DC Machines-I (Generators)

12.1. INTRODUCTION
machine, but furnished with a Shee
DC machine is actually an alternating current
called the commutntor, which under certain conditions converts ac into dc and v

Theterm "generator" denotes that it generates

electrical energy but actually it de.
t simply converts mechanical energy supplied to it into electrical energy. A dc
may be compared with a water force pump to make operation of a dc generator more.
As the force pump does not produce water butcauses a mechanical pressure which
the existing water into an elevated reservoir against the back pressure due to its weigh
the same way the generator does not produce electricity but creates potential difteret
which causes the electric current to flow from low pressure terminal to high pres
ett
terminal in the machine and from high pressure terminal to low pressure terminal in
external circuit against the resistance of the circuit
The generator operates on the principle of the production of dynamically induced em
whenever flux is cut by the conductor, dynamically induced emf is produced in it accordirg
to the laws of electro-magnetic induction, which will cause a flow of current in the condu
if the circuit is closed.
For production of dynamically induced emf, three things are necessary, a magnetic field
n conductor and motion of the conductor with respect to the field. In de generators the fed
is the
produced by magnets which are stationary. Permanent magnets are used fr
field
smallcapacity machines and electro-magnets are used for large machines to create magnet
ver
flux. The conductors are situated on the periphery of the armature being rotated by the
prime-mover.

12.2. SIMPLE LOOP GENERATOR

A Bingle turn rectangular copper conduetor loop A BC D rotating in clockwise directia
about its own axis XX in the uniform magnetic field is shown
in fig. 12.1. As the col
rotated in the magnetic field by some mechanical mcans (not
shown in the fig.) the n
linking with the loop changes continually, therefore emf is induced in it. The magni
an
of emf induced at any instant is
proportional to the rate of change of linking flux at
instant and its direction is given by
Fleming's right hand rule.
While rotating at the instant the
in fig. 12.1 (a) i.e. when the
loop of wire A BC D assumes the position sshow2
loop A B C D is just parallel to the faces of field mag
and S, the flux linking with the loop is
maximum but the rate of change of
zero, as at this instant no flux is cut
by the coil sides AB and CD which linking
parallel to them. Hence induced emf is zero when the loop is in this are jus
of the loop is known as neutral position.
position and let it be taken starting position This p
and
rotation be measured from this position. a*
As the coil is turned in clockwise
direction at a constant speed, the coil sides be
cut across the field, slowly at first but at u d ef

emf induced gradually increases as the gradually increasing rate. Thus the m3 hen the io
loop moves and becomes maximum when
348
 DC
MACHINES-I (GENERATORS) O 349

position shown in fig.

(6). During 12.1
stlnet
sh e

and induced emt in this period the loopp rotatos through2

the
n d h a i so r 9 0 " ,

loop increnses
direction of emt induced in the coil, as following the sine law, ns shown
and fronm D to C. ln the position of thegiven by Fleming's right hand rue
1 2 2 T h e

moving at right angles to the field loop shown in fig. 12.1 (b)
des are moving
and are, therefore, the c
across the field at
gXimum r a t e ,

nsequently,
c o n s e c
the emt
induced at this instant is cutting
of value. Ir. the
revolution of the loop i.e. between rndinns maximnum
va
the
of
quuarter
dians (or 90" to
and n radiz
pet aatt which the conductors cut
across the
), the rat

lo of induced emf to fall magnetie field gradually decreases

gradually with
themagnitude.

,U S I n gt h e
the angular movement
becomes zero
mes z erd at
the instant the ot tne
loop beconmes again parall«l to the faces of the
p

eld
an

magnets hut with the sides AB and CD's position

12.1 (c)). interchanged with respect to zeroo
|hg.
sition ROTATION
OTATION

(a) Armature Coil in Neutral Plane (b) Armature Coil in The 90° Position
ROTATIOPN
AOTATION

12
DCM

c)
Armature Coil in The 180° Position (d) Armature Coil in The 270" Position
Fig. 12.11
In the
third
) the rates quart
r d quarter of the revolution of loop i.e. between n and r a d i a n s (or 180° to

adualle at which the conductors cut across the magnetic field hence induced emf

assumes increases as the loop moves and

the
becomes maximum at the instant, the loop
fromposition shown in fig. 12.1 (d). However, the direction of emf in the loop is
o B and from C to D i.e. opposite to that in the first two quarters.
 350 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING UNIT 4
of the loop
In the fourth quarter of the revolution
3TT the
Le. between and 27 radians (or 270° to 360),
becomes T/2
induced emf decreases the coil moves and
as
or 360° from
the
zero when it completes 2n radians
comes to its
starting instant. At this instant the loop 2nd
absolute original position and hence
the loop is said to QUARTER IQUARTER rd

have one cycle. The cycle then repeats

completed
each revolution of the armature.
for
Curve ToUARTERlQUARTER
Showing Variation na
form
EMF n a Col Rolated in aofInduc,
The emf thus generated in the loop is of the
shown in fig. 12.2 from which it is obvious that
emf Magnetic Field Unitfor
Fig. 12.2
induced in armature conductors is of pulsating nature.
Such an emf is known as an alternating emf.
ROTATION
X

(a) Slip Rings (b) Split Ring

BRUSH

SLIP
RINGS

LOAD -BRUSH
RESISTANCE

ww ww
EXTERNAL LOAD EXTERNAL LOAD
Elementary Generator With Brushes
and Collector Rings ()
Fig. 12.3 Fig. 12.4
The current induced in the coil is collected and conveved to the external Cirw
by connecting the coil
terminals to two continuous
and insuBatedrings, known as
load
orcollector rings, mounted on the he
pressing against the slip rings, one generator shaft and making the two brushes

the coil is rotated, the brush bearing on each stationa Wher

generated ring, as shown in i8in o
direction and then in the other alternating emf causes a current to fiow first
called an alternating current. through the coil and external circuit. sucn
c u r r e n t

To obtain the
uni-directional or
arrangement is modified as shown indirect current in the external cireuit, tne
ectin

replaced by split-ring made of fig. 12.4. In this i p rings

a arrangement, tne sepa
conducting material and splitted Separata

into two na
 O 351
DCMACHINES-I (GENERATORS)
of
by insulation and brushes are placed diametrically opposite instead
other

es
aic h
de by side.
i.e.
thom t
observed that in the first half revolution current flows along ABMICDA
herng ill be ontact with segment 'a' acts as the + ve pole of the Hupply and brush "
t w i l l
c o n t a

in b' acts as the - ve pole.

rush .
vith
M segment

reversed,
c o n t a c t w i t h

xt half
revolution, the direction of induced currents in the coil is
I n t h e
t i m e the positions of segments 'a' and 'b' are also reversed, with the resu
a
contact with + ve segment 'b' and ve segment
again come in
t t h e s a n

M and L
the same.
of current in the external load circuit remains
phrushe Thus the direction from one
d spectively. brushes shall be so arranged that the change of segments
pe i a n of the to the
perpendicular
takes place when the plane of the tating coil is
T h ep o s i t i o .

other o t h e r

the coil will De

this position the induced emf or induced current in
the

s i n c e in
segment
to
field,
since
of
plane
dc generator 1S
e r o . Thus t h e current induced in the armature conductors of
emf or
a
alternating
Thus which i srectified by the split-ring known as com1nutator.
hich is
rectification the current through
Although a f t e r

load circuit is always in the s a m e direction,

but

s t e a dy
dy
c u r r e e n t since the emf generated
in "2 VVV 540 630 720
it
the
not a
isarmature coil il and applied to the brushes, varies 90° 180° 270 360 450
DEGREES
IN
a n d back to twice each
zero cOIL POSITION
Tero to maximum Generator
from.

