CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

The world timber demand is increasing at a rapid rate but the timber supply is depleting.
It’s been found through research that bamboo can suitably replace timber and other materials
in construction and other works. Industrially treated bamboo has shown great potential for
production of composite materials and components which are cost-effective and can be
successfully utilized for structural and non-structural applications in construction. Bamboo is
one of the oldest traditional building materials used by mankind. The bamboo culm, or stem,
has been made into an extended diversity of products ranging from domestic household
products to industrial applications. Bamboo is quite common for bridges, scaffolding and
housing, but it is usually used as a temporary exterior structural material. In many overly
populated regions of the tropics, certain bamboos supply the one suitable material that is
sufficiently cheap and plentiful to meet the extensive need for economical housing. With the
advancement of science and technology and the tight supply of timber, new methods are needed
for the processing of bamboo to make it more durable and more usable in terms of building
materials. Studies have been carried out on the basic properties and on processing of bamboo
into various kinds of composite products. Bamboo has several unique advantages like ability
to grow fast with a high yield and also it matures quickly. Additionally bamboo can be grown
abundantly and that too at a lower cost which makes it more economical.

Through research it has been found that some species of bamboo have ultimate tensile strength
same as that of mild steel at yield point. Experimentally it has been found that the ultimate
tensile strength of some species of bamboo is comparable to that of mild steel and it varies
from 140N/mm2- 280N/mm2. Bamboo is a versatile material because of its high strength-to-
weight ratio, easy workability and availability. Bamboo needs to be chemically treated due to
their low natural durability. It can be used as Bamboo Trusses, Bamboo Roofs Skeleton,
Bamboo walling/ceiling, Bamboo Doors and Windows, Bamboo Flooring, Reed Boards,
Scaffolding.

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Research, innovations in alternative materials and building technologies, targeted for the low
cost mass housing sector are unable to see the light of day. There could be many reasons why
these experiments, though successfully conducted in Laboratories, never reach the field for
application. Are these solutions user-friendly? Are they practicable, feasible, efficient and
actually time, cost and energy efficient? Are they socially acceptable? Do they integrate basic
demands of a modern urban set-up in terms of amenities and facilities? Surely there has to be
an equally robust implementing strategy through timely precipitation, dissemination and
awareness building for a widespread market penetration.

This research seeks to consistently, link and tie up innovation with policies, which can support
bamboo technology as well as the concept of mass bamboo housing for the Urban Poor. It
necessitates examining Bamboo in detail, for its appropriateness, as a structural material for
construction of a single Dwelling Unit. Since Cost is an essential consideration while designing
dwellings for the poor, the focus through the iterative process, narrowed down to the
substitution of the high energy guzzling and unaffordable material i.e. Steel Reinforced
Concrete with Bamboo Reinforced Concrete for the key structural elements like slab, walls,
columns and beams, of a modest dwelling unit. It is also imperative to minimize costs
drastically without compromising on safety, durability, dignity and social acceptance. This
process could make housing affordable, and the housing market reachable. The long term effect
would be the increase in the willingness to pay among a large number of the urban poor,
primarily those who reside close to bamboo growing regions, most of whom belong to the
informal sector. This sector does not have the means, an identity, a support system and
documents of citizenship nor the tenure rights, thereby excluding it from a substantial and
important part of the mainstream, nationwide housing activity. Such exclusion denies it access
to favourable policies, financial and target group schemes, for enjoying routine benefits such
as; access to housing loans, insurance, legal ownership rights and housing at subsidized rates.

In most countries, concrete is widely used as the foundation for the infrastructure. Concrete is
used largely because it is economical, readily available and has suitable building properties
such as its ability to support large compressive loads. However, the use of concrete is limited
because it has low tensile strength. For this reason, it is reinforced, and one of the more popular
reinforcing bars (rebar) is steel. Steel has a relatively high tensile strength, as high as 115 ksi
(792 N/mm2), complementing the low tensile strength of concrete. It is available and affordable
in most developed countries but unfortunately not all parts of the world. In many countries,

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none or very little steel reinforcement is used in construction, which is evident from the
crumbling of buildings.

Steel reinforcement at some point may no longer be available. Even today there exists a need
for more economical and readily available substitute reinforcements for concrete.

In some parts of the world many buildings are constructed only with concrete or mud-bricks.
This is dangerous in case of seismic activity. These buildings have little hope of standing in
the case of an earthquake. Steel reinforcement would be an ideal solution, but cost is a
considerable problem. Scientists and engineers are constantly seeking for new materials for
structural systems; the idea of using bamboo as possible reinforcement has gained popularity.

1.2 BAMBOO CHARATERISTICS

Bamboo is giant grass, not a tree. Bamboo culms as shown in figure:1.1 are a
cylindrical shell divided by solid transversal diaphragms at nodes and have some intriguing
properties such as high strength in the direction parallel to the fibres, which run longitudinally
along the length of the culm, and low strength in a direction perpendicular to the fibres. The
density of fibres in cross-section of a bamboo shell varies with thickness as well as height.
Fibre distribution is more uniform at the base than at the top or the middle. This is because
bamboo is subjected to maximum bending stress due to wind at the top portion of the culm.

Bamboo is a natural Functionally Graded Material (FGM). It is a composite with hierarchical

structure. The strength of bamboo is greater than most of the timber products. The mechanical
properties vary with height and age of the bamboo culm. Research findings indicate that the
strength of bamboo increases with age. The optimum strength value occurs between 2.5 and 4
years. The strength decreases at a later age. The function of the nodes is to prevent buckling
and they play a role of axial crack arresters.

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 Figure 1.1: Whole Bamboo Culms

1.2.1 SELECTION OF BAMBOO

The following factors should be considered in the selection of bamboo culms (whole
plants) for use as reinforcement in concrete structures:

1. Use only bamboo showing a pronounced brown colour. This will insure that the plant at least
three years old.

2. Select the longest large diameter culms available.

3. Do not use whole culms of green, unseasoned bamboo.

4. Avoid bamboo cut in spring or early summer. These culms are generally weaker due to
increased fibre moisture content.

1.2.2 PREPARATION OF BAMBOO

Sizing: Splints (split culms) are generally more desirable than whole culms as reinforcement.
Larger culms should be split into splints approximately 3/4 inch wide. Whole culms less than
¾ inch in diameter can be used without splitting. Splitting the bamboo can be done by

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separating the base with a sharp knife and then pulling a dulled blade through the culm. The
dull blade will force the stem to split open; this is more desirable than cutting the bamboo since
splitting will result in continuous fibres and a nearly straight section. The approximate net area
provided by whole culms and by ¾ inch wide splints, as well as the cross-sectional properties
of standard deformed steel bars and wire mesh.

Seasoning: When possible, the bamboo should be cut and allowed to dry and season for three
to four weeks before using. The culms must be supported at regular spacing’s to reduce
warping.

