Kantipur Engineering College: Department of Civil Engineering
Kantipur Engineering College: Department of Civil Engineering
Kantipur Engineering College: Department of Civil Engineering
Lab Manual On
HYDRAULICS
(BCE II/II)
Prepared By:
Er. Pratichhya Pradhan
Er. Kirti Dhungana
Jan, 2021
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Head Loss in Pipe
2. Determination of Manning’s Coefficient for Different Surfaces.
3. Flow Through Open Sluice Gate
4. Hump and Constricted Flow Analysis
5. Hydraulic Jump Analysis
HEAD LOSS IN A PIPE
Objective:
To study the loss due to friction in pipes i.e. major losses and minor losses (loss due to bend,
contraction, expansion etc) and to compare the values existing data.
Apparatus:
1) Pipe Network
2) stop watch
3) Jug of known volume
Theory:
There is always in head in pipes when water flows through it. Head losses are mainly categorized in
two classes: namely major head losses (leading due to friction of pipe) and minor head losses (head
loss due to sudden contraction and expansion, due to fittings and valves, due to bends etc). Major
loss in a pipe is calculated by using Darcy- Weisbach equation and is given by:
fLV 2
hf=
2 gD
Where, f= Darcy- Weisbach friction factor
L= length of pipe
V= average flow velocity in pipe
D = diameter of pipe
Minor losses
V2
1. Head loss due to sudden contraction hc =0.5
2g
2
2.
( V −V 2 )
Head loss due to sudden enlargement he = 1
2g
2
V
3. Head loss due to bend hb = k where k=bend coefficient = 1.2 for 90° bend
2g
4. Total head loss= sum of major and minor head losses
Figure 1.2 Physical Properties of water (SI units)
Observation
Temperature of water =
Density of water, ρ =
Dynamic viscosity of water, µ=
Calculation:
1. Discharge in cumecs
2. Velocity in m/s
3. Viscosity of water at given temperature
4. Reynolds number, Re
5. Friction factor, f
6. Show the figure of the apparatus and simple description
Presentation:
1. Show a sample calculation
2. Present the result in tabular form
Friction
No of Discharge V Reynolds Head loss, m Friction
observation (m3/s) (m/s) number, fLV2 factor, f
Re = ρvd/µ hf=
2 gD
1
2
3
S Q, cumecs V1 V2 2 he
he
( V −V 2 )
= 1
N
2g
1
2
3
SN Discharge V V2 hc
(m3/s) hc =0.5
2g
1
2
3
SN Discharge V V2 hb
(m3/s) hb =k
2g
(k= 1.2 for 90ᵒ bend)
1
2
3
Comments:
Comment on the result and the variation of Re with f for friction loss.
Discuss significance of minor losses in line designs.
Objective:
To determine the Manning’s coefficient of the flume or bed of the channel with the flow of water.
Scope:
Manning’s coefficient helps us to determine the roughness of a channel which influence the flow in
open channel.
Apparatus:
1. Long length flume
2. stop watch
3. Jug of known volume
Theory:
The formula proposed by Robert Manning, an Irish engineer , for the uniform flow in open channel
is
1 2/3
Q= R A Sb1/2
n
Where,
n= a roughness coefficient known a Manning’s n
R= hydraulic radius
Sb = bed slope
A = water area
Q= discharge
Here
1 2/3
n= R A Sb1/2
Q
Procedure:
1) Start the pump and allow water to flow through the flume
2) Operate the flow control valve to give a certain depth in the flume and allow the condition to
settle.
3) After the condition is settled, find the flow rate by timing a known volume (m 3) passing
through the flow meter at the bottom.
4) Note down the depth at start, middle and end of the flume.
5) Repeat the procedure by decreasing or increasing depth of flow with the help of flow control
valve.
6) Measure the horizontal distance from start and end of the flume. Also measure the vertical
height from floor to flume bed at start and end.
Observation:
Width of the channel (b) =
Horizontal distance (x) =
Vertical distance at start (z1)=
Vertical distance at end (z2)=
Calculation:
No Area (A) Hydraulic Discharg 1 2/3 n
of radius (R) e (Q) n= R A
Q mean
obs Sb1/2
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y Y Y3
1 2
1
2
1. Area (A) = by
2. Perimeter (P) = B + 2y
3. Hydraulic radius (R) = A/P
4. Discharge= volume/time
z1 −z2
5. Sb =
x
1
6. n= R2/3A Sb1/2
Q
n 1+ n 2+ n 3
7. nmean=
3
Comment:
3. FLOW THROUGH OPEN SLUICE GATE
Objective:
To investigate operating characteristics of a sluice gate in open channels
Scope:
To study of the characteristics of sluice gate this provides information essential for their hydraulic
designs.
Apparatus:
1) Open channel flume
2) Stop watch
3) Jug of known volume
Theory :
A sluice gate is traditionally a wood or metal barrier sliding in grooves that are set in the sides of the
waterway. Sluice gates commonly control water levels and flow rates in rivers and canals. They are
also used in wastewater treatment plants and to recover minerals in mining operations, and in
watermills.
"Sluice gate" refers to a movable gate allowing water to flow under it. When a sluice is lowered,
water may spill over the top, in which case the gate operates as a weir. Usually, a mechanism drives
the sluice up or down. This may be a simple, hand-operated, chain pulled/lowered, worm drive
or rack-and-pinion drive, or it may be electrically or hydraulically powered.