The variation in brush voltage is shown EMF Curve of a Simple DC

r e v o l u t i o n .
Fig. 12.5
8 suitable for
in fig. 12.5.
single coil generator is not
direct c u r r e n t such a s given by a
number of coils and
commu-
A Dulsating
purposes. However, by employing a large a r m a t u r e the
mast commercial distributed around the surface
of the
the coils evenly
1atorsegments, with constant.
be made practically coils
brush voltage may turn armature coil is
small. For this reason, the
by a single
The voltage generated consist of several turns
in series thereby increasing
commercial generators turns in the coil.
employed in to the number of the
emf in direct proportion
the magnitude of generated
MACHINE
OF A DC
12.3. ESSENTIAL PARTS LIFTINGB-
withh
DC machine (whether generator
or motor)

12.6. In construction,
a FIELD
WINDING
EYE
VE
VE 12
tour poles is shown in fig.
dC machine consists of four parts mainly 1. Field POLE
SHOE YOKE
DCM

OR
4. Brush
nagnets 2. Armature 3. Commutator is shown AIR GAP FRAME

adbrush gear. Disassembled dc machine

in fig. 12.7.
uit
. FieldSystem. The object of thefield sys SHAFT
ARMATURE

CORE
hes StO create a uniform magnetic field, within
hen Which the armature rotates.
COMMUTATOR-

one
is
son with Electro-managnets preferred in compar
are
manent magnets on account of its -FEET

effect and its field strength 4-Pole DC Machine

egulation5C
ting
ulation,
ing which can be achieved by
control- Fig. 12.66
are
the current.
ted Fielagnetising
Field magnet given below:
gnet consists of four parts
352 O ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 4
BEARING
() Yoke or Frame i) Pole SHIELD
FRAME
cores (iii) Pole shoes and (iu) BEAPI
SHIELDNG
TERMINAL
ROCKER
COVER
Magnetising coils. WITH
BRUSH
Cylindrical yoke is usually HOLDER
used which acts as a frame of
the machine and carries the mag
netic flux produced by the poles.
In small machines, cast iron
yokes are used, because of cheap. ARMATURE cOMMUTATOR
ness but yoke of a large machine
is invariably made of fabricated DC Machine (Disassembled)
Fig. 12.7
steel due to its high permeabil-
ity. the coils of
Pole core is usually of circular section and is used to carry insulated.
carrying the exciting (or field) current. The pole shoe acts as WITS
a support to the field..
and spreads out the flux over the armature periphery more unitormly and also betn.
larger cross-section reduces the reluctance of the magnetic path.
emg
The field poles are usually formed of laminations (thin sheets of steel) and are bobe
to the frame or yoke to which are also fastened the end bells with their bearings and t
brush rigging. In small machines the poles are cast integral with the yoke from cast ine
due to its low cost and less machining required by individual parts. In some machinest
yoke and pole cores are made in single casting and laminated pole shoes are attached
the pole cores. The pole faces or pole shoes are always laminated to avoid heating andeti
current losses caused by the fluctuations in the flux distribution on the pole face due
movementof armature slots and teeth.
Theobiect of the magnetising or field coils is to provide,underthevariousconditions
operation. the number of ampere-turnsofexcitation required togive the proper flux throug
the armature toinduce the desired potential difference. The magnetic flux produced by te

mmfdeveloped by the field coils pass through the pole pieces. the air gap, the armature ce
and the yoke or frame. There are several field constructions adopted according to the
of excitation. In shunt field, many turns of fine wire are used, in series field few turns
largecross-sectional area are used and in compound field both shunt and series windings
used.
LAMINATED
2.
Armature. It is a rotating part ofa
dc machine and is built up in a cylindrical or EXCITING
POLE CORE

COIL
drum shape. The purpose of armature is to
rotate the conductors in the uniform mag-
netic field. It consists of coils of insulated RIVET
HOLES

L
wires wound around an iron and so arranged
that electric currents are induced in these
wires when the armature is rotated in a
magnetic field. In addition, its most impor- AE
tant function is to provide a path of very low
reluctance to the magnetic flux. The arma- STEEL ROD
LAMINATED

ture core is made from high permeability silicon- POLE SHOE-

steel stampings, each stamping, being sepa-

Laminated Pole Core and
Pole Snoe
rated from its neighbouring one by thin pa-
per or thin coating of varnish as insulation. Fig. 12.8
 D 353
DCMACHINES-I (GENERATORS)
air-gap
exists between the pole pieces and SLOT

a 1l
ture so tha there will be no rubbing in the
A s
armatu. er this gap 1s kept as small as possi- KEYWAY
However

ARING t h e a i r g a p greate is the mmf re-

IELD -hine1arger
sinreate the required flux. The air-gap length
b l e .

to 6 mm (say 1 mm for a 1 kW
mm
ire 1. 1.75 mm tor medium size machines AR
achine. I.5 HOLES

mach ar 800 kW machine).

6 mme high grade steel is made (a) to keep
The u s eo f . TEETH
laW. which is due to cyclic change of
and

hysteresiS l o s s l o w

ation caused by rotation of the core in thne Armature Lamination

m&gnetisat reduce
eld and (6) the eddy currents in
to Fig. 12.9
gnetic

areinduced by the rotation of the core currents

By laminations, of the eddy
path
hecOTeeticfield. using stampings or the
direction that they ar
severa units. The laminations must be in such a
in the laminatiorn i s
wires is cu l a r the paths
perpendicular tto
o of eddy currents and parallel to the flux. Each
coils 0.6 m m thick.
0.3 to
ingof out between the
rotating switch placed
about

3 . C o m m u t a

tor.
t o .
The commutator is a form of
the
polted a n d the externalcircuit and so arranged that it will reverse the connections to
of of each reversal current in the armature coils.
ad the r a Circuit at the instant a dc
of machine and serves the following purposes:
iron v e r y important part and the
2s the connections between the rotating armature coils
I t provides the electrical
stationary external circuit.
ed to
eddy rotates, it performs a switching action reversing the electrical
2. As the armature the
ue to and each armature coil in t u r n so that
between the external circuit
connections
add together and result in a dc output voltage.
armature coil voltages
ns the rotor or armature mmf stationary in space.
3. It also keeps
ough The commutator is essentially of cylindrical structure
and is built up of wedge shaped
hard drawn copper or drop forged copper. These segments
are
ythe
segments of high conductivity thin thickness). Mica
core
insulated from each other by layers of mica (usually of 0.5 to 1 m m

type be used for large commutator because of the difficulty of

is to be preferred but cannot of
ns of the cost of large mica segments prohibitive. On account
s are obtaining large sheets, making held together by
cost also micanite is often used for
small commutators. The segments a r e
means of two V-shaped rings that fit into the V- grooves cut into the segments.

COMMUTATOR BARSS
12
DCM
RISERS7 OR
INSULATION SEGMENTS
(MICANITE) -
MICANITE

CLAMP
RING

CLAMP BOLT
COMMUTATOR cOPPER
BODY

Commutator
Section Through a

Fig. 12.1o
 354 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT4
is pressed to the armature shatt,
and the outer periohe
The to provide a smooth surface with which a stationary carbon
machined
commutator on
is then
on (or side

COpper) brush can maintain continuous contact and cor

as the armature aphite or
commutator wa

reat care is taken in building the commutator because even slight eccentricit rotate. opf
the brushes to bounce, causing undue sparking. em

4. Brushes. The function of brushesis tocol-

ect current from the commutator and supply it to SPRING ma
the externalload circuit(the armature of the ma-
chine being connected to the external load circuit
the
ene
via the commutator and
brushes). The brushes are ver

rectangular in shape and rest on the commutator. lar

Brushes are manufactured in a variety of ger
composi-
tions and degrees of hardness to suit the commu-
tation requirements. They may be classified
roughly HOLE FOR BRUSH BOLT ste
as
carbon, carbon graphite, graphite, metal graph- str
ite and copper. The allowable
current density at Brush Holder me
the brush contact varies from 5
A per square cm Fig. 12.11
in case of carbon to 23
mE
A per square cm in the case ar-
of copper.
fa
The brushes are housed in
brush-holders (ussu-
ally of the box type)
which are mounted on the sis
brush holder studs or brackets. Co
5. Armature
Winding. The insulated wires ta
housed in armature slots are suitably connected. 12
This is called the arnature
winding plays vital role in a winding. Armature
dc machine. It is a
A
place where conversion of power takes
place i.e.
convers1on of mechanical power intoelectrical PROGRESSIVE
LAP WINDING
RETROGRESSVE
one LAP WINDING
in case of a
generator and conversion of electrical (a) n
power into mechanical one in (6)
case of motor. 12
armature The Fig. 12.12
windings most
commonly used in drum
are of two types type armature
namely lap winding wave and
In lap winding
finish end of one coil is winding. th
segment and to the start end of the connected to a commutator th
pole and similarly all coils are adjacent coil under the same
as lap
wvinding because the connected. The winding is
other. Single known
sides of successive coils
turn lap winding
lap winding there are as is shown in
fig.
overlap each
12.12 (a) and
the winding as there many parallel
are field paths or circuits (b). In
because of large number of poles on the machine. through
conductors parallel Lap winding
paths and lesser
per path is suitable for number of
machines. large current and low LJL
WAVE

