DCC30122-FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER 5 : FLUID FLOW 2021

CHAPTER 5: FLUID FLOW

5.0 INTRODUCTION

Pipe is one type of a covered channel mainly come in a rounded shape

area. There’s another type of pipe with rectangle and triangle shape but
the use of it isn’t as popular as the rounded shape area of pipe. There are
two types of flow in a pipe which is a full flow and a half flow. If the flow in
pipe is full there are liquid pressure in the pipe. However if the pipe is half
flow, there are no liquid pressure because of the free surfaces and there
are only an atmosphere pressure acted towards the liquid.

When a liquid flow inside a pipe, there are some obstruction acted
towards the surfaces of flow come from the condition of pipe surfaces,
corners in pipe, sudden enlargement and reduce of pipe area, valves in
pipe and other factors. From all of the obstruction, the obstruction given by
the friction of pipe surfaces is the main causes the loss of energy in pipe.

This topic will discuss on how to calculate the loses of energy in a full flow
of pipe. It is improtant to study espeacially in designing any pipe to flow
any types of liquid.

There are 2 types of loses of energy in a pipe which are:

1. Loses of main energy (Because of friction in pipe)

2. Loses of minor energy (Secondary)

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DCC30122-FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER 5 : FLUID FLOW 2021

5.1 LOSES OF MINOR ENERGY (SECONDARY) IN A PIPE.

Loses of minor energy in pipe is due to certain circumstances along pipe.

These minor loses happen mainly at :

(i) Inlet of a pipeline

(ii) Outlet of a pipeline
(iii) Sudden increasement of pipe diameter
(iv) Sudden decreasement of pipe diameter
(v) Corners and junction along the pipeline.
(vi) Untight valve.

(i) Loses of energy at the inlet of a pipeline.

1. Loses of energy at the

inlet of a pipe
Vp 2
Vp
hL =
2g
Figure 5.1

2
2. 0.5V p
hL =
Vp 2g

Figure 5.2

3.
0.05Vp 2
hL =
2g
Vp

Figure 5.3

kV 2
In General : hL  ------------------------------- ( 5 )
2g

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DCC30122-FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER 5 : FLUID FLOW 2021

Where k is the coefficient that can be change according to the inlet.

(ii) Loses of energy at the outlet of pipeline.

2
V ----------- ( 6 )
hL  1
2g

V1 V2 = 0

Figure 5.4

(ii) Loses of energy for sudden enlargement.

V1 V2

Figure 5.5

(V1  V2 ) 2 (7)
Loses of energy, hL =
2g

(iii) Loses of energy for sudden decresement

V1 V2

Figure 5.6

1 V 22
Loses of energy, hL = (  1) 2 (8)
CC 2g

Where CC = angkali pengecutan, Page 3

a1
CC =
a2
DCC30122-FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER 5 : FLUID FLOW 2021

(iv) Loses of energy at corners and junctions of a pipe.

Curve T Junction

Elbow Y Junction

Figure 5.7

Loses of energy,
2
(v p ) (9)
hL = F
2g

F is the coefficent based on the table provided by the pipe’s

factory.

(v) Loses of energy at pipe’s valve.

Untight valve. Valve

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DCC30122-FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER 5 : FLUID FLOW 2021

Vp

Figure 5.8

(V 2 p )
HL = F ( 10 )
2g

F can be obtain from the table provided by the pipe’s factory.

EXAMPLE 5-1

A vertically pipe with 7.5cm of diameter been connected with a 15cm diameter of
pipe (sudden enlargement). The water flow in the pipe with 0.0141m3/s of
discharge.Calculate the loses of energy in the connected pipe and the total of
pressure in the bigger pipe if the pressure before the connection is 6m.

Solution:-

hL = ( V1 – V2 )/ 2g

Q 0.0141
where V1 =  = 0.0319 m/s
A1 (0.075) 2

4

0.0141
V2 = = 0.798 m/s
(0.15) 2

4

(0.0319  0.798)2
 hL= = 0.292m.
19.62

EXAMPLE 5-2

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DCC30122-FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER 5 : FLUID FLOW 2021

A pipe carried water at 0.053/s of discharge had a sudden decreasement from

20cm to 15cm. Calculate the coefficient of contraction if the loses of energy is
0.5m.