Bending: Bamboo can be permanently bent if heat, either dry or wet, is applied while applying
pressure. This procedure can be used for forming splints into C-shaped stirrups and for putting
hooks on reinforcement for additional anchorage.

Waterproof Coatings: When seasoned bamboo, either split or whole, is used as reinforcement,
it should receive a waterproof coating to reduce swelling when in contact with concrete.
Without some type of coating, bamboo will swell before the concrete has developed sufficient
strength to prevent cracking and the member may be damaged, especially if more than 4 present
bamboos are used. The type of coating will depend on the materials available. A brush coat or
dip coat of asphalt emulsion is preferable. Native latex, coal tar, paint, dilute varnish, and water-
glass (sodium silicate) are other suitable coatings. In any case, only a thin coating should be
applied; a thick coating will lubricate the surface and weaken the bond with the concrete.

1.3 BAMBOO AS A CONSTRUTION MATERIAL

Bamboo reaches its full growth in just a few months and reaches its maximum
mechanical strength in just few years. Its abundance in tropical and subtropical regions makes
it an economically advantageous material. Some of the positive aspects such as a lightweight
design, better flexibility, and toughness due to its thin walls with discretely distributed nodes
and its great strength make it a good construction material. Bamboo is used as structural
material for scaffolding at construction sites in India, China and other countries as it is a tough,
flexible, light weight and low cost material. In nature when bamboo is covered with heavy
snow, it will bend until it touches the ground without breaking. This implies that bamboo has
greater flexibility than wood.

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The energy necessary to produce 1 m3 per unit stress projected in practice for materials
commonly used in civil construction, such as steel or concrete, has been compared with
bamboo. It was found that for steel it is necessary to spend 50 times more energy than for
bamboo. The tensile strength of bamboo is very high and can reach 54 ksi (370 N/mm2). This
makes bamboo an alternative to steel in tensile loading applications. This is due to the fact that
the ratio of tensile strength to specific weight of bamboo is six times greater than that of steel.

1.4 APPLICATION OF BAMBOO

Bamboo has been and is being used in a wide variety of applications such as recreation,
defence, housing and construction. In regards to recreation bamboo has been used to construct
a variety of musical instruments. In addition to the fact that bamboo can be used in the arts, it
can also be eaten. The market for bamboo shoots has grown rapidly in the last years. In fact
Taiwan exports $50 million dollars’ worth of shoots that are eaten worldwide. One of the major
applications of bamboo is for construction and housing. It is estimated that one billion people
live in bamboo houses. In India and China bamboo is used in construction of temporary
suspension bridgesThere is a company that currently manufactures surfboards out of bamboo.
Bamboo can also be used in the arts. It can be fashioned into many shapes leading to artistic
freedom as bamboo has been crafted into furniture, decorative items such as home decoration,
dishware, dolls, toys, jewellery and more. The imagination goes on forever and so does the
artist as shown in fig 1.2

Figure 1.2: Application of bamboo

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Bamboo is also a popular tool for acquiring food: as bamboo fishing rods have been used to
catch fish for long time. In earlier times, bamboo could be used as a blunt weapon, or it could
be sharpened to provide food or defence. It would also make a decent shaft for a spear. Even
in the US, bamboo is beginning to gain exposure as flooring and panelling. There are
companies that make plywood out of bamboo called ply-boo.

1.5 COMPARISON OF BAMBOO AND STEEL

One of the properties that would make bamboo a good substitute to steel in reinforced
concrete is its strength. The strength of bamboo is greater than most timber products which are
advantageous, but it is approximately half the tensile strength of steel. Bamboo is easily
accessible as it grows in almost every tropical and subtropical region; this lowers the cost of
construction and increases the strength of the buildings that would otherwise be unreinforced.
One major problem with bamboo is that it attracts living organism such as fungi and insects.
Bamboo is more prone to insects than other trees and grasses because it has a high content of
nutrients. In order to combat this problem, it becomes necessary to treat bamboo to protect it
from the environment. Steel does not have this problem but it also needs to be coated in order
to protect it from rusting. Bamboo is very light in weight compared to steel. Due to its low
modulus of elasticity, bamboo can crack and deflect more than steel reinforcement under the
same conditions. These aspects put bamboo on the list of viable construction materials. These
properties, when combined, suggest that bamboo will make a fine addition to the current
selection of materials, but it is necessary that people in general be made more familiar with its
strengths and weaknesses.

1.6 MOISTURE CONTENT

The moisture content of bamboo is the decisive factor for its use as structural element as all
mechanical and physical properties are functions of it. The life span of bamboo also depends
upon the moisture content, as it attracts the fungi and borer insects. The rotting process is faster
in bamboo having more water content. Bamboo is more prone to insect attack than other trees
and grasses because of its high content of nutrients. This study was aimed with experiments to
relate the variation of key mechanical and physical properties of bamboo with its moisture
content. The moisture content along the height of bamboo culm is also not constant, so also,
the physical and mechanical properties.

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The specific gravity can be worked out as per Indian code of practice using specimen of size
approximately 25 x 25 mm from intermodal region. The mass of the specimen weighed correct
to 0.001 g (IS 6874: 1997) and the volume to 1mm3 for density calculation [IS 6874: 1997, IS
8242: 1997]. The calculated density is then, corrected on dry mass basis, knowing the moisture
content of the specimen.

1.7 OBJECTIVE

 To study the flexural behavior of bamboo reinforced concrete beams.

1.8 SCOPE

 Locally available species of bamboo is used for study.

 The area of Bamboo reinforcement is varied from 2 to 5% of gross area.

 Steel reinforcement are to be used as stirrups

1.9 METHODOLOGY

1. Literature Study
2. Collection and Test on materials
3. Proportion of Concrete Mix
4. Casting of Beam
5. Testing of Beams
6. Analysis of Result
7. Conclusion

1.10 MATERIALS USED

1.10.1 CEMENT

Cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets, hardens and adheres to
other materials, binding them together. Cement is seldom used solely, but is used to bind sand
and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement is used with fine aggregate to produce mortar for
masonry, or with sand and gravel aggregates to produce concrete. Cements used in construction
are usually inorganic; often lime or calcium silicate based, and can be characterized as being
either hydraulic or non-hydraulic, depending upon the ability of the cement to set in the

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presence of water (see hydraulic and non hydraulic lime plaster).Non-hydraulic cement will
not set in wet conditions or underwater; rather, it sets as it dries and reacts with carbon dioxide
in the air. It is resistant to attack by chemicals after setting. Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland
cement) set and become adhesive due to a chemical reaction between the dry ingredients and
water. The chemical reaction results in mineral hydrates that are not very water-soluble and so
are quite durable in water and safe from chemical attack. This allows setting in wet condition
or underwater and further protects the hardened material from chemical attack. The chemical
process for hydraulic cement found by ancient Romans used volcanic ash (pozzolana) with
added lime (calcium oxide). The word "cement" can be traced back to the Roman term opus
caementicium, used to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from
crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick supplements that
were added to the burnt lime, to obtain a hydraulic binder, were later referred to as cementum,
cimentum, cament, and cement. In modern times, organic polymers are sometimes used as
cements in concrete.