Wave winding is voltage WINDING

also sometimes Fig. 12.13

of one coilis known
connected to the start of as series
winding. In wave winding
winding, the winding
progresses, passinganother coil as shown in fig. 12.13. tn
every N pole and Thus 1
S pole till it co
returns to
t
 O 359
DC MACHINES-I (GENERATORS)

re it was started. As the winding is wavy, the winding is, therefore, c a e d

from
whehe wave winding gives always two parallel paths irrespecC
ective of numb
de dil refore, for a given number of poles and armature conductors,
s, it gives
more

hen and. ti winding. Hence it is used for high voltage and low current machines.
w i n d i n o

or the
lap

small For larger

ate.
use
than >arings. W
r o le
l er
rbbearings
earir
With machines, ball bearings may be used at both ends
Ised a t
are used at the driving end, and ball bearings may be use
6
achInes, end. i.e. a t the commutator end. Thrust bearings are used where exces cessive

n-drivin
he
non-dri ticipated. Sleeve bearings, with ring lubrication are used for m o t o r s w h e n
endt h r u s t i s
s i l e n t r u n

ing is required. For

n i n

destal bearings ar BANDING

enerally Used.
e r g e

is made of mild WINDING FAN

aft. The shaft cOMMUTATOR END SUPpORT

7 S
breaking
with a
is used to transfer
maXimun
BEARING l cORE
h.Theshaft rom or to the
Teel

m e c h a n i c a p o w e r

parts such as SHAFT

DRChIne. T h e
a The rotating SHAFT DRIVING
END
core, nutator, coolin
Armature
LOCKNUT LoCKNUT
keyed to the shaft.
are
BEARINGs
view of a dc rotor con
etc.
an
S e c t i o n a l

shaft, armature
of armature Sectional View of Rotor Assembly of a DC Machine
sisting winding and commu-
2 r e . a r m a t u r e

Fig. 12.14
illustrated in fig. 12.14.
stor is
ACTION
.a4 FUNCTION OF COMMUTATOR FOR GENERATING AND MOTORING
12 certain conditions converts
mentioned in Art. 12.1, commutator is a device which under
versa.
arinto dc and vice of rotating switch placed between the armature and exter-
The commutator is a form
the connections to the external circuit at the
SSIVE Tl Circuit and so arranged that it r e v e r s e s armature
iNG in the coil, as already explained in Art.
instant of each reversal of the current
in armature coils into direct currents
12.2, and thus converts induced alternating currents
inthe external load circuit, and commutator to
In dc motor, a direct current passes through the brushes
case of a

the armature winding; while it passes through the commutator it is converted

into
tat the group of conductors under successive field poles carry currents in opposite directionas.
ac so
12
DCM

12.5. EMF EQUATION

coil
be the flux per pole in webers, Z the total number of armature conductors orin the
SOn the armature, P the number of poles, A the number of parallel paths
mature and N be the rotational speed of armature in revolutions per minute (rpm)
time rate of change of the
b e recalled, the induced emf is proportional to the
magnetic flux i.e.
e =d
dt
the During
one revolution of ature in a P-pole generator each armature conductor cuts
end mag LAC Tux P times, so flux cut by one conductor in one revolution = P webers.
ave

coil
 UNIT 4
356 O ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING3-
the armature per minute is N
N.
so
made by
Since the number of revolutions number of
N
and, therefore,
flux cut by each conductor
tor
revolutions made per second is, per second
of
=
Flux cut by one conductor per revolution
x number ot

N
webers
revolutions

aturelsecond
armaturol..

E
= dP x
60
conductor will be
induced in one
Consequently the average emf
N
e =oP 0
60
volts

+ ve brush a n d - ve brush is eaal

The number of conductors in series between
a

number of parallel paths i.e. number of arhe

total number of conductors divided by the nature
Z
conductors per parallel path =

A*
The total emf generated between the terminals,
E = Average emf induced in one conductor * number ot conductors in each circuit

parallel path

= oPxvolts = dZxvolts
A ..(12.1
For a given machine the number of poles (P) and number of armature conductors per

parallel path ( ) are constant, therefore,

Generated emf, E = K ° N ..(12.2) where K =

60
or E a o N
or E a D o where o = 2Tt N
h e angular velocity in radians/ second
Thus we see that the induced emf is directly proportional to flux per pole d and spesi
N. Moreover, the polarity of the induced emf depends upon the direction of the magnetic feli
and the direction ofrotation. If either of the two is reversed, the polarity of the inducedemi
ie brushes is reversed, but when both are reversed, the polarity remains unchanged
The induced emf is fundamental phenomenon to all dc machines whether they ae
operating as generators or motors, as already explained in chapter 11. However,whenth
machine is operating as a generator, this induced emf is called the
whereas in case of a machine operating as a motor it is called the
generated emj,
counter- or back em, L
Example 12.1. A dynamo has a rated armature current at 250 A. What is the current ath

of the armature if the armature

winding is sinmplex wave wound or simplex lap wouna
perh The
machine has 12 poles.
Solution Rated armature current, I, =
250 A
Number of poles, P =
12
With simplex wave winding
Number of parallel paths, A 2
250
Current per path, I, = =
125
2
125 A Ans.
With simplex lap winding

A 2 in case of wave winding and =Pin case of lap winding

 O 357
(GENERATORS)
DC MACHINES

N u m b e r
of paralle paths, A =
P =12
250
Current per path. 1, =

A 12
20.833 A Ans.
js
pole
'rample 12.2 A, generator has
an armature emf of 100 V when the seful
ux per
flux and
a spe
12. Speed is 800 rpm. Caleulate the genernted emf (i) with the ssame
ame

and with a flux per pole of 24 m Wb and a speed of 900 rpm

m l W ba n
2003/
ol1.000 rpm,

0.P. Technical Univ. Electrical EngineeringJanuary

emi, Ej =
100 V
enerated
Solution:
( r e n e

ux per pole, 2 0 m Wb = 20 x 10 Wb
Speed. N, = 800 rpm
emf is proportional to the product of flux per pole ô and a r m a t u r e speed N tor a Kgiven
S en d u e d e m t ,

mChine i . e

E oN

or
or E N x
Na *xE,
or E N,
1,000
800
x1 x 100 125 V Ans.

Ng = 1,000 rpm and o2

=
0

(and Eg N. * * 100 = 135 V Ans.

E, 800 X
20x 103
24 x 10% Wb
900 rpm and o =
: Ng =

generator has an armature with 90 slots

wound de
and 6 conductors
123. A 6-pole lap
le
Wb. Calculate the emf generated.
at 1,200 rpm. The flux per pole is 50 m
At and rotates Flux per pole, d = 50 mWb = 0.05 Wb

number of conductors per slot

Solution

Z = Number of armature slots x

rmber of armature conductors,
= 90 x 6 = 540

Number of poles, P =6
A P=6 generator is lap-wound
Number of parallel paths,
=

Armature speed, N = 1,200 rpm

540 V Ans.
Generated emf, E, p 7 xvolts =0.05
= x 540 x x
60 6

Example 12.4. A 4-pole generator having

contains 20 conductcrs. What will be the voltage
wave-wound armature
generated in the
winding has 51 slots ach slot
machine when driven at 1,500 12
rpm assuming the flux per pole to
be 7.0 m Wb ? DCM
Solution Flux per pole, o = 7.0 mWb
= 0.007 Wb
Number of armature conductors, Z = Number of slots X number of conductors per slot
= 51 x 20 = 1,020
Number of poles, P 4
Number of parallel paths, A = 2 armature is wave-wound

Speed, N = 1,500 rpm

Generatedemf,E, oZx0.007 x 1,020 =

x x 357 VAns.
Example ð, An 8-pole de generator
What has 500 armature conductors and a useful flux of 0.05 Wb.
Peeda theitemf generated, if it is lap-connected and runs at 1200 rpm? What must be the
at v*Ich is to be driven to produce the same emt, if it is wave-wound.
JU.P. Technical Univ Elec. Engineering February 2001)
358 D ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 4

lap connected,
otion: EMF generated when the generator is
ZN P 0.05 x 500x 1,200 8
60 8
500 V Ans.
G0 A
n lap connected armature, Iumber o lel paths
parallel

to generate an emf of 500 V

paths, A
=P
Speed of the generator, when wave-connected,
E. x 60 500 x GO0 2
300 rpm Ans.
=

So N' 0.05x 500

in wave-connected armature A.

