - +
effect.
The left-hand motor rule

Note:
Magnetic field direction is from NORTH to SOUTH
Conventional Current direction is from PLUS to MINUS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOIzcGQKIk8
Insert the missing information
Q1. Force direction ? Q2 Current direction ?

N S S N

Q3 N and S poles ?
Q4 Force directions ?

N S N S

Note: means current out of the page

means current into the page

The force increases if:
– the strength of the magnetic field is increased
– the current is increased
- Number of turns of the coil

The direction of the force is reversed if either the

direction of the current or the direction of the magnetic
field is reversed.

The conductor will not experience a force if it is parallel

to the magnetic field.
 The electric motor
Electric current flowing around the
coil of the electric motor produces
oppositely directed forces on each
side of the coil.

These forces cause the coil to rotate.

Every half revolution the split ring

commutator causes the current in
the coil to reverse otherwise the coil
would stop in the vertical position.
 rotation
axis

N S
contact brush

Brushes regain
in contact
lose contact
contact
with
with
with
thethe
splitsplit
the ringring
commutator.
commutator.
Current flows
no longer
through
flowsthe
through
motor coil.
coil
thebut
motor
in the
coil.
opposite
original
split-ring commutator direction.
Forces
The coilexert
will continue
a clockwise
to rotate
turning effect
Forces
clockwise
exert
dueaon
to
clockwise
the
its coil
+ momentum.
turning effect on the coil.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_F4lim
aHYI
 Question
Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:
The motor effect occurs when a _______
current carrying wire is
placed inside a ________
magnetic field.

The force exerted is __________

maximum when the wire is at 90° to the
magnetic field __________
direction but is zero if the wire is ________
parallel to
the field.
The force increases with _________
field or current strength, the
force __________
reverses in direction if either are reversed.

WORD SELECTION:
parallel reverses loudspeaker direction
current magnetic field maximum
Inducing an e.m.f.
Two
1. Move the wire options
in a magnetic
field.
Inducing an e.m.f.
Two
1. Move the wire options 2. Move the
in a magnetic magnet in a coil
field. of wire.
Inducing an e.m.f.
Two
1. Move the wire options 2. Move the
in a magnetic magnet in a coil
field. of wire.

If the bar magnet is pushed into a

coil of wire, an e.m.f. is induced in
the coil. If the magnet is withdrawn
from the coil then an e.m.f. is induced
in the opposite direction.
Inducing an e.m.f.
Two
1. Move the wire options 2. Move the
in a magnetic magnet in a coil
field. of wire.

If the bar magnet is pushed into a

coil of wire, an e.m.f. is induced in
the coil. If the magnet is withdrawn
from the coil then an e.m.f. is induced
in the opposite direction.

The induced e.m.f. (and current) can be increased by: (1) moving the
magnet faster; (2) using a stronger magnet; (3) increasing the
turns on the coil.
OK, I understand now “Distinguish between
direct current (d.c.)
about the induced
and alternating
e.m.f. but what’s the current (a.c.)”
difference between
A.C. and D.C.?
OK, I understand now “Distinguish between
direct current (d.c.)
about the induced
and alternating
e.m.f. but what’s the current (a.c.)”
difference between
A.C. and D.C.?

D.C. is direct
current. The
current flows in
only one
direction.
Batteries and
solar cells
supply D.C.
electricity.
OK, I understand now “Distinguish between
direct current (d.c.)
about the induced
and alternating
e.m.f. but what’s the current (a.c.)”
difference between
A.C. and D.C.?

D.C. is direct If connected to a

current. The cathode ray
current flows in oscilloscope
only one (CRO) the trace
direction. on the screen is a
Batteries and straight line
solar cells deflected from
supply D.C. the zero line.
electricity.
OK, I understand now “Distinguish between
direct current (d.c.)
about the induced
and alternating
e.m.f. but what’s the current (a.c.)”
difference between
A.C. and D.C.?