Cement is materials, generally in powder form that can be made into a paste usually by the
addition of water and, when moulded or poured, will set into a solid mass numerous organic
compounds used for adhering, or fastening materials, are called cements, but these are
classified as adhesives, and the term cement alone means a construction material. The most
widely used of the construction cements is Portland cement . It is a bluish grey powder obtained
by finely grinding the clinker made by strongly heating and intimate mixture calcareous and
argillaceous minerals

The chief raw material is a mixture of high calcium limestone, known as cement rock, and clay
or shale. Blast furnace slag may also be used in some cements and the cement. The colour of
the cement is due chiefly to iron oxide. In the absence of impurities, the colour would be white,
but neither the colour nor the specific gravity is test of quality.

The following property of cement is test.

1. Specific gravity

2. Fineness

3. Standard consistency

4. Initial and final setting time

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1.10.2 FINE AGGREGATE (M – SAND)

Manufactured M – sand is a substitute of river sand for concrete construction.

Manufactured sand is produced from hard granite stone by crushing. The crushed sand
is of cubical shape with grounded edges, washed and graded to as a construction
materials. The size of manufactured sand is less 4.75mm.

Manufactured sand is an alternative for river sand. Due to fast growing construction industry,
the demand for sand has increased tremendously, causing deficiency of suitable river sand in
most part of the world.

The following test made to study the property of fine aggregate. 1. Specific gravity 2. Sieve
analysis

1. Specific gravity
2. Sieve analysis

1.10.3 COARSE AGGREGATE

Construction aggregate or simply "aggregate”, is a broad category of coarse to medium

grained particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag,
recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates are the most mined materials in the
world. Aggregates are a component of composite materials such as concrete and asphalt
concrete; the aggregate serves as reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite
material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value as compared to most soils,
aggregates are widely used in drainage applications such as foundation and French drains,
septic drain fields, retaining wall drains, and road side edge drains. Aggregates are also used
as base material under foundations, roads, and railroads. In other words, aggregates are used as
a stable foundation or road/rail base with predictable, uniform properties (e.g. to help prevent
differential settling under the road or building), or as a low-cost extender that binds with more
expensive cement or asphalt to form concrete.

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1.11 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BAMBOO

1.11.1 ADVANTAGES

1. Bamboo is an extremely strong natural fibre, on par with standard hard woods, when
cultivated, harvested, prepared and stored properly. The strongest part of a bamboo stalk is its
node, where ranching occurs.

2. Bamboo is an exceptionally versatile material. It is used in a myriad of ways for building,

such as for scaffolding, roofing, concrete reinforcement, walls and piping. It may be used
structurally and as a decorative element.

3. Bamboo is extremely flexible. During its growth, it may be trained to grow in unconventional
shapes. After harvest, it may be bent and utilized in archways and other curved areas. It has a
great capacity for shock absorption, which makes it particularly useful in earthquake-prone
areas.

4. It is considered to be sustainable and renewable alternative to hardwoods, foremost because

it regenerates at exceptionally fast rates.

5. It is cost-effective, especially in areas where it is cultivated and is readily available.

Transporting lightweight bamboo is less costly than transporting its heavier alternatives.

1.11.2 DISADVANTAGES

1. Shaped by nature

2. Durability- bamboo is subjected to attack by fungi, insects; for this reason, untreated bamboo
structures are viewed as temporary with an expected life of not more than 5 years.

3. Jointing- although many jointing techniques exist, their structural efficiency is low.

4. Lack of design guidance and codes.

5. Prone to catch fire very fast by the friction among the culms during wind, and is seen to
cause forest fires.

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 CHAPTER – 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 REPLACEMENT OF STEEL BY BAMBOO REINFORCEMENT

Anurag Nayak et al., (2013) presented paper deals with cost-wise comparison of steel
reinforcement with bamboo reinforcement. The utilization of bamboo reinforcement as
replacement of steel reinforcement is gaining immense importance today, mainly on account
of the improvement in the economical aspect combined with ecological benefits.

Some specific properties of Bamboo are as given below:

Table : 2.1 Specific properties of bamboo

Specific gravity 0.575 to 0.655

Average weight 0.625kg/m
Modulus of rupture 610 to 1600kg/cm2
Modulus of Elasticity 1.5 to 2.0 x105kg/cm2
Ultimate compressive stress 794 to 864kg/cm2
Safe working stress in compression 105kg/cm2

To study the effect of replacement of steel reinforcement by bamboo reinforcement, designs

have been conducted on one way slab of size 3000 × 7000 sq.-mm with providing beam of
7000 mm length and 250 x 250 sq.-mm. In this paper the designs are done on the basis of
shearing and bending. Based on this study, cost vs. strength provided by the results which had
been discussed in the paper. In this project we have adopted advanced bamboo reinforcement
technique instead of traditional steel reinforcement. This is a good idea for low cost economic
structure. Bamboo reinforcement technique is used for both main and distribution
reinforcement as it was same earlier done for steel reinforcement. It is three times cheaper than
steel reinforcement technique. It is clear from results that this bamboo reinforcement technique
is absolutely cheaper than steel reinforcement technique especially for single story structure.

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2.2 INDIAN STANDARD METHOD OF TEST FOR SPLIT BAMBOO
(IS : 8242-1976) :

1 This standard prescribes the methods of tests for split bamboos for evaluating the following
physical and mechanical properties:

a) Physical Properties

1) Moisture content

2) Specific gravity

b) Mechanical Properties

1) Static bending

2) Compression parallel to grain

3) Shear parallel to grain

2.3 MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF BAMBOO REINFORCED CONCRETE

BEAMS

Premkumar, Vasugi. V (2014) explained that recently, considering global warming; lack
of resources and eco-friendly issue, the use of natural materials has become active in the
construction industry. Bamboo has been in wide usage as a vital material for construction due
to its low cost, high strength, flexibility, light weight, earthquake resistance, etc. This study
explores the feasibility of usage of bamboo as reinforcement in concrete beams for rural
construction. The untreated and treated bamboo reinforced concrete beams are casted with
different stirrup materials. The shear link materials used were bamboo and Thermo
Mechanically Treated (TMT) rods. Bamboo has been treated with a thin layer of epoxy to the
surface followed by a coating of fine sand. Conventional steel reinforced concrete beam is
tested for its flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, deflection and crack pattern. Same tests
were carried out for the treated and untreated bamboo reinforced beams with TMT rod stirrups
and bamboo stirrups. Sand has been replaced by quarry dust as a fine aggregate in concrete due
to its inadequacy. Finally the comparison and analysis is carried out for the conventional steel

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reinforced concrete beam over the treated and untreated bamboo reinforced concrete beams
with the help of experimental values obtained.