Solution:-

1 V 22
hL = (  1) 2
CC 2g

0.05
where V2 = = 2.83 m/s
0.152

4

where, hL = 0.5

1 (2.83) 2
so, 0.5 = (  1) 2
CC 19.62
CC = 0.473.

5.2 ENERGY LOSES

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DCC30122-FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER 5 : FLUID FLOW 2021

Energy loss analysis along pipe considering both main power and energy
loss loss Kecil (secondary) in:-

i. series pipe
ii. parallel pipe
iii. combination pipe series and parallel.

All problems in pipeline should resolved by using Bernoulli's theorem

between two point which overall amount of effort leak beside include value
all major and secondary energy loss.

Pool
1
H

Pool
2
Diagram 5.9

From Bernoulli's theorem;

Energy in A's point = Energy in B's point

P1 V P V
+ 1 + Z 1 = 2 + 2 + Z2
W 2g W 2g
+ main power loss
+ minor power loss

i. Series Pipe.

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DCC30122-FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER 5 : FLUID FLOW 2021

Series pipe network is pipe connected by series. If some

different pipe stem diameter join on by series two following
circumstances must be obeyed.

Discharge are fixed refer to diagram 13.1,

Q = Q1 =Q2 =Q3 ------------------------------- ( 1 )

Column total loss mix,

hL = hL 1 + hL2 + hL3 + ---------------------- ( 2 )

Diagram 5.10 Series pipe network

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DCC30122-FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER 5 : FLUID FLOW 2021

EXAMPLE 5.3

Determine kadaralir through pipe to connect two reservoir fruit such as in

figure dibawah. Survey all loss type column.

Level 50m

Level 46m

Data: long pipe used ( L ) = 400m Diameter of the pipe ( d ) =300mm

Friction factor ( f ) = 0.0052

Solution:

P1 V P V
+ 1 + Z 1 = 2 + 2 + Z2
W 2g W 2g

+ Inlet loses
+ friction loses
+ outlet loses

Where:-

0.5v 2 4 flv 2 v 2
Z1 - Z2 = + +
2g 2 gd 2g
0.5v 2 4 x0.0052 x400v 2 v2
46 = + +
2 x9.81 2 x9.81x0.3 2 x9.81

46 = 1.49 v2
v2 = 30.87
v = 5.56

 (0.32 )
Q = AV = x5.56 = 0.39 m3/s
4

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DCC30122-FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER 5 : FLUID FLOW 2021

EXAMPLE 5.4

A large reservoir produce water through pipe along 450m with 100mm of
diameter, placed into pipe are pointed and well off pipe end at level 12m
under pool water level. If coefficient friction f= 0.01, calculate discarge in
pipe.

Solution:-

12m

paip

P1 V P V
+ 1 + Z1 = 2 + 2 + Z2
W 2g W 2g
+ inlet loses
+ friction loses
Loses in pipe:
2
0.5V p 2
1. Inlet = = 0.0255 V p
2g
2 2
4 flV p 4 x0.01x450 xV p 2
2. friction = = = 9.174 V p
2 gd 2 x9.81x0.1
2
Vp 2
3. outlet = = 0.051 V p
2g

2
12 = 9.251 V p
2 12
Vp =
9.251
Vp = 1.123 m/s
 (0.1) 2
Q = 1.123 x
4
= 0.0882 m3/s

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DCC30122-FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER 5 : FLUID FLOW 2021

i. Paralel pipe.

Pool
A H
pipe 1

pipe 2 Pool
B

Diagram 5.11 Parelel pipe

Water delivery from one tank to one other tank can be

enhanced following demand with pair another pipe adjoined
present pipe. This pipe is called parallel pipe.

Because pipe fixed collaterally, discharge through system

equal to total discharge pipes in system.

Q = Q1+Q2 --------------------------------- ( 3 )

Energy loss is the same in all pipe fitted collaterally.

fL1Q 21 fL2Q 2 2
H= = ------------------------------ ( 4 )
3d 5 3d 5

neglect all secondary energy loss (small)

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DCC30122-FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER 5 : FLUID FLOW 2021

EXAMPLE 5.5

Two tank links by 2 pipes parallel which possess long ditto. Diameter of
pipe was 10cm and 30cm. If the discharge in pipe 10cm was 0.01m3 / s,
calculate discharge through pipe 30cm. (F1=f2 and neglect secondary
energy loss)

Solution:-

Because pipe fitted parallel,discharge through system equal to total

number of discharge pipe in system.

