Chapter6 - Analysis of Fluid Flow in Piplines System

Chapter 6
ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPILINES SYSTEMS

by
Amat Sairin Demun
Learning Outcomes
Upon completing this chapter, the students are expected to be able to:
1. Calculate the minor head losses using the loss coefficient method and the equivalent
pipe length method.
2. Calculate the total head loss incorporating friction loss and minor losses using the
loss coefficient method and the effective pipe length method.
3. Solve pipeline problems connected in series.
4. Solve pipeline problems connected in parallel.
6.1) Bernoulli’s Equation
P1 v12 P2 v 22
  z1    z 2   hL
g 2 g g 2 g
v2
Total head loss,  hL   k v = velocity in pipe
2g
k = total loss coefficient
 k  k f   km
Total minor losses coefficients
Friction loss coefficient (Chapter 5)
Therefore, the total head loss is:
  2v g
2
 hL  k f   k m kf
2
 4 fL v
For Darcy Weisbach:  hL     km 
 d  2g
 133.9 L  v2
For Hazen William:  hL   1.85 1.165 0.15   k m 
C d v  2g
kf
6.2) Minor Losses
Minor losses are due to pipe fittings and valves – elbow, bends, tee joints, tapers, etc.
Two methods may be used for minor losses calculations:
6.2.1) Using Loss Coefficient, km
v2
hL  k m
2g
The values of km of various types of fittings and valves can be obtained from any text
book or from local water authority design manual/guidelines.
6.2.2) Using Equivalent Pipe Length, Leq
- The minor losses can be expressed as the loss through an equivalent length of straight
pipe.
- The equivalent length (Leq) is added to the actual pipe length to obtain the effective
pipe length (Lef).
- The Lef is then used in the kf value to obtain the loss coefficient which include both
friction and minor losses:
4 fLef
Darcy-Weisbach: k fm 
d
Stop valve
133.9 Lef
Hazen-Williams: k fm 
C 1.85d 1.165v 0.15
Lef = L + Leq
in which kfm is the total loss coefficient including friction and minor losses.
- The value of equivalent pipe length of various fittings and valves is obtained by using
equation:
Leq = d d = pipe diameter (m)
- The values of coefficients  can be obtained from any textbook or from the local
water authority design manual or guidelines.
6.3) Pipe Branching (Dead End Pipe Network System)
The following figure shows

pipe branching.
To analyze flow in pipe branching,

apply the following concepts:
i) Continuity Equation: Qin = Qout

i.e: QBD  QDE  QDF
Q AB  QBC  QBD
ii) Apply Bernoulli’s Equation from the starting point to the end point.
PA v 2A P v2
i.e:   z A  C  C  zC   hL( AB )   hL( BC ) ,
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
PA v 2A PE v E2
  zA    z E   hL( AB )   hL( BD)   hL( DE ) , and
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
PA v 2A P v2
  z A  F  F  z F   hL( AB)   hL( BD)   hL( DF )
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
6.4) Pipelines Connected in Series
- Two or more pipes connected in series.
- No branching.
- The flow rate in each pipe is the same: Q1 = Q2 = Q3
- Analysis – use one of the flow velocity – whether v1 or v2 or v3.
- Solution technique - Use continuity equation.

Q1 = Q2 = Q3
A1v1 = A2v2 = A3v3
- Use Bernoulli’s equation where in the Bernoulli’s equation,
 hL   hL1   hL2   hL3  ..... hLn

where n = numbers of pipes connected in series.
6.5) Pipelines Connected in Parallel
Pipe (a) and (b) is in parallel because it meets again at point Y. Pipe (1) and (a) is in series,
pipe (b) and (2) is in series.
Solution Technique:
1. Continuity equation
Qa  Qb  Q1
2. The Total Head Losses for the pipes in Parallel are the same.
 h L( a )   hL ( b )
v a2 vb2
or  ka   kb
2g 2g
where pipe a and pipe b are connected in parallel
3. Apply Bernoulli’s equation through one of the parallel pipe. (If necessary).
NOTE:
Referring to the following figure, pipe (a) and (b) is NOT considered as pipe connected in
parallel. This is because both pipes does not joint again as compared to the previous figure.
Therefore, for the following figure, the total head loss in pipe (a) and (b) is NOT the same
as compared to the above figure.
Therefore, the following figure is considered as Pipe Branching or Dead End Pipe system
similar to the one in Paragraphs 6.3.

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Chapter 6

ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPILINES SYSTEMS

6.1) Bernoulli’s Equation

Friction loss coefficient (Chapter 5)

Therefore, the total head loss is:

Two methods may be used for minor losses calculations:

6.2.1) Using Loss Coefficient, km

6.2.2) Using Equivalent Pipe Length, Leq

Leq = d d = pipe diameter (m)

The following figure shows

To analyze flow in pipe branching,

i) Continuity Equation: Qin = Qout

6.4) Pipelines Connected in Series

- Two or more pipes connected in series.

- The flow rate in each pipe is the same: Q1 = Q2 = Q3

- Analysis – use one of the flow velocity – whether v1 or v2 or v3.

- Solution technique - Use continuity equation.

- Use Bernoulli’s equation where in the Bernoulli’s equation,

 hL   hL1   hL2   hL3  ..... hLn

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