12.6. ARMATURE REACTION

When the generator is supplying no load and
the field winding is energized, there exists TRAILING
LEADING
in it only the mmf POLE TIP
of the main poles which POLE TIP.
creates the main flux. When the generator
loaded.
NEWMNP
1s current flows through the arma-
ture winding and a magnetizing effect or mme GNP Fa 90
that acts at right angles to the main field NEW AND
fux, is set up. The effect of magnetic field
set up by the armature current on the dis-
tribution of the flux under main poles is known
as the armature reaction. The effect of ar-
mature reaction is to weaken the field strength
in the gap
under the leading pole tips and Fig. 12.15
strenghten under trailing pole tips. The magnetic field of
the machine is distorted
physical neutral line is shifted in the direction of rotation. The displacement of the and the
line depends on the magnitude of armature flux, which in turn neutral
load current. As a result, the brushes have to be shifted depends on the armature or
in the direction of rotation to avoid
sparking (refer fig. 12.15).
2.7. TYPES OF DC GENERATORS
The mmf necessary to establish the flux in the
obtained by means of (i) a permanent magnet
magnetic circuit of a de generator can be
(i) field coils excited by some external source
and (ii) field coils excited by the
generator itself.
When a permanent magnet is used for
generator is known as a permanent
establishing the flux in the magnetic circuit, th
magnet generator. It consists of an armature and
several permanent magnets
encircling the armature. The field developed by the oe
or

such machines remains fairly constant. poles o

view of the low power thus Although these machines are very compact but
generated, permanent
applications. Such generators are employed onlymagnet generators have not found indusi
in small sizes like
dynamos in motor cycles etc.
RHEOSTAT
12.7.1. Separateiy Excited DC
Since the operation of a dc machine Generators.
depends
a fixed
polarity of the poles which does not upon
SEPARATE

V SOURCE OF
vary ARMATURE
with time, the field coils need EXCITATION

a dc source.
energization from
A dc generator whose field winding is excited
from an independent external de source, such as
Fig. 12.16
 a 359
DCMACHINES-I (GENERATORS)
is
diagram
generator is called a
separately excited generato T e circuit
battery thego and load. I
the12.16. In this case current flowing through the a r r ature,
generate
voltage (voltage the load), V to the
u s t r a t e di n
t h es a / 7 m eand
he terminal across is
equn
drop in armature, I R, i.e.
l e s s v o l t a g
(12.3)
I(say)
R, where R, is the armature resistance...(12.4)
.(12.5)
Power developed, P (12.6)
3
to
Powerd e h v e r e d t o
red
external Load. P =
V1
the
e x c i t e d by
DC Generators. A de generator whose field winding such
is
elf-Exeited D¢
itselt, is called a self excited generator.
In machines
by the generator
be
od
1 2 7 . 2 .S e l t

The field coils may

pplied
with the armature winding.
inter-connected
urrent are armature o r partly
with the armature, in parallel with the
f i e l d c o i l I s

her in series self-excited generators may

with the armature. Accordingly the
e

ted t y in parallel compouna

wound generators and (iii)
series o u n a generators (10) shunt
s andpart/,

s e r i e s

as (i)
machines.
c l a s s i t i e d

of such
always present in the poles
Ound
ZCUCTators.

magnetism, some flux is

esidual armature winding owing
mature is rotated, a small voltage is induced in the the field coils and
Due causes a small current to flow in
induced voltage which
When flux. This increase n induced voltage
residua

ux per
crease in flux pole. The increase in flux causes place rapidly
and
These events take
field c u r r e n t and so flux per pole.
ths
further i n c r e a s e
rea ses the voltag
uilds up to the rated
he generator bui there
Generators. In a series wound generator, SERIES
Series Wound the c o r e of each pole) salient FIELD
(one field c01l o n
n one field winding so that whole
w i t h armature winding
1n series connection
ith is connected load. The N
which
the field winding as well a s
the
Tent flows throughW o u n d g e n e r a t o r i s given in fig. 12.17. Since ARMATURE
1 of a series
therefore, series field
ETam the full load current,
o r strips. The
r carries
winding
series field turns of thick wire
d with a tewer of the
inding is designed is, therefore, very low, say
resistance of
series field winding Rse below:
Fig. 12.117
r e l a t i o n s a r e given
2. The important (12.7)
order of 0.5 se 1 = I(say)
e ..(12.8) 1 2
V E - I (R, + R ,
e
...(12.9) DCM
I
Power developed, P =
E, .(12.10)
e Power delivered, P, =VI
of Generators. In a shunt wound generator
Wound
in .Shunt in case of series
wound

al there field winding, as is only armature one

in this c a s e it is
connected across the SHUNT
rbut a c r o s s the v ARMATURE FIELD
circuit. The voltage shunt
l ming a parallel
terminal voltage
or of the
1s, therefore, the same as the
en g is illustrated
in fig. 12.18.
h ne connection diagram current I, flowing from the + ve

sh ration, total a r m a t u r e paths; the external circuit and Fig. 12.18

he divides between two parallel and the shunt field c u r r e n t
the field c u r r e n t i.e.

Close circuit
The load c u r r e n t 1 to a r m a t u r e is equal
close
4
the circui' Cuit at the -ve brush and their
sum
 s60 0 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 4

The effective power of a generator is proportional to the current deliveredto

Load circuit, therefore, it is necessary to keep shunt field current as small as possible the external
wound generators it is kept about 2.5 per cent of the rated armature current. Shunt f shu
are, therefore, designed to
produce the desiredmmf by means of relatively large noils a

turns of fine wire. The resistance of the shunt field

rally be high,
winding R,h Will naturally ho L r
of the order of 100Q. The important relations are given below:
say
V
Shunt ficld current,
Armature current I,a I1, + sh
Rsh ..12.11
Terminal voltage.V= E, - I, R, . (12.12
Power developed, P Ega = .12.13
Power delivered, PL V L =
..(12.14
3. Compound Wound Generators. In compound wound
generators, there are .(12.1)
two
windings (two separate coils on the core of each pole). One of them (having many fiel
turns
fine wire) is connected across the of
armature and the other (having few
turns of thick wire) is connected in sSERES
FIELD
series with the armature
winding.
Compound generators may be sh
connected either short-shunt, with h
the shunt field winding in SERIES
parallel E9 FIELD
with the armature alone, as SHUNT
ARMATURE FIELD SHUNT
illustrated in fig 12.19 (a) or long E FELD
shunt, with the shunt field winding ARMATURE
in parallel with both the armature
and series field winding,
shownas
in (a) Short-Shunt Compound (a) Long-Shunt Compound
fig. 12.19
(b). Wound Generator
In a compound wound Wound Generator
generator,
the major portion of the excitation Fig. 12.19
is usually supplied by the shunt field. The
shunt field is SERIES FIELDS
slightly weaker and the series field is
considerably weaker
than those of the Ise
corresponding machine in which the
entire excitation is
produced by single shunt or by a *sh
single series winding. SHUNT
FIELDS
Compound generators are also of the two types, known
as cunulative compound _wound and differential
compound woundgenerators. In
cumulative compound (a) Cumulatire
wound generators, series field (b) Differentia
shown in fig. 12.20 (a) whereasassists
the shunt field, as Compounding Compounding
in differential
wound generators, series field opposes the shunt compound Fig. 12.20
shown in fig. 12.20 (6). field, as

The important relations for

short-shunt and long-shunt compound wound generators re
given below:
(a) Short Shunt Compound Wound
Series field eurrent,
Generators
Ige =I1 ...(12.16)
 O 361
DCMACHINES-I (GENERATORS)

current, Ish V+Ise Rse

R ...(12.17)
Shunt
field
R Rsh
Armature current, I, =1, + Ish ...(12.18)
Terminal voltage, V = E. R, -1 , ..(12.19)