The comparison and analysis is carried out for the conventional steel reinforced concrete beam
over the treated and untreated bamboo reinforced concrete beams. From the experimental
values obtained, the adjacent value among the bamboo reinforced beams closer to the
conventional beam value is taken into consideration and explained for its durability, cost
effective and sustainability.

The treated and untreated bamboo reinforced beam specimens is to be taken after 28 days of
curing and should be tested for its flexural strength, deflection, crack pattern and modulus of
elasticity. Finally the results obtained should be compared and analysed with the conventional
steel reinforced concrete beam.

2.4 A COMPARTIVE STUDY OF BAMBOO REINFORCED CONCRETE

BEAMS USING DIFFERENT STIRRUP MATERIALS FOR RURAL
CONSTRUCTION

Adom-Asamosh Mark, Afrifa Owusu Russell (2011) explored a way of making the use of
bamboo reinforced concrete beams simple, efficient and cost-effective for rural construction
with Ghana as a case study. It is a comparative study of bamboo reinforced concrete beams
with shear links made of different materials. The web materials considered were bamboo, rattan
cane and steel. Sixteen (16) beams were tested to failure under four point bend tests. The
highest and lowest failure loads were recorded for the cases of steel stirrups and no stirrups
respectively. The experimental failure loads averaged 5.05 and 1.72 times the observed first
crack and theoretical failure loads respectively. At failure, beams with low concrete
compressive strength and small amount of bamboo tension reinforcement had wider cracks.
The cheapest and most economical means of providing shear reinforcement for bamboo-
reinforced beams was analysed using a performance model developed in this research. A beam
performance index (BPI) in terms of energy absorbed per unit cost of beam, indicated the use
of steel stirrups as the most economical. The most expensive means of shear reinforcement
provision in bamboo reinforced beams is by rattan cane stirrups irrespective of the grade of
concrete. It is therefore recommended that steel stirrups be used to enhance the performance of
bamboo reinforced concrete beams.

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A study of the shear strength of bamboo reinforcement concrete reveals that concrete members
reinforced with sections of bamboo culms, which had been split along their horizontal axes,
developed considerably higher load capacities than unreinforced concrete beams of similar
sections. The ductility of tension bamboo reinforcement is low and failure of beams is
characterized by splitting of concrete from the tension reinforcement and brittle failure. The
shear capacity is enhanced by increased amount tension reinforcement and addition of web
reinforcement. The strength of concrete influences the shear capacity and the failure mode of
the concrete in a way that low strength concrete cause concrete crushing before the full shear
capacity is reached. The predominant failure mode of bamboo reinforced concrete beams was
shear even though they were all adequate in theoretical shear capacity. The highest and lowest
failure loads were recorded for the cases of steel stirrups and no stirrups respectively. The
cheapest and most economical means of providing shear reinforcement for bamboo reinforced
beams according to the BPI derived in this research is steel stirrups and the most expensive
means is by rattan stirrups irrespective of the grade of concrete. It is therefore recommended
that bamboo reinforced concrete beams are reinforced with steel stirrups to improve on its load
carrying behaviour.

Sandeep Bhardwaj et al., (2014) examined that bamboo can be replaced steel in low to
medium structures. It is environmental friendly, sustainable and low cost. Here we discussed
advances in bamboo material use in bridge components, as reinforcement in concrete known
as bamboo concrete, as are placement of structural steel in industrial structure. Also discussed
new advances in bamboo and bamboo material property.

The developing economies need millions of houses for their growing population. And to the
need a country like India require environmental friendly, low cost, sustainable and feasible
structures to support high growth rate and growing need of the population. With use of bamboo
as a construction material, it reduces the consumption of steel and cement as a whole and
resulted in considerable savings.

Bamboo material and their composites may be utilised in bridge as a replacement of steel for
a IS Class A loading bridge. Steel column can be replaced with bamboo column with use of
modern material like Ferro cement, steel joints, carbon fibre reinforced plastics as stiffeners.

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2.5 USE OF BAMBOO IN RIGID PAVEMENT AS REINFORCED MATERIAL

Akash Priyadarshee et al., (2014) explained that steel is traditionally used as reinforcement
in concrete. But because of cost and availability, replacement of steel with some other suitable
materials as reinforcement is now a major concern. Though bamboo has been used as a
construction material, especially in developing country, until today its use as reinforcement in
concrete is very limited due to various uncertainties. Since bamboo is a natural, cheap and also
readily available material, it can be a substitute of steel in reinforcing of concrete. For low
volume road we can replace steel with bamboo and construct the road surface like rigid
pavement. It is found that life span of bamboo reinforced surface is more than unpaved road
and less than rigid pavement reinforced with steel. Life span of bamboo reinforced road can be
increase by suitable treatment of bamboos. This paper is review of the techniques used in the
construction process of bamboo reinforced pavement. With the availability of modern design
methods and engineering data of the mechanical properties of structural bamboo, engineers are
encouraged to take the advantage offered by bamboo to build light and strong pavement to
achieve enhanced economy and build ability. in India we are using steel in rigid pavement and
it is a costly one .if we replace steel with bamboo we have good riding quality road with low
cost, its durability is less then steel reinforced pavement but more than earthen road but cost of
construction is more or less half of rigid pavement.

Dr. Patel Pratima A et al., (2013) described traditionally steel is used as reinforcement in
concrete structure. But because of cost and availability, replacement of steel with some other
suitable materials as reinforcement is now a major concern. It is a fact that the construction
industry is the main consumer of energy and materials in most countries. Though bamboo has
been used as a construction material, especially in developing country, until today its use as
reinforcement in concrete structure is very limited due to various uncertainties. Since bamboo
is a natural, cheap and also readily available material, it can be a substitute of steel in
reinforcing of concrete structure.

Authors have tested & evaluated physical and mechanical properties like compressive strength,
tensile strength, Flexural test, Bonding strength, water absorption, density etc. of the selected
bamboo species in material testing laboratory. Purpose of the experiments on bamboo strips is
for validation and justification of these results confirm the application of bamboo as
reinforcement element. Authors have investigated conducted for the tested types of bamboo

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are evaluated using the same accepted criteria as that of steel. Also authors have evaluated the
performance and justification of fabricated underground water tank by replacement of steel to
bamboo.

Frncis E Brink and Paul J. Rush (2000) studied that use of bamboo as reinforcement in
Portland cement concrete has been studied extensively by Clemson Agricultural College.
Bamboo has been used as a construction material in certain areas for centuries, but its
application as reinforcement in concrete had received little attention until the Clemson study.

A study of the feasibility of using bamboo as the reinforcing material in precast concrete
elements was conducted at the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station in 1964.
Ultimate strength design procedures, modified to take into account the characteristics of the
bamboo reinforcement were used to estimate the ultimate load carrying capacity of the precast
concrete elements with bamboo reinforcing.

Bamboo was given recent consideration for use as reinforcement in soil-cement pavement slabs
in which the slabs behave in elastically even under light loads. For this case ultimate load
analysis was shown to be more economical and suitable for use.