Flow through a rectangular orifice is
Qth = A√ 2 gH
Where,
Qth= theoretical discharge
A= Area of gate opening
H= head
Qa
Again , Cd=
Qth
Where ,
Cd= coefficient of discharge
volume
Qa = actual discharge=
time
Hence, Qa = Cd x Qth
Procedure
1) Start the pump and allow water to flow through the flume
2) Set the gate opening
3) Operate the flow control valve to give a head (upstream) in the tank and allow the condition
to settle.
4) After the condition is settled, find the flow rate by timing a known volume (m 3) passing
through the flow meter at the bottom.
5) Note down the inlet head
6) Repeat the procedure at the heads in the tank of different measurement for the sluice gate
opening.
7) Now increase the gate opening at while and repeat the same procedure. Measure discharge at
each step.
Observation
Width of the flume = ………..
Calculation
No of Gate opening Head(mm) Theoretical Actual Coefficient
obs (mm) discharge discharge of discharge
(m3/s) (m3/s) (Cd )
1
Comment:
Comment on value of Cd. Explain uses of sluice gate in actual practices in irrigation system
HUMP AND CONSTRICTED FLOW ANALYSIS
Objective:
To analyze the flow characteristics through the hump in open channel and to determine the specific
energy diagram
Scope :
Flow over a hump in an open channel is a problem that can be successfully modeled in order to make
predictions about the behavior of the fluid. This experiment involves making appropriate
measurements for such a system, and relating flow to critical depth. It is also used to analyze the
effect of water velocity in downstream due to supercritical flow and also the upstream profile of
water.
Apparatus:
1) Open channel flume
2) Installed hump
3) Stop watch
4) Jug of known volume
Theory:
Flow in a channel is modeled in terms of a parameter called the specific energy head (or just specific
energy) of the flow, E. The specific energy head is defined as
Q2
E= y+ …………………………………………………. (1)
2 gy 2 b2
Flow profile:
y2 remains constant at yc for both subcritical and supercritical flow.
y1 increases for subcritical flow and decreases for supercritical flow.
Observation
Width of the channel=………………..
1st observation
Station 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Depth of the flow
Height of hump
above channel bed
Distance from
hump
2nd observation
Station 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Depth of the flow
Height of hump
above channel bed
Distance from
hump
Calculation
Station 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Velocity (v) for 1st
observation
Specific energy
head for 1st
observation (E)
Froude number
(Fr)
Velocity (v) for
2nd observation
Specific energy
head for 2nd
observation (E)
Froude number
(Fr)
Precautions
5. HYDRAULIC JUMP ANALYSIS
Objective:
To compare the experimental value of depth before a hydraulic jump to that calculated from theory
and calculated energy loss in hydraulic jump.
Scope:
The formation of the hydraulic jump is associated with a sudden rise in the water depth large scale
turbulence and dissipation of energy. It is employed at the foot of spillways and other hydraulic
structure to dissipate energy for the protection of bed against scour. This experiment helps to
understand the feature of hydraulic jump.
Apparatus:
1) Open channel flume
2) Stop watch
3) Jug of known volume
Theory:
When liquid at high velocity discharges into a zone of lower velocity, a rather abrupt rise occurs in
the liquid surface. The rapidly flowing liquid is abruptly slowed and increases in height, converting
some of the flow's initial kinetic energy into an increase in potential energy, with some energy
irreversibly lost through turbulence to heat. In an open channel flow, this manifests as the fast flow
rapidly slowing and piling up on top of itself similar to how a shockwave forms.
The phenomenon is dependent upon the initial fluid speed. If the initial speed of the fluid is below
the critical speed, then no jump is possible. For initial flow speeds which are not significantly above
the critical speed, the transition appears as an undulating wave. As the initial flow speed increases
further, the transition becomes more abrupt, until at high enough speeds, the transition front will
break and curl back upon itself. When this happens, the jump can be accompanied by violent
turbulence, eddying, air entrainment, and surface undulations, or waves.
2q 2
y1y2 (y1+y2) = ……………………..(i)
g
Where
Y1= depth before jump
Y2= depth after jump
q= Discharge per unit width
g= acceleration due to gravity
v 21 v2
(
∆ E=E1-E2= y 1 +
2g )( )
- y 2 + 2 ……………… (ii)
2g
This equation is used in calculating energy loss during the hydraulic jump.
Specific force
Q2
F= + Ź A
gA
where A1 and A2 are cross-sectional area, and Ź1 and Ź2 are the distances of centroids of the areas
below the surface of flow.
The first term is the momentum flux per unit weight and the second term is the force per unit weight
of the liquid. The sum of these two terms is known as specific force. The equation shows that the
specific force is a function of depth.
Subcritical
y2 yc
Supercritical
y1
F
Fmin
Specific force curve
Procedure
1) Start the pump.
2) Adjust the flow rate to give head above the weir.
3) Raise the adjustable flume to perform a hydraulic jump.
4) Note the depth before and after the jump.
5) Measure the flow rate and head.
6) Repeat for a different head above the sluice gate and repeat the above steps.
Observation
Channel width = ……………….
volume
1. Discharge =
time
Q
2. Discharge per unit width = q =
B
3
3.
( y − y1 )
Actual energy loss = ∆ E= 2
4 y1 y 2
v 21
4. Specific energy in section 1 = E1 = y 1 +
( 2g )
v 22
5. Specific energy in section 2 = E2 = y 2 +
(2g )
6. Theoretical Energy loss= ∆ E = E1 - E2
7. To check for y1
2q 2
Put value of y2 in, y1y2 (y1+y2) = to find y1
g
8. Plot specific forces diagram for the discharges taken.
Precaution