..(12.20)
Power developed, P E, I,
Power delivered, Pi = V I ...(12.21)
Wound Generators
Shunt Compound
Long V ..(12.22)
Shunt field
current, I,h
Rsh
Armature current, I, = Series field current, I_e ..(12.23)
..(12.24)
= I+ Ish ...(12.25)
Terminal voltage, V = E - I , R, - Ipe Re = E , - I, (R, + R,)
Power developed, , = E, I, ..(12.26)

Power delivered, PL =V IL (12.27)

90 slots having6
running
machine at 1,500 rpm has a n a r m a t u r e with
A 4-pole generator
12.6
is 6 x
10- Wb. Determine the induced emf a s a de
Aamp ner slot. The flux per pole tne
determine
connected. lt the current per conductor is 100 amperes,
onducs are lap off the machine.
if the coils

output o
power
rical
Flux per pole, d = 6 x 10-2 Wb
Solution:
Number of slots x number of conductors per slot
armature conductors, Z
=

Vamber of
= 90 x 6 540

Induced emf, E, = Z = 6 x 10-2 x 540 x

60
x = 810 V Ans.
60
Current per conductor, I, = 100 A
100 4 400 A
I, x A x
= =
Armature current, I, =

810 x 400 =
3,24,000 Wor 324 kW Ans.
Electrical power developed =
E, x I =

and shunt
200 V shunt generator has
an armature
resistance of 0.05 a

Example 12.7. A 20 kW. the developed in the armature when it delivers rated
Calculate power
resistance of 200 2.
field
100 A
output. Give sketch.

Ian 1A
Solution Load current, I L
20,000 =100 A IL= 100 A
200
101 A

12
DCM
Shunt field resistance, R , = 200 2 200 V R Rsh 200
0.05 2
200 1 A
Shunt field current, Is R 200
ial rmature current, I, =
I,+I =
100 +1 = 101 A

Generated emf. E, = V+ I, Ra Fig. 12.21

101 x 0.05 205.05 V
= 200 +
x 101 = 20,710 W or 20.71 kW Ans.
205.05
eveloped, P, =
E, x
I, =

Exam wave-connected a r m a t u r e
conductors running
are An 8-pole de shunt generator has 778 V. The a r m a t u r e
t500 P terminal voltage of 260
12.5 2 resistance at
a
the induced
Sstance ppies a load of
260 2. out the a r m a t u r e current,
Find
emf and field resistance is
1982; Bombay Uniu. Elec. Engg-1, 1988]
the
the 2 a n d
flux Univ. Elec. Technology
16) X per pole. [Agra
362 O ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING- UNIT 4

Solution: Load current. 11, -V 250= 20 A I20 A

R 12.5 21A
Shunt field current,
Ieh
V 250 1 A Ra
Rgh 250 R126 250 V 024 n Rah 250O
Armature current, 1, =
1, +
Ish
= 20 1 = 21 A Ans.
Inducedemf. E, = V+ 1, R,
= 250 + 21 x 0.24 255.04 V Ans. Fig. 12.22
Flux per pole. d = Ex 60 A
ZN
255.04 x602
9.834 x 10-3 Wb or 9.834 m Wb Ans.
=

8778 x 500
Example 12.9. A 4-pole shunt generator with lap-connected armature has field and armad
resistances of 50 and 0.1 0 respectively. It supplies power to sixty 100 V, 40 W 1lamps. Calee
the armature current and the generated emf. Allow a contact drop of 1 V per brush. culate
[U.P. Technical Univ. Tutorial Question
Solution: Total
ank)
lamp load, P =
Number oflamps x wattage of each lamp =
60 x 40 =2,400 W
Terminal voltage, V 100 VN sh
IL= 24 A
Load current, I = ,400
100
= 24 A 26 A h-24
Shunt field current, Ish V 100 = 2 A R
= 0.1 0 Rsh 50
Rsh 50
Total armature current, I, =
1+1sh
2 4 +2 26 A Ans.
Generated emf, E. = V+I, R, + brush drop
= 100 + 26 x 0.1+ 2 x 1 = 104.6V Ans. Fig. 12.23
Example 12.10. Find the resistance of the load which takes a power of 5 kW from a dc shunt
generator whose external characteristic is given by the equation V = 250 0.5 I, where V and
Iare load voltage and load current respectively. [U.P. Technical Univ. Tutorial Question Bank]
Solution: V 250 -

0.5 1 . ) (given)
and power output, P =VI
or V I 5 x 1,000 = 5,000 W
.
()
Substituting I, = 8,000 from equation (ii) in
V equation (1) we have

V 250 - 0.5 x 5,000

V
or V2- 250 V + 2,500= 0

or V = 250 250 - 4 2,500

= 239.56 V or 10.44 V
2
Rejecting lower value 10.44 V of V, as it is not practicable, we have
V 239.56 V
5,000
*
20.87 AA
239.56

Load resistance, R, = =239.56

11.48 Q Ans.
20.87
 DCMACHINES- (GENERATORS) 363

A 4-pole, long Hhunt, ap wound

Examplo
12.11.
a
ata
terminal volage of b00 V, The generator 0A
2b kW armature
25 o, 8eries field
resistnnce is 0.04 0 and «hunt 26A
isis
u p p l i e n

i s 200 .
1A ce 200 The
psistane
reststahce brush drop may be tuken an 50 A
the emt generated.
firld ine
Load, P 25 x 1,000 = 25,000 w
260 2 A
Solution:
voltnge, V1, = 500 v
Load
Lond current, I1, 26,000 = 0 03

V 500 50A
V 50
urrent, IshR
Shunt field current,
200 =2.5 A
volts Fig. 12.24
Armature urrent, I, =+h 50+:2.5 52.5 A
enerated emf, E = V * , R, + I, R, + brush drop
Gene
500 + 52.5 x
0.03 52.5x 0.04 +1 504.675 V Ans.
nture
ulate 128 MAGNETISATION CURVE
ccordingto molecular theory of magnetism the molecules
3ank] magnetised piece of iron are not
arranged in any
ofun

definite order. Vhen a current is passed through a coil

ed around the iron, in order to magnetise it, the Z
2A ecules become arranged in a definite order. Upto certain
ely
stage relativel few ampere-turns of applied mmf are
50 ufficient to arrange the greater part of molecules in the
definite order. In this stage magnetisation, the amount
ot
f ux established in the iron increases almost directly
in ampere-turns applied. However, above
with the increase
is called the saturation point, it becomes
this point, which
inereagingly difficult to magnetise the iron further since
unmagnetised fewer and fewer.
molecules become FIELD AMPERE-TURNS, Nl
hunt the
and Above the saturation point, when much larger increase in Fig. 12.25
ank] ampere-turns are required for corresponding increase in
ven) ux in the iron, the iron is said to be saturated. The fact that iron has become saturated
does not mean that a further increase in magnetism is impossible; the increase in magnetism
merely requires very much larger increase in applied ampere-turns than before the iron
become saturated. The curve giving relation between flux per pole and field ampere-turns per
12
DCM
pole is known as magnetisation or saturation curve.
Saturation curve for a dc generator does not start from zero ordinarily but at some value
slightly higher than zero due to residual magnetisn. As discussed above for lower values
of field ampere-turns, the flux is approximately proportional to the field ampere-turns and,
therefore, magnetisation curve is a straight line. At point 'c' the field core begins to become
sturated and the curve falls away from the straight line due to varying permeability of iron.
tANI gnerated in a generator is given by an expression

P
E,VE A voltsg60 A N volts
Th
quantity in the bracket is constant for a given machine, let it be K then E, K®N
=