The results of these investigations form the basis of the conclusions and recommendations
presented in this report. Further studies will be required before complete confidence can be
placed theoretical designs based on the material presented here.

2.6 STUDIES ON BAMBOO AS REINFORCEMENT IN CEMENT CONCRETE

Jigar K. Sevalia et al., (2013) empathised that bamboo is used as a construction material. The
Bamboo is used in both technical as well as non-technical ways. Our ancestors used Bamboo
in the construction of the houses. The Bamboo was used as the struts, posts, roofs etc in the
construction of the houses. Now a day’s concrete are used as the basic materials for the
construction works. The concrete is good in compression but weak in the tensile strength. So
steel is used as reinforcement in the concrete to achieve the tensile strength. Problems
encountered with the commonly used construction material like steel are high in cost,
corrosion, etc. Due to the advantageous characteristics of Bamboo, in the last few years, studies
have been made on the use of Bamboo as structural material and reinforcement in concrete.
The main obstacle for the application of Bamboo as a reinforcement is the lack of sufficient
information about its interaction with concrete, strength and durability. This study presents the

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evaluation of the feasibility of the use of Bamboo as reinforcement in concrete members. In
this study the Bamboo was used as a reinforcing material without any treatment and stirrups.

Tensile tests were conducted on specimens having nodes at the end. Nodes are weak and brittle
in resistance to tensile force as referred. This test was performed on specimens with nodes at
gauge position and its main purpose was to determine modulus of elasticity of the specified
species Bamboo. It has been observed that mostly the failure occurred at mid height. The failure
occurred looks like the splitting of the fibres.

Table : 2.2 Result of the tensile test

Load P (N) Elongation(mm) Strain Stress (N/mm²)

0 0.00 0.0000 0.0000
10000 0.10 0.0008 47.300
14000 0.50 0.0038 66.351
18000 1.00 0.0075 85.308
22000 2.50 0.0188 104.265
26000 5.00 0.0376 123.223
30000 8.00 0.0602 142.180
34000 11.00 0.0827 161.137

Fig no : 2.1 Stress Vs Strain Curve of tensile test on Bamboo Strip.

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Load carrying capacity in Doubly Reinforced Beam increased by 29.31 % as compared to
Singly Reinforced Beam and Plain Cement Concrete Beam failed suddenly without any prior
notice. Hence, it is to be said that it has shown brittle failure.

Due to the advantageous characteristics of Bamboo, in the last few years, studies have been
made on Bamboo as structural material and reinforcement in concrete. Fikremariam Mengistu
Assaminew has conducted the tension test and compression test on the Bamboo specimen. He
concluded that the compressive strength of the Bamboo is less than the tensile strength of the
Bamboo. The test on the flexural member was also conducted. The result showed that the
treated Bamboo shows slightly higher bond strength than untreated. Khosrow Ghavami has
described about the test on the beams and columns. He has shown the whole procedure of the
beam and column test and its behaviour. He finally concluded that the Bamboo can
satisfactorily substitute the steel. The various element produced by Bamboo can very well be
used in the construction. Markos Alito mentioned about the physical and the mechanical
properties of the Bamboo and its various test. He has presented his study on the test performed
on the R.C.C beam reinforced with the Bamboo. The mid span test was performed. He
concluded that the Bamboo reinforced concrete design is similar to steel reinforced concrete
design if its mechanical properties are properly utilized.

Shiva Trivedi and Akshay Nigam (2013) explained the existence of wood is continuously
reducing, mostly in tropical. In whole world at hot and dense divisions bamboo has a long and
well-established habit for building material. So it is essential to aware about its need to whole
world. Conventionally the material used in concrete is steel. Because its high cost it is essential
to replace with another economic and easily available material. Bamboo is acceptable and
money saving substitute of steel. In maximum divisions of world, bamboo is found endurable,
accepted by nature, verdant and rapid growing raw material. It is evaluated that in 14.5 million
hectare region about 1400 variants grows. Bamboo is about 20 times more expansible than the
steel.

Bamboo is material have excellent engineering qualities can be utilized housing projects. It is
easily available than the other type of reinforcement like steel etc. So it is economical for
reinforcement use. Many countries of the world are rich in bamboo production which is a good
point for the reinforcement use having good engineering quality. In urban areas and poor areas
it is very useful for construction purpose and also economical. Bamboo is weak at node section

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failure can occur. According to research in next few years production of steel will reduce hence
the utilization of natural and eco-friendly materials should be used.

2.7 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON BAMBOO REINFORCED

CONCRETE STRUCTURE

Masakazu TERAI And Koichi MINAMI (2012) defined that global warming issues and
sustainable society, the manufacturing using natural materials has become actively. Bamboo,
low cost, fast growing and broad distribution of growth, is expected to contribute significantly
to earthquake resistant construction and seismic retrofit technology in the developing countries.
It compares these experimental results of bamboo reinforced concrete members with the
experimental ones of reinforced concrete members, and the mechanical property of the bamboo
reinforced concrete members is studied. From these experimental works, the possibility of
effective using of Bamboo’ is discussed.

This paper presents the feasibility of using bamboo and non-steel as the reinforcing material in
concrete members. In order to investigate the fracture behaviour and the mechanical properties
of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete members, 9 pull-out and 4 slab specimens were constructed
and the pull-out tests and 3 point bending test were carried out.

By analysing the test results, the following conclusions were drawn in this study:

1. The tensile strength filled with cement paste cured w/c=80% and 100% significantly increase
with aging time.

2. The behaviour of pull-out test with bamboo is almost the same as the plain steel bar;
however, the bond strength with bamboo was higher than the one with plain steel bar. It can be
expected that the bond strength covering with full treatment shows the high value 1.2-1.35MPa.
3. Bamboo reinforced concrete slab: When fresh concrete is poured, its water will moisten the
bamboo; then, the concrete will harden and lose water so that the bamboo will again dry out.
This drying process will completely break any bond between the bamboo and the concrete. It
can be considered that underground humidity is high at any times therefore supply of water to
the concrete can be accomplished.