A.C. is
alternating
current. The
current
constantly
changes
direction. Mains
electricity is A.C.
UK mains is
about 230V, with
OK, I understand now “Distinguish between
direct current (d.c.)
about the induced
and alternating
e.m.f. but what’s the current (a.c.)”
difference between
A.C. and D.C.?

A.C. is The CRO trace

alternating shows that the
current. The current is
current changing
constantly direction 50
changes times every
direction. Mains second.
electricity is A.C.
Pakistan mains is
about 220V, with
“In electricity generation, a generator is
a device that converts mechanical Ac Generator
(kinetic) energy into electrical energy
for use in an external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
alternators.
“In electricity generation, a generator is
a device that converts mechanical Supplement
(kinetic) energy into electrical energy
for use in an external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire
“In electricity generation, a generator is
a device that converts mechanical Supplement
(kinetic) energy into electrical energy
for use in an external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire

http://nurshiyaam.wordpress.com/
“In electricity generation, a generator is
a device that converts mechanical Supplement
(kinetic) energy into electrical energy
for use in an external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire

Magnets, producing a
magnetic field.

http://nurshiyaam.wordpress.com/
“In electricity generation, a generator is
a device that converts mechanical Supplement
(kinetic) energy into electrical energy
for use in an external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire

Magnets, producing a
magnetic field.

Coil, made of insulated

copper wire, rotated in the
magnetic field by turning
the shaft.

http://nurshiyaam.wordpress.com/
“In electricity generation, a generator is
a device that converts mechanical Supplement
(kinetic) energy into electrical energy
for use in an external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire

Magnets, producing a
magnetic field.

Coil, made of insulated

copper wire, rotated in the
magnetic field by turning
the shaft.
Slip rings are fixed to the
coil and rotate with it.

http://nurshiyaam.wordpress.com/
“In electricity generation, a generator is
a device that converts mechanical Supplement
(kinetic) energy into electrical energy
for use in an external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire

Magnets, producing a
magnetic field.

Coil, made of insulated

copper wire, rotated in the
magnetic field by turning
the shaft.
Slip rings are fixed to the
coil and rotate with it.

Brushes (normally carbon)

rub against the slip rings.
http://nurshiyaam.wordpress.com/
“In electricity generation, a generator is
a device that converts mechanical Supplement
(kinetic) energy into electrical energy
for use in an external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire

Slip ring detail Brushes keep

the coil
connected to
the outside
part of the
circuit.
“In electricity generation, a generator is
a device that converts mechanical Supplement
(kinetic) energy into electrical energy
for use in an external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire

Slip ring detail Brushes keep

the coil
As the coil rotates, it cuts
connected to
magnetic field lines, so an
the outside
EMF is generated, and a
part of the
current flows.
circuit.
“In electricity generation, a generator is
a device that converts mechanical Supplement
(kinetic) energy into electrical energy
for use in an external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire

Slip ring detail Brushes keep

the coil
As the coil rotates, it cuts
connected to
magnetic field lines, so an
the outside
EMF is generated, and a
part of the
current flows.
circuit. The slip rings keep the coil in
contact with the brushes
throughout the rotation,
and as a result the current
flows in alternate directions,
producing an alternating
current (AC).
 “In electricity generation, a generator is
a device that converts mechanical Supplement
(kinetic) energy into electrical energy
for use in an external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire

100
Current (mA)

-100

N S
 “In electricity generation, a generator is
a device that converts mechanical Supplement
(kinetic) energy into electrical energy
for use in an external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire

100
Current (mA)

1
1 = maximum forward current
0

-100

N S
 “In electricity generation, a generator is
a device that converts mechanical Supplement
(kinetic) energy into electrical energy
for use in an external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire

100
Current (mA)

1
1 = maximum forward current
0

-100

N S
 “In electricity generation, a generator is
a device that converts mechanical Supplement
(kinetic) energy into electrical energy
for use in an external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire

100
Current (mA)

1
1 = maximum forward current
0

2 2 = maximum reverse current

-100

N S
 “In electricity generation, a generator is
a device that converts mechanical Supplement
(kinetic) energy into electrical energy
for use in an external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire

100
Current (mA)

1
1 = maximum forward current
0

2 2 = maximum reverse current

-100

N S
 “In electricity generation, a generator is
a device that converts mechanical Supplement
(kinetic) energy into electrical energy
for use in an external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire

100
Current (mA)

The maximum EMF can be

1 increased by:
0 • Increasing the number of turns
on the coil.
2
-100

N S
 “In electricity generation, a generator is
a device that converts mechanical Supplement
(kinetic) energy into electrical energy
for use in an external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire

100
Current (mA)

The maximum EMF can be

1 increased by:
0 • Increasing the number of turns
on the coil.
2 • Increasing the area of the coil.
-100 • Using a stronger magnet.

N S
 “In electricity generation, a generator is
a device that converts mechanical Supplement
(kinetic) energy into electrical energy
for use in an external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire

100
Current (mA)

The maximum EMF can be

1 increased by:
0 • Increasing the number of turns
on the coil.
2 • Increasing the area of the coil.
-100 • Using a stronger magnet.
• Rotating the coil faster.

N S
transformer

SOFT IRON CORE

 A simple transformer

Primary
input coil 5
turns n1

AC Input
Voltage 12V
(Primary)
V1

SOFT IRON CORE

 A simple transformer

Primary Secondary
input coil 5 output coil
turns n1 10 turns n2

AC Input AC Output
Voltage 12V 24V Voltage
(Primary) (Secondary)
V1 V2

SOFT IRON CORE

This is an example of a STEP-UP

transformer – the voltage is increased
between the primary and secondary coils.
 A simple transformer

Primary Secondary
input coil 5 output coil
turns n1 10 turns n2

AC Input AC Output
Voltage 12V 24V Voltage
(Primary) (Secondary)
V1 V2

SOFT IRON CORE

This is an example of a STEP-UP

transformer – the voltage is increased
between the primary and secondary coils.
In a STEP-DOWN transformer, the
voltage is decreased.
A simple transformer

Why does this

happen?
A simple transformer

Why does this

happen?

When AC flows through the

primary coil, it sets up an
alternating magnetic
field in the soft iron core
and, therefore, in the
secondary coil. This
changing field induces an
alternating voltage in the
secondary coil.
A simple transformer

Why does this

happen?

When AC flows through the Provided all field lines pass through
primary coil, it sets up an both coils, and there is no heat loss,
alternating magnetic the following equation applies:
field in the soft iron core
and, therefore, in the Output voltage = turns on output
secondary coil. This coil
changing field induces an Input voltage turns on input coil
alternating voltage in the
secondary coil. V 2 = n2
V1 n1
A simple transformer

V 2 = n2 x V 1
n1

n2 = V 2 x n 1
V1
Eg. A transformer has 20 turns on
V 1 = n1 x V 2
the primary coil (input) and 10
n2
turns on the secondary coil
n 1 = n2 x V 1 (output). If the input voltage is 50
V2
volts, what is the output voltage?
A simple transformer

V 2 = n2 x V 1
n1

n2 = V 2 x n 1
V1
Eg. A transformer has 20 turns on
V 1 = n1 x V 2
the primary coil (input) and 10
n2
turns on the secondary coil
n 1 = n2 x V 1 (output). If the input voltage is 50
V2
volts, what is the output voltage?

V1 = 50, n1 = 20, n2 = 10

V2 = 10 x 50 = 25 V
20

The voltage has been reduced from 50V to 25V. This is an example
of a STEP-DOWN transformer.
 A simple transformer

Primary voltage Secondary No. of turns on No. of turns on Step up or

V1 voltage primary n1 secondary n2 step down?
V2

12V 24V 100 ? ?

400V 200V 20 ? ?

25,000V 50,000V 1,000 ? ?

23V 230V 150 ? ?

 A simple transformer

Primary voltage Secondary No. of turns on No. of turns on Step up or

V1 voltage primary n1 secondary n2 step down?
V2

12V 24V 100

200 up
400V 200V 20
10 down
25,000V 50,000V 1,000
2000 Up
23V 230V 150
1500 Up