SDoeded emf in a generator is directly proportional to the product of flux per pole and
generator constant speed, then generated emf is directly proportional
o'o tha
the ux
runs at

per pole.
 364 O ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING UNIT 4

Since the generated emf is proportional to flux per

pole 1 speed is constant and field ampere-turns are

rOportional to field eurrent 1, ,therefore. if a curveis 12.9.3

arawn between generated emf no load and field current,

on
when the machine is running at a constant speed, then OCC
dc ge
exteri

Z
curve so obtained will be similar to saturation curve, other

curre
Such curves are known as magnclir characteristiCs or
A
op-Crctuit characteristics (OCC)) Typical OCC is shown
in fig. 12.26. flows

loadc.
he curve starts from point ' instead of O' when
the tield currentis 70ro which is due to
carry

residual the te
magnetism. The curve from point b to point e in fig
12.26 is practically a unti
straight line and is called the FIELD CURRENT IN
AMPS furthe

straight-lne portion of the magnetzation curve, Fon 1S Magnetic

due
C. at which saturation of the magnetic circuit begins
or
Open-Circuit Charo. s

known as the knee of the curve. The portion of the Fig. 12.26 drop
ine T
curve from pointc to point d is described as the curve above the knee.
currer
12.9. EXTERNAL OR LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC GENERATORS increa

rarely
External characteristic curve gives the relation between terminal voltage V
Current I under the given conditions of speed and and the. 12.9.3
always less than generated emf E on account of
excitation. The terminal
voltago volta
voltage drop in armature. This (i.e. S.
therefore, lies below the internal characteristic. This
characteristic 1s of utmost OA in
for determining the
suitability of a generator for a particular service. impor
As
12.9.1. Separately Excited DC Generators. of the
Since exCiting current is I
independent of load ARMATURE REACTON
This i
or armature current, so if a curve is drawn DROP
between flux per pole and load current, keeping OHMIC DROP IN
fieid current constant and MACHI
neglecting armature III
reaction, a straight line parallel to X-axis is
obtained, as indicated by curve I in fig. 12.27.
But due to armature
reaction, the curve of
actual flux is slightly drooping as represented 76 # OHMIC D R O P LINE

by curve II in fig. 12.27. OHMIC

DROP
The second curve also gives to some other 3.
scale the emf generated in the armature CURRENTI
and, therefore, second curve represents the Characteristics of a Separately Excited DC
internal or total characteristic* of the Genera
Fig. 12.27
separately excited dc generator. The terminal voltage on load is the emf generated les Th-
voltage drop
in the armature i.e. V extent.
E-I,Ra So if a line OA representing the armatur
resistance is drawn and its ordinates are deducted from
=
,
decreas
curve II, curve III
between terminal voltage and load current, known giving relan than th
as external characteristic is the arn
From curve III, 1t is obvious that with the obialnt
increase in load current, terminal vol decreas
decreases slightly. This decrease can
easily be neutralized by increasing field cur Wh
slightly and, therefore, constant terminal voltage can be maintained.
windin:
by the
*
Curve giving relation between the emf
actually generated in the armature and the armature curent. The she
 DCMACHINES-I (GENERATORS) D369
9 2S e r i e s W o
Wound. DC Generators. In a
series vwound
the armature winding, ficld winding and
generatoor c i r c u i t ,
l a r e connecte in series with
each
in
ig. 112.17
tig.
2,1 and, therefore, the same
shown all parts of the circuit.
part

s through
De,
the external circuit is
open) no
urren
th
flows

On cclosing
l
current
he field winding. of
n o l o a d

external or
tfonsthrough
both the armatu inding and the field winding
i n

c u r r e n t .
Wi
Wit
the increase in load current,
fand
cin

the
l o a d

oltage
v o l t a o
increases
(the solid line in fig. 12.28)
rernminal ci: becomes aturated. With the LOAD CURRENT, I-
tic
ne
t h e
e i n load.,
nerease in loa
n1ag the terminal voltage falls. This Load Charucteristic of Series Wound
e to
irether mcreased
ased arnmatu reaction and larger voltage DC Generator
armature and field windings (the dotted Fig. 12.28
. I n the case of a short-circuit in the armature circuit, a fairly heavy
igure).

blished while the terminal voltage will be zero. Because of the sharp
2ristic be estabblis
erminal
en nerator termina voltage with increasing load, series wound generators are
Wound DC Generators. The
Sh
terminal
29.5.
R R g eo n n o
is governed by the shunt field current
load resistanc and let it be represented by
Vis shunt field
12.29.
fig.
urve. 4 in
nerator is loade by decreasing the resistance
tance the
external load circuit, the terminal voltage falls.
three c a u s e s .
sis due to following
1. The voltage drop winding
across the armature and
ON of the brushes increases
the contact resistance LOAD CURRENT, IL
CHINE, with the increase i n armature current.
the current in armature Load Characteristic of Shunt Wound
2. As the load is increased, DC Generator
conductors increases, so the effect of armature
Fig. 12.29
reaction increases and, therefore, field is weakened.
Due to weakening of field the induced emf is reduced and, therefore, terminal voltage
falls.
3. The decrease in terminal voltage as a result of the first two factors causes decrease 12
DCM
in field current.
This will in turn cause the emf and, therefore terminal voltage of the generator to
erator drop too.
Thus the effects are cumulative and terminal voltage is reduced to a much greater
d less the effect of
n the beginning the effect of decrease in resistance predominates
over
1ature
lation sed terminal voltage but when the load current reaches a certain value (much higher
effect of armature reaction and voltage drop in
he full-load current) the demagnetising further
ained. decrease in load resistance c a u s e s a
oltage Ta re become so important that a back.
urrent W Current rather than increase and so the characteristic turns
nne terminals are short-circuited, there is no terminal voltage and thus the shunt
small voltage induced
the resi S Inactive but a small current is established due to a

meets the current axis at point B.

rent. sluu g n e t i s m . Thus external characteristic
tors are, therefore, self-protective agaist
accidental short-circuit.
 366 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 4

T2.9.4. Characteristies of Compound Wound DC Generators. As already

Art. 12.7, compound wound de generators are of two types vi7. Cumulative com
lready mentione
and differential compound wvound de eenerators. pound Wond
The cumulative compound wv ound generator combines the characto
shunt and series generators. At no load the shunt field winding providles
s all the tics of tho
field winding. With the
there is no current in the s e r i e s
Since
1ncrease in load on the generator the series field adds an
1ncreasing amount of ficld flux to that of the shunt field. OVER
If the series excitation is such that the terminal voltage
of the generator on fiull load is the same as that
COMPOUNGE
the generator is said to be level or flat
on no-load,
compounded*. If the FLAT

becomes prominent than that of the OMPOOAtE

Series eNCitation more
DIFFERENTIAL UNDER
shunt field. the ternminal voltage rises with the increase in COMPOUNDED COMPOIN
load and the generator is said to be over-compounded, Similarly -RCURRENT
ATEDLO UNE
when the shunt field excitation playstheprominent part and
-
LOAD CURRENT
full-load terminal voltage is less than no-load terminal voltage, IN
AMPS.
the generator is said to be under-compounded. External Characteristies ni
The external characteristics of over, under and flat (or DC Compound Generators
level) compound dc generators, are illustrated in fig. 12.30. Fig. 12.30
In a differential compound wound generator, the induced voltage on no-load
WOul
be the same as for the shunt generator because series field does not create any flux, w
the generator is loaded, load current (or armature current) flows through the seriesf
windings creating magnetic flux that opposes the flux created by shunt field. This Yee
Tesults
in decrease of induced emf and, therefore, in terminal voltage. In such generators
terminal voltage drops very rapidly with the increase in load current and, thereforei
interesting to note that a short-circuit cannot cause any damage to it.