The availability of combination bamboo and concrete structure can be confirmed. Therefore,
for construction of the actual structure, it is necessary to verify some realistic methods. It can
be said that this study is the first step towards the development for the future. It is important to
accumulate further experimental data and to consider the practical application. For practical

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application of the structure with bamboo, it seems to be important to consider the following
conditions:

1. Design of the structure with bamboo,

2. Combinations of materials (the concrete strength and type of bamboo),

3. Construction and Workability and

4. Durability of bamboo within mortar and concrete.

2.8 COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF STEEL, BAMBOO AND RATTEN AS

REINFORCING BARS IN CONCRETE; TENSILE AND FLEXURAL
CHARACTERISTICS

Adekunle P. Adewuyi et al., (2015) described that flexural performance and deformation
characteristics of concrete elements reinforced with bamboo (Bambusavulgaris), rattan
(Calamucdeerratus) and the twisted steel rebar’s. The yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile
strength (UTS) and the elongation of 50 specimens of the three materials were determined
using a universal testing machine. Three beams of concrete strength 20 N/mm2 at age 28 days
were separately reinforced with bamboo, rattan and steel bars of same percentage, while the
stirrups were essentially mild steel bars. The beams were subjected to centre-point flexural
loading according to BS 1881 to evaluate the flexural behaviour. The YS of bamboo and rattan
bars were 13% and 45% of that of steel respectively, while their UTS were 16% and 62% of
that of steel in the same order. The elongation of bamboo, rattan and steel were 7.42%, 10%
and 14.7% respectively. The natural rebar were less than the 12% minimum requirement of BS
4449. The load-deflection plots of bamboo and steel RC beams were quadratic, while rattan
RC beams had curvilinear trend. The stiffness of bamboo RC beams (BB) and rattan RC beams
(RB) were 32% and 13.5% of the stiffness of steel RC beams (SB). The post first crack residual
flexural strength was 41% for BB and SB, while RB was 25%. Moreover, the moment
capacities of BB and RB corresponded to 51% and 21% respectively of the capacity of steel
RC beams. The remarkable gap between the flexural capacities of the natural rebar and that of
steel can be traced not only to the tensile strength but also the weak bonding at the bar-concrete
interface. It can be concluded that the bamboo bars are suitable rebar’s for non-load bearing
and lightweight RC flexural structures, while more pre-strengthening treatment is required
more importantly for rattan for improved interfacial bonding and load-carrying capacity,

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The following salient conclusions can be drawn from the study.

1. The tensile properties of the three reinforcing materials are normally distributed and their
stress ratios satisfied the minimum requirement value of 1.08. The strength of rattan and
bamboo represented 13 and 45% of that of steel reinforcing bars.

2. The elongation of bamboo did not meet the ductility requirements of 12%, rattan marginally
satisfied this, but steel rebar’s fully met the requirements.

3. Bamboo and rattan can only be used for lightweight RC structures. The flexural stiffness of
bamboo and rattan RC beams was about 32% and 13.5% respectively of the conventional steel
bars RC beams. The first cracking loads of bamboo and rattan RC beams were 55% and 30%
respectively of the conventional steel RC beams. The experimental ultimate failure loads of
bamboo and rattan RC beams were 51% and 21% respectively of the conventional steel RC
beams.

4. Bamboo and steel RC beams had 40% residual capacity after the first crack, while rattan RC
beams had exhausted 75% of its load-carrying capacity after the first crack.

5. The mode of failure for bamboo and steel RC beams was shear, indicated by diagonal cracks
because of the short-span specimen adopted and the relatively higher tensile strength than the
rattan RC beams which failed by flexure (vertical cracks).

6. The flexural and bonding strengths of bamboo and rattan RC beams could be enhanced by
bonding galvanized iron or fibre thread spirally round the surface of the bars with epoxy.

Abhijitsinh Parmar et al., (2016) explained that bamboo is used as a construction material
from earlier days of construction. It was used as reinforcement in rural area and as formwork
also. Concrete is a brittle material so it cannot be used as a single material in construction due
to its low tensile strength. In this study we tried to find out the properties of bamboos from the
past studies and from the past study we can find out the better way to improve strengths of
bamboo as reinforcement in concrete structures.

From this literature study of a Bamboo, anyone can conclude that bamboo as a natural material
which is eco-friendly and economic material. Though it has low stiffness and strength
compared to steel, it can used as reinforcement in limited storeys. And bamboo must be treated
before using as reinforcement in concrete.

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2.9 STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO AND STEEL REINFORCED
CONCRETE CONTAINING MANUFACTURED SAND AND MINERAL
ADMIXTURES

S. Karthik, P. Ram Mohan Rao, P.O. Awoyera (2017) aimed to ensure sustainability of the
future generation, various research attempts are focusing on the use of alternative materials for
construction. In this study, bamboo strips were used as reinforcement in a concrete that was
made with supplementary cementations materials and partial replacement of river sand with
manufactured sand (m-sand). Cement was partially replaced by 25% of combination of
admixtures such as fly ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS). In alignment
with standard requirements, concrete samples such as cubes, cylinders and beams were
produced and tested at stipulated periods. Micro scale analysis was performed on the bamboo
using SEM and FTIR, and its tensile strength was also determined. The results of the micro
scale and tensile strength tests revealed that bamboo is a strong and ductile material. The study
showed that a combination of fly ash, GGBS and m-sanded as alternative materials in concrete
improves the compressive and split tensile strengths. Under flexural loading, performance of
bamboo reinforced concrete (BRC) made with alternative materials (fly ash, GGBS, and m-
sand) was significantly low compared to BRC containing conventional materials. In addition,
BRC made with conventional materials developed more flexural strength than the SRC, with a
variation representing 6.5% strength gain.

This study focused on the strength properties of bamboo and steel reinforced concrete
containing manufactured sand and mineral admixtures. The following conclusions were drawn
from the investigation:

1. From the morphological (FTIR and SEM) characteristics of bamboo dust examined, it was
deduced that bamboo is a ductile reinforcing material having some appreciable tensile strength,
which makes it suitable as a substitute for steel. Due to its strongly bonded particles, bamboo
can be an excellent material for members subjected to compression and bending.

2. Partial replacement of cement with fly ash and GGBS in concrete containing wholly m sand
as fine aggregate yielded a promising compressive strength. Although, their values are low
relative to the reference concrete, but it can form a good material for some structural
applications. Yet the materials are better than the reference concrete in terms of split tensile
strength.

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3. Under flexural loading, performance of BRC made with alternative materials (fly ash,
GGBS, and m-sand) was significantly low compared to BRC with reference materials. Perhaps
a poor bonding of bamboo with concrete with alternative material can be a factor, because
bamboo on its own has good strength hand ductility. In addition, BRC made with reference
materials yielded more flexural strength than the SRC, thus representing6.5% strength gain.

2.10 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF BAMBOO REINFORCEMENT WITH

STEEL

Seapnil Dangel and S.V. Pataskar (2017) explained the utilization of bamboo reinforcement
as replacement of steel reinforcement is gaining immense importance today, mainly on account
of the improvement in the economical aspect combined with ecological benefits. There is need
to study this material as a permanent replacement of bamboo. For this dissertation we are going
to take the point for carrying out the cost benefit analysis. Research is done on the fact that
bamboo can be used as replaceable material but it cost benefit analysis is to be done first. This
dissertation has carried out a review study regarding use of bamboo as material and the study
regarding cost benefit analysis is to be carried out on a designated site in Pune region. From
this paper it will clear that weather the bamboo material is to replace with other is okay as far
cost is too be concern..

Bamboo can be replaced by considering all the parameters of strength and durability as
compared to steel and considering the market prices difference between the bamboo and steel
bamboo can be given chance of replacing. Though there is chance of increase in the cost
regarding the research to be done on improving the durability of bamboo (Growing and
Process), but it can be considered as one time initial investment because as compare to thesteel
bamboo can always be considered as renewable material.