Where; Q = Q1+ Q2

And energy loss is the same in all pipe fitted collaterally.

2 3
fl1Q1 fl2Q2
H= =
3d 5 3d 5
(0.01) 2 2
= (0.3)5 x 5
= Q2
(0.1)
Q2 = 0.0156 m3/s

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DCC30122-FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER 5 : FLUID FLOW 2021

EXAMPLE 5.6

Determine discharge through pipe (1) and pipe (2) such as figure which
possess data as follows:-

Pipe Diameter (mm) Lenght (m)

1 50 100
2 100 100

Survey loss altogether in column and take friction factor = 0.008

Solution :-

2 2 2 2
PA V A P V 0.5V1 4 fl1 V1 V1
+ + ZA = B + B + ZB + + +
W 2g W 2g 2g 2 gd 2 g
2 2 2
0.5V1 4 fl1 V1 V1
ZA - ZB = + +
2g 2 gd 2 g
2
0.5V1 4(0.008)(100 )(V1 ) 2
10 = +
2g (0.05)( 2 g )
2
10 = 3.287 V1
 V1 = 1.74 m/s
2
V1 = 3.04m
x(0.052 )
Therefore, Q1 = A1V1 = x1.74 = 3.42x10-3 m3/s
4
2 3
fl Q fl Q
For series of pipe, H = 1 51 = 2 52
3d 3d
2 2
Q1 Q
5
 25
3d1 3d1
(3.42 x10 3 ) 2
Q2  x3(0.1)5  Q1  0.019 m3/s
2

3(0.05)5

Q2
V2 =  2.42 m / s
 (0.1) 2
4

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DCC30122-FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER 5 : FLUID FLOW 2021

ii. Pipe Fitted By Combination Series and Parallel.

Pipe 1
H

V1 Pipe 2 B

V2
Pipe 3

V3

Diagram 5.12 Combination Series and Parallel’s pipe

Energy Equation,

2 2
PA VA P V (5)
+ + ZA = B + B + ZB
W 2g W 2g
+ Inlet loses

+Friction pipe ( 1 ) + friction pipe ( 2 )

+Outlet loses.

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DCC30122-FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER 5 : FLUID FLOW 2021

5.3 LINES AMOUNT OF ENERGY HYDRAULIC GRADIENT AND

LINE.

EXAMPLE 5.7

Determine discharge of pipeline which connects reservoir as follows. (

Refer Diagram 13.4)

Survey all loss type column

Take f = 0.0075. Assume there are no losses in Tee's extension

Data
Pipe Lenght(m) Diameter(cm)
1 1100 30
2 1100 30
3 1100 30

Solution:-

Using energy equation,

2 2
PA VA P V
+ + ZA = B + B + ZB + inlet loses
W 2g W 2g
+friction pipe ( 1 ) + friction pipe ( 2 )
+outlet loses.

2 2 2
0.5V 1 2 4 fL1V1 4 fL2V2 V
ZA – ZB = + + + 2
2g 2 gd1 2 gd2 2g

2 2 2
0.5V 1 2 4 fL1V1 4 fL2V2 V
75 = + + + 2
2g 2 gd1 2 gd2 2g

But, Q1 = Q2 + Q3 ( From equation ( 3 ) )

A1V1= A2V2 + A3V3

Knowing d1 = d2 = d3

 A1=A2=A3
 V1=V2 + V3

For paralel pipe hf2 = hf3 ( From equation ( 4 ) )

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DCC30122-FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER 5 : FLUID FLOW 2021

2 2
4 fL2V2 4 fL3V3
=
2 gd2 2 gd3
 V2 = V 3

But V1 = 2V2

Therefore,
2
0.5( 2V2 ) 2 4 fL1 (2V2 ) 2 4 fL2 (2V2 ) 2 V
75 = + + + 2
2g 2 gd1 2 gd2 2g
2 2 2
2V2 16 fL1V2 4 fL2 (V2 ) 2 V
75 = + + + 2
2g 2 gd1 2 gd2 2g
 16(0.0075 )(1100 ) 4(0.0075)(1100 )  V2
2 2
3v2
75 = +   
2g  0.3 0.3  2g
2 2
3V2 V
75 = + 550 2
2g 2g
 V2 = 1.63 m/s
 V1 = 2 ( 1.63 ) = 3.26 m/s


Q1 = A1V1 = (0.3)2 (3.26)
4
 Q1 = 0.23m3/s.

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