12.10. BUILDING-UP OF VOLTAGE OF A SHUNT GENERATOR AT NO LOAD

The curve plotted between the generated emf and
shunt field current will be similar to that shown in FINAL VOLTAGE
-FIELD RESISTANC
C LINE
Tng.12.31. The generator excites itself due to residual OCC AT NORMAL
magnetism and develops the voltage, as described SPEED
below
Line OP represents the shunt field resistance.
When the generator is started a small emf (represented
by OA in the fig. 12.31) is induced due to residual a
magnetism. This induced emf causes a flow of current FINAL EXCITING
CURRENT
in the field circuit. This is obtained by drawing
oa
a horizontal line from point A meeting the field a' b'

resistance line at point 'a' and then from point 'a' Building-up of Voltage of a Shunt
drawing perpendicular line meeting current aris at Generator At No Load
a'. Fig. 12.31
When field current is oa' the generated emf_is
a'a"which produces a field current ob' which in turn produces a high voltage b'6. h
creas
it is observed that effect is cumulative and values of induced enmf and field currentinct

fro
Even in case of a flat-compounded generator, the terminal voltage is not const. s t a n t for all loads
*

load to full load. As seen from fig. 12.30, at half-full load, the terminal votlage is more than theno-lo
(or full-load) terminal voltage.
 O 367
DCMACHINES-I (GENERATORS)
each point D,. the point of intersection of tthe shunt field resistar
h e shunt field
line and
resistance

ln fig. 12.31 in
o b t a i n e d . In
instantaneous increases in duced emf
and
il
rteristic obtained. fig. 12.31
thesaracteristic
flux increnses gradually. OB is the vale
nagnetic
unta

chae
icrent shown, but in practice
b e generated and generator cannot
maximum
generate more than this voltage.
be
ield. t t h a t
c a n

emt, TIONS FOR SELP EXCITATION AND CAUSES OF FAILURE TO BUILD

of
GE
1 O L T A a n s required to be fulfilled before a series or a shunt generator excites itselr
V
The conditi
UP

a r e g i v e n b e l o w

must be some residual magnetism in the field system.

osidual magnetism must be in proper direction. The field coils should be connected
2. Thethe armature in such a way that current flowing through them should increase
emfinduced by the residual magnetism.
series wvound
o generator, the resistance of the external circuit should be less
For a
3. critical resistance.*
the
than
a shunt wound generator, the resistance in the field circuit must be less than
c r i ttical
io
resistance** for field circuit and resistance in the load circuit must be
greate
than itical resistance*** for the load circuit.
generator
fails to build up its voltage, there may be one or more of the following
Ifa dc
reasons:

magnetism may be zero.

1. The residual
The residual magnetism may have been reversed in polarity.
The terminals of the field winding may have been reversed.
I n case of series wound generators the resistance in the circuit may be greater than
the critical resistance, which may be due to
open circuit;
() high resistance of load circuit;
(i) faulty contact between brushes and commutator; and
(iv) commutator's surface dirty or greasy.
5. Incase of shunt wound generator
(a) the resistance of the shunt field circuit may be greater than the critical resistance:
(6) the resistance in the load circuit may be lower than the critical resistance;
(c) the speed of rotation may not be equal to rated one.
Kemedy. In case the generator is started up for the first time. It may be that no voltage
12
DCM
i be built up either because the poles have no residual magnetism or the poles have
aned some residual magnetism but the field winding connections are reversed so that the
eism developed by the field winding on start has destroyed the residual magnetism and

COn es1stance for a series wound generator is the maximum load resistance with which the
the e r o l be able to excite. If the resistance in the external load cireuit is greater than this
the generator will not excite.
e l d circuit resistance for a shunt wound generator is the max1mum field resistance with
the Eenerator will be able to excite. If the resistance in the field circuit exceeds this value.
the generator will not
Critical load resist excite.
the es1stance for a shunt wound generator is the minimum load resistance with which
gene
alue, the Will be able to excite. If the resistance of the external load circuit falls below this
generator will fail to build-up its voltage.
 368 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 4
field coils must be conno
ne machine "build up" In both
cannot
the cases. the
while to magnetise
the poles.
nected to a
de
batterv) for a short
Ource (a storage
GENERATORS
12.12. APPLICATIONS OF DC

The choce of
Applhcatrons
ade generator for a patirular
of v a r i o u s tvpes of de generators
service

are
depends upon its
given beow haracteristiea
pertormance chara

These generators require separato

Excited DC G e n e r a t o r s .
1. Separately than selt excited generators
usually m o r e expensive
supply and are. therefore, wOuli be relatively unsat. th
acrount these a r e generally used
where self exeited genierators
have very tew applicatit.
tor 1
These generators
2. Series Wound D C Generators. characteristin. h 15
account of their rising voltage
c a n n o t be emploved for power supply
on
the
by making use of drooping portin hey
Can be emploved a s a c o n s t a n t current
source of the
voltage-current charactenstic. 6
for supplying field current
for regenerative brakinu in
Their best application is
Another important application of
locomotves. They are also used in series arc lighting. these
generators is as series boosters
with field regulators are 1o,
3. Shunt Wound DC Generators. Such generators used fo
also used for charging of batteries because
ght and power supply purposes. These are they
can be made to give constant output voltage.
4. Cumulative Compound Wound DC Generators. Over-compounded type de gener.
erators
are generally used for lighting and power services because overcompounding compens
sates
voltage drop in th: distribution lines and thus the voltage at the consumer terminalsrema
mains
more o r less Constant.
5. Differential Compound Wound D C Generators. It is a constant current generat
rator
and finds an useful application as an arc welding generator where the generator is practicall.
touches the metal plates to be welded.
short-circuited every time the electrode

EXERCISES

What is the principle of operation of a de generator ? Why 1s a commutator and brush arrangemen
dc generator?
neressary for the operation of
a
Enumerate all the parts of a de machine. State the material and the function of each part.
2.
[U.P. Technical Univ. Tutorial Question Bank
Derive the emf equation of a multiple (more than two) pole de generator.
3.
Draw a neat labelled diagram to show the essential constructional features of a de machine. 2.
[U.P. Technical Univ. Electrical Engineering June 200
3.
4 Derive the emf equation of a de generator. For designing high voltage de generator which type 0
Winding (lap/wave) should be used and why? [U.P. Technical Univ. Tutorial Question Bank
. Explain different methods of excitation of de machines with suitable diagrams.
Bans
[U.P. Technical Univ. Tutorial Question
6. Describe the open-circuit characteristics of dc generators.
200
U.P. Technical Univ. Electrical Engineering Septemper
th:
7. Explain how the output voltage of (i) de shunt generator, and (ii) de series generator vau
increasing load current. U.P. Technical Univ. Electrical Engineering February 5.

. Along with connection diagrams, draw and briefly explain the load (external) characteristics o
types of dc generators. U.P. Technical Univ. Electrical Engineering Ju
tages*
* A booster is a series wound generator, which is inserted in a cireuit to add a certain vo
that the excessive drop in the line is compensated.
 DC MACHINES-I (GENERATORS) 369
etch a complete
la
oadd characteristic of a de series
generator Explain it
teristics of de separately and shunt exeited
generator. Which
charac.

Draw external has

Sketo
drooping charact
and why ? U,P. Technical Univ. Tutorial
one
rmere.
aracteristics

t u r e o f oven-circuit and external characteristics

Question Ban kj
of a de shunt generator Why
does
the nature

fall sharply above the rated lond ? [U.P. Technical Univ. Tutorial
11 Explain questinn Bank
terminal
a l v o l t a g e

c o m p o
generator?
Differentiate over, level and differential
componding with the help
de
U.P. Technical Univ. Tutorial
characteristics.

h eis
a
ir externa Qucstion Bank
e r a t o r fails to build up voltage when it is run at the
What

shunt g e nerator
rated speed What may be the
TU.P. Technieal Univ, Tutorial
possible reasons ?
Question Bank
A de
ications of diff fferent types of de generators with ren
e the apPplicatior
sons and justifiration
following:
on
the
notes
W r i t e

chort
s h o r t

o
otf a commutator.
action
action
and
and

Punction de
o f de generators.
tion
Classitica
S x p l a i n t h e f o l l o w i n g :

induced
emf
e mf in the
the armature conductors of a de generator be made unidirectional ?
can

How commutator and for what it is used in a de generator ?

is a com.
What
()
re permanent magnet generators rarely used in industry ?
(t) . the
the
difference between the excitation systems of de shunt generator and that of de series
What
is
e) generator ?
m a n y ways mmf required to establish the flux in the magnetic circuit of a dc generator
(r)
In Ow ? had
can
be
ofa medium small
aTis it necessary
of thick
ieldcoils
to wind wire? turns
or large size de series generators with a

number of
T s it necessary to wind field coils of a dc shunt generators with a large number of turns of
fine wire?

hthe terminal voltage of a de shunt

generator falls as the eurrent supplied by the machine is

increased ?

Why is a series dc generator not suitable for general electric supply ?

a dc shunt generator
is used for battery charging?
()Why
)Why is only a differentially compounded dc generator suitable for arc welding?