B. Benitta Paulin Mary and D. Tensing (2013) distinguished that in India has one third of
the world’s poor. 87.2% of the population of Indians live below the poverty line. Since the
population is on the rise the demand for basic needs increases. We civil engineers deal with
providing shelter for humans. Our main aim is to provide best facilities at an economic cost.
Concrete has various advantages such as low cost, availability, fire resistance etc. But it cannot
be used alone because of its low tensile strength; usually it is reinforced with materials that are
strong in tension (often steel). Since some of the citizens cannot afford to utilize steel in

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reinforcement due to its cost, we go in for a material which can be replaced for steel. Bamboo
is a giant woody grass, that grows chiefly in the tropics, where it is widely cultivated. Bamboo
proves to provide good reinforcement and is ecofriendly. Moreover it is very economic. In this
paper, a review of the research carried out on bamboo reinforced concrete is given with
emphasis on experimental work.

Bamboo has a wide variety of uses. From construction to cooking, it has been a part of human
culture and consumption for centuries. Another very common use for bamboo today is as a
decorative tool. Small bamboo plants are becoming very popular in western interior design,
and Asian cultures have been using it to decorate rooms and altars for centuries. Based on the
literature available, it was found that the research work in using bamboo as reinforcement in
concrete is vast. However for smaller applications such as house hold articles, bamboo
reinforcement using light weight concrete the number of publications available are scarce.
From the test results it was proved that bamboo has high tensile strength and it can be used as
a replacing material for steel reinforcement because of its low cost. Bamboo reinforced
concrete can be made for benches, tables and stools in schools, parks, hotels, railway stations
etc to make eco-friendly environment and for low cost construction. Constructions made with
bamboo can be very durable if it is well immunized and well selected trying to have the best
quality of the material.

2.11 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND USE OF BAMBOO IN CIVIL

STRUCTURE AS REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE

Sanjeev Gill and Rajiv Kumar (2016) described about the construction industry is the main
consumer of energy and materials in most countries. Though bamboo has been used as a
construction material, especially in developing country, until today its use as reinforcement in
concrete structure is very limited due to various uncertainties. Since bamboo is a natural, cheap
and also readily available material. The utilization of bamboo reinforcement as replacement of
steel reinforcement is gaining immense importance today, mainly on account of the
improvement in the economical aspect combined with ecological benefits. The
industrialization of the material bamboo was supposed to solve the problem of utilizing bamboo
in the industrial context, which has been considered an important strategy for local economic
development in many developing countries where bamboo sources are abundant. Through
industrialization bamboo is processed and fabricated into different standard industrial products

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which are mainly used as a cheap substitute for hardwood because bamboo grows much faster
than timber and is a renewable source after5-6 years. But in this process of industrialization
bamboo loses its structural advantages and at the same time also loses the connection to its
traditional bamboo culture.

1. Tensile strength of bamboo is good and can be used as reinforcement in R.C.C structure for
low cost housing project.

2. The behaviour on test with bamboo is almost the same as the plain steel bar; however, the
bond strength with bamboo was higher than the one with plain steel bar. It can be expected that
the bond strength covering with full treatment shows the high value 1.2-1.35MPa.

3. Moisture content of bamboo changes according to topography and climatic condition.

Moisture content directly affects the strength of bamboo

4. Bamboo reinforced concrete beam, the load carrying capacity increased about 3 times that
of plain concrete beam having same dimensions.

5. The ductility of tension bamboo reinforcement is low and failure of beams is characterized
by splitting of concrete from the tension reinforcement and brittle failure.

6. Improving structural behaviour the reinforced concrete beam can be strengthening using
bamboo sticks as a retrofitted material.

7. Bamboo reinforcement technique is used for both main and distribution reinforcement as it
was same earlier done for steel reinforcement.

Ajinkya Kaware, U.R. Awari and M. R. Wakchaure (2013) studied that bamboo is a grass
and botanically belongs to family “Poaceae”. It completes its growth within months’ time and
gets mature within 3 years. In Maharashtra it is commonly named as “velu”. Species of bamboo
change as per topography and climatic conditions. It has good tensile and compression strength.
As per review dendro calamusstrictus, bambusa vulgaris shardare species of bamboo which
has highest value of tensile and compression strength. Problems faced in using bamboo as
construction material are water absorption and moisture content. To avoid this problems proper
seasoning or treatment should be given to bamboo. In this paper test results on mechanical,
physical properties as well a bamboo reinforced column & beams are reviewed.

1. Water absorption of bamboo is quite high. To reduce this effect seasoning or other suitable
treatment should be given.

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2. Tensile strength of bamboo is good and can be used as reinforcement in R.C.C structure for
low cost housing project.

3. Compression strength of round bamboo ranges from 47.9 to 69.9Mpa. As per review dendro
calamusstrictus and Bambusa vulgaris schard have highest compression value.

4. As bamboo is weak in shear it cannot be used as shear reinforcement in R.C.C structure.

5. Moisture content of bamboo changes according to topography and climatic condition.

Moisture content directly affects the strength of bamboo.

6. According to study by researchers in world, in next 60 years steel production will be reduce
hence a utilization of natural and eco-friendly options like bamboo should be used.

7. Bamboo is weak in bond stress hence it should be treated by epoxy coating, tar coating etc.
8. Bamboo shows ductile behaviour as in steel. Hence it can be used as compression members
in steel as well as R.C.C. structure.

2.12 INVESTIGATION OF BAMBOO AS REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE

Youngsi Jung (2006) reconnoitred the study investigated the feasibility of using bamboo as a
reinforcement alternative to steel in concrete structural members. The specifications studied
were the bamboo’s tensile strength and its pullout characteristics in concrete. Two types of
bamboo, Solid and Moso, were used for tensile testing. The tensile test specimens were
prepared with different lengths, 6 in (152 mm) and 12 in (304 mm), and different physical
characteristics (with and without nodes). Tensile test specimens were tested to failure and their
load deformation characteristics are reported. The failures of the test specimens were identified
as:

1. Node failure;

2. Splitting failure; and

3. Failure of the end-taps.

The test results show a high degree of variability between the samples. Test samples without
nodes exhibited both a higher strength and stiffness compared to those with nodes. The pull
out samples was prepared by embedding bamboo reinforcement into a concrete cylinder and
subjecting it to monotonically increasing load. Two embedment lengths, 6 in (152 mm) and 12
in (304 mm), were used. For each bamboo type, reinforcement of the test samples was placed

27 | P a g e
either at the centre or with an eccentricity of 1.5 in (38 mm) in the concrete. The test results
indicated that the bond strength for bamboo was lower than those for steel and FRP (Fibre
Reinforcement Plastic) as reported in the literature. In general, the variation of test parameters
did not yield a conclusive pattern of behaviour for the pull out test.