Why only over-compounded de generators

are employed for supplying power to lighting and
commercial services ?

t PROBLEMS

k] Aepole, lap wound armature has 840 conductors and flux per pole of 0.018 Wb. TE2 generator is run
t 1,200 rpm. Calculate the emf generated.
Ans. 302.4 V] 12
DCM
dl e the wound arnature with 45 slots, with 18 conductors per
emf generated by a 4-pole wave
Ans. 540 V]
When driven at 1,000 rpmn. The flux per pole is 0.02 Wb.
of and useful flux of 0.07 Wb. Determine
nk) the nected 8-pole generator has 500 armature conductors
n t when it r u n s at
1,000 rpm. What must be the speed at which it is to be driven to
produce
P0UCe the
same emf if it is wave wouna. [U.P. Technical Univ. Tutorial Question Bank]
nkl Ans. 583.33 V: 250 rpm)
Alap wound at 400 rpm. The armature has 144
dc emf of 500 V
01 slotss and ear gen
Benerator
each slot having 8-poles develops a n
tains 6 conductors. Calculate the flux per pole.
the
Univ. Elements of Elec. Engineering Dec. 1986]1
02 IPb. Ans. 0.0868 Wb]
ent
o02] mine
1500 A and the power output of conductors carrying
put of aa de armature having 1,152 lap-connected
is 60 m Wb.
n g at 300 rpm in a 12-pole field. The flux per pole
SO
[Allahabad Univ. Elec. Machines-I, 1984]
Ans. 51.84 kW]
370 0 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING- UNIT 4
the resistance
or 0.2i)
S2 and of the shunt
armature resistance
shunt generator las
an terminal ltage of 440 V.
voltap
6.
A 440 V dc
While delivering a load current of 50 A, it has a
Determine field
S 220 S2.
Ans. thaA53
gencrated emt.
a n a r m a t u r e resistance of
0.07 N and a shunt 1nt field resistanee
V dc shunt generator has when it delivers rated outnu t.
7. A 20 kW, 220 armature
developed in
of 200 2. Determine the power
Ans. 20.835 kW
When the machine :
on open-circuit of 127 V,
8. A shunt generator an indured
has voltage
current if the
is 15 Q and
field resistance ded, the
V. Find the load
Ans.armature
terminal voltage is 120
resistance is 0.02 2. Ignore
armature reaction.
bus-bar voltage of 220 V. It hae
342 A
load connected to a an
mat
9. A de shunt generator is supplying 110 . Calculate the value of load current ana
resistance of
resistance of 0.025 Q and field Draw ciro
of armature reaction. Draw ction.
230 V. Neglect the effect circuit
when it generates a n emf of
[Ans. 398 A; diagra
87.56
tlux per pole of 0.07 w
4pole. lap wound. long shunt, dc compound turn is 0.004 2.useful
10. A
generator has
armature consists of 220 turns and
resistance per
Calculate the inal voltage if he
resistance of shunt and series fields are 100 Q and 0.02 2 respectively, when the generator is the
at 900 rpm with armature current of 50 A. Also calculate the power output in kW for the a runni
[Nagpur Univ. Elec. Machines
199
[Hint: Armature resistance =
Armature resistance per path =

4
x
0.004x= 0.055 Q]
Number of parallel paths
[Ans. 458.25 V; 20.814 k
 DC Machines-ll (Motors)
S1. INTRODUCTION
ON
a machine which converts electrical
machine
energy into mechanical
7
motor
1s
energy
a t o r is that machihe which converts mechanical energy into electrical
elertric one.
asa ndamental principles the de motors are identical with the de generators which
4s regards fundanmenta.

ne of excitation 1.e. a machine that runs as a motor will also operate

same
have the as a generator

istactorily
ifference ies,
ies, however
however, in the mode of construction, which is due to the tact
The e of the generator can as a rule be open but those of motors should be either
hat the olly enclosed. A generator is usually placed in a suitable position and mechanical
tha
p a r t r o r to
and armature may be reduced to minimum. Also the generator is
ed by technical l persons. FHence there is no risk in having the frame of the generatoor
handeh facilitates cooling, inspection and repair. On the other hand, motors have to
open, wh
nditions of dampness, dirt, inflammable gases, chemical fumes and liability to
work a l dan
mechanical damage and, therefore, protection must be adequate and motor frames are made
closed or totally enclosed according to the requirements of service.
partly encl
flame proof,

w O R K I N G PRINCIPLE OF DC MOTOR
13.2.
upon whichha dc motor works is very simple. If a current carrying conductor
The principle
aced in a magnetic field, mechanical force is experienced on the conductor, the direction
en by Fleming's left hand rule (also called motor rule) and hence the conductor
moes in the direction of force. The magnitude of the mechanical force experienced on the
conductor is given by
F BI, l, newtons
where B is the field strength in teslas (Wb/m*), I, is the current flowing through the
conductor in amperes and 1, is the length of conductor in metres.
When the motor is connected to the dc supply mains, a direct current passes through the
brushes and commutator to the armature winding; while it passes through the commutator
tis converted into ac so that the group of conductors under successive field poles carry
Currents in the opposite directions, as shown in fig. 13.1. Also the
direction of current in the individual conductors reverses as they 13
DCM
a &ay
hg.
from
in
the influence of one pole to that of the next.
13.1, a 4-pole dc motor is shown when the field and
r e circuits are connected across dc supply mains. Let the
E in armature conductors be outwards under the N-poles s
ULTAM

TOR s
by dots) and inwards under S-poles (shown by crosses). b
ind leming's left hand rule, the direction of force on each
ctor can
13.1. From determined, which has been illustrated in fig.
ences forrefig, 13.1. it is observed that each conductor experi
Wise force which
irection. Thesetends to rotate the motor armature in clock
forces collectively produce a driving torque. Fig. 13.1

371
372 0 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING- UNIT 4
dc
motor, it is
DC Motor. In
the case
of a
18.2.1. Commutator Action in
through the coils
a

of the armature winding be reversed as a cessary

particula
that the current
c r o s s e s the
neutral line and comes und coil
pole (say, the north pole), he
polarity (1.e. the south pole). The oner
one
eaves
influence of next-pole which is of opposite of
is given below:
the commutator, that the above purpose,
serves

Consider a single turn coil, whoseleads N

N
commutator segments a and
are soldered to
illustrated in
6, each carrying a brush, as
fig. 13.2. The positive side of the supply
and
hne is connected to left hand brush
In
negative side to the right hand brush.
at the
position I the line current arrives
commutator segment a, flows through the Lo P
s
bottom side 1 of the coil away from the
S S

reader (as shown by cross in the circle) and

then through the upper side 2 of the coil II III
towards the reader (as shown by dot in the Commutation in a DC Motor
circle), reaches the commutator segment b Fig. 13.2
and flows again into the line through the
brush. The coil will tend to rotate in clock-wise direction, as determined by Fleming's let
hand rule. is
In position II the coil is on the magnetic neutral line; there in no contact between the
th
commutator segments and brushes, and there is no flow of current through the coil. The
in
coil crosses the neutral line by inertia. In case of a multi-turn coil, the remaining turns
TH
of the coil will supply the necessary torque. ha
In position III, the two sides of the coil, 1 and 2, have changed poles, and the curret
th
through them has reversed. The commutator segments, however, have also changed con- eim
tact with the brushes. Thus the coil will continue to rotate in the same direction as before. bae
i.e. clockWise. tur
13.3. COMPARISON OF MOTOR AND GENERATOR ACTION cal
As mentioned above, dc motor and the dc generator are the same devices at least the
1s
retically. The machine operating as a generator is driven by some external driving fore
and de output is obtained from it whereas the machine operating as a motor is suplied ope
by electric current and mechanical rotation is produced. If the excitation of a de machine the
is
(working as a dc shunt generator) operating in parallel with de line is gradually reduce
to an extent that the emf generated by it is less than the line will and
voltage, the machine Cau
start drawing current from the line and
working as a motor. torc
In discussing machine operations the terms,
generator action, generation, moto
tion and motor operation are employed. Generator ine 13.4
operation signifies that
actually operating as a generator whereas the term generator action the mac As
voltage is generated by electro-magnetic induction. Similarly the term motor
signifies ration
the
signifies that the machine is actually operating as a motor and ope a c t i o n

The
the term mot
signifies the development of mechanical torque by Volt
Let us first consider generator electro-magnetic means. In

operation. In fig. 13.3 a dc machine ariv n,

clockwise direction, by îts prime-mover and loai

ther
circuit is shown. The machine is working as a supplying direct current
to
ion
exteor
of the gene
r a t e l

generator and the directior

emf and current flowing through the armature conductors, as determined by r* e m i n y