In this research program, the feasibility of the use of bamboo as a reinforcement agent in
concrete is evaluated through tensile and pull-out tests. The several tensile tests with two types
of bamboo and the bond strength of bamboo reinforcing bars in concrete were studied. Also
the compressive strength of test on concrete cylinders with 6 x 12 in (152 x303 mm) observed
approximately 6000 psi (41.4 Mpa). The main purpose of those experiments, tensile and pullout
tests with Solid and Moso bamboo is to evaluate the possibility of using bamboo as
reinforcement instead of steel and other materials as FRP. Two types of bamboo were used;
Solid and Moso.

To adjust the tensile specimens, bamboo was tested with several conditions: 6 in (152 mm) and
12 in (304mm) embedment lengths, and with or without nodes. To make as identical specimens
as possible, a plane was used. Aluminium tabs were attached with epoxy glue top regent
crushing of the bamboo samples when the specimens were placed in the grips of the MTS
machine. The MTS machine was loaded at a rate of 0.1 in/min (3 mm/min) until failure.

The tests were processed through an extensive, systematic experimental method, in which 16
pullout specimens were manufactured and tested until failure by a monotonically increasing
load. It was found that the tensile stress-strain behaviour and compressive strength of concrete
are directly related to the bond strength. Hence, peak cracking stress and corresponding strain,
composite elastic modulus, and matrix compressive strength experimentally determined the
bond strength by tensile response.

2.13 PERFORMANCE OF BAMBOO REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

I.K. Khan (2014) examined to reduce the cost of construction so that houses may be made
affordable to common man of the society, in the present research work bamboo sticks had been
provided as reinforcement in concrete beams in place of steel bars. Different shapes of cross
section of bamboo stick such as circular, square and triangular were used as reinforcement. As
the work was experimental in nature concrete beams reinforced with bamboo sticks as well
steel bars were cost and tested under to concentrated load with the help of hydraulic jack. Steel

28 | P a g e
reinforced concrete beam were tested to compare the result obtained for the bamboo reinforced
concrete beam.

On the basis of test results, the following conclusions have been drawn:

1. From test result it was found that tensile strength of bamboo is approximately one half that
of mild steel and modulus of elasticity is approximately one third that of mild steel.

2. The load carrying capacity of the bamboo reinforced beam using square cross-section was
higher than bamboo reinforced beams with triangular and circular cross sections. From test
result it was found that load at first crack and ultimate load in bamboo reinforced beam with
square cross section was 53% less than that of mild steel concrete beam.

3. Deflection of bamboo reinforced beam with square cross section was also higher than
bamboo reinforced beams with triangular and circular cross sections. From test result it was
found that at first crack and ultimate load, deflection in bamboo reinforced beam with square
cross section was 30% less than that of mild steel concrete beam.

4. Flexural and shear strength was higher in bamboo reinforced beam with square cross section
as compared to triangular and circular bamboo sections. These were about 50% less than steel
reinforced concrete beam.

5. Based on the limited number of test conducted, it was concluded that Bamboo may be used
as substitute of steel reinforcement in beams. However, for regions of the world where
availability of steel is limited and plain concrete members are commonly being used.

2.14 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON BEHAVIOR OF BAMBOO

REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBER

Arpit Sethia and Vijay Baradiya (2014) explored the use of bamboo which is fast growing
and ecologically friendly material for structural applications is being considered as quite
appropriate. The tensile strength of bamboo is quite high and can reach up to 125 Mpa. This
makes bamboo a pretty alternative to steel in tensile loading applications. The bamboo concrete
composite elements can be used as alternate for concrete, steel and wood used in housing and
other products required in the day to day applications. In this study it has been attempted to
develop engineered bamboo structural elements for use in low cost housing. A bending test
was performed on Plain, Steel & Bamboo reinforced members. For example, a total of 4beam
(150x150x700mm) were casted using design mix (M25) as per IS code. These beam included

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1 beam of steel reinforcement, 1beam of plain concrete, and 4beam of untreated bamboo
reinforcement. The load-deformation curves displayed significant nonlinearity, representing
that the bamboo has the capacity to absorb energy. Bamboo concrete composite structural
members can provide tailored solutions to the eco-housing initiatives at cheaper costs. The
results obtained accrue the advantage obtained by the composite members when compared to
standard reinforced concrete and plain concrete.

This work provides bamboo as a potential reinforcement in concrete. From stress-strain curves
of bamboo, it can be seen that bamboo possesses low modulus of elasticity compared to steel.
So, it cannot prevent cracking of concrete under ultimate load. But from the flexural test of
bamboo reinforced beam, it has been seen that using bamboo as reinforcement in concrete can
increase the load carrying capacity of beam having the same dimensions. For bamboo
reinforced concrete beam, the load carrying capacity increased about 3 times that of plain
concrete beam having same dimensions. The maximum deflection of bamboo reinforced
concrete beam is about 1.5 that of plain concrete. This thesis concludes that it is possible to use
bamboo as reinforcing for masonry structure. Though the tensile strength is about 1/3rd that of
steel, this is sufficient for masonry structure and provides a more economical and environment-
friendly alternative that is accessible to every section of the society. However, there is still
ample scope for research on the subject.

2.15 FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF LAMINATED BAMBOO BEAMS

James Kariuki et al., (2014) highlighted the need to discover new and sustainable building
materials have necessitated research in different parts of the world. This study presents a
comparative performance of bamboo laminated beams with cypress beams of the same
dimensions. Six laminated bamboo beams and three cypress beams were tested in this study.
The dimensions of each specimen were 45mm x 95mm x 600mm and tested less than two
points loading. Experimental results revealed that bamboo laminated beams resisted higher
load than cypress beams and had a higher flexural strength of 39kN/mm2 against that of cypress
beam of 34kN/mm2. Also, while cypress beams failed in flexure with major cracks, bamboo
laminated beams however failed in tension on the lower part of the beams and shear along the
grains. In addition, it was observed that bamboo laminated beams took longer duration than
cypress beam to fail completely. The study hereby concluded that bamboo laminated beams
showed better load carrying capacity than cypress beams.

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From experimental tests carried out on laminated bamboo beams and cypress beams, it can be
concluded that;

1. Laminated bamboo beams exhibited better load carrying capacity than cypress beams.

2. Laminated bamboo beams under similar load rate application took more time to fail
completely than cypress beams.

3. The failure mode of laminated bamboo beams was primarily by tension at the lower part of
the beams and shear along the grains while those of cypress beams were flexural with major
cracks. This shows that the failure patterns of the beams were different. Therefore, it can be
concluded that laminated bamboo beams appear to be more elastic than cypress beams, hence
a superior building materials.

Musbau Ajibade Salau (2012) described the structural strength of concrete column reinforced
with bamboo strips. Experimental work includes load capacity test, deflection and failure
patterns observation of eighteen concrete columns. Varying bamboo, from 4no to 12no, strips
of coated seasoned bamboo of cross-section 8x10mm, were used to reinforce the concrete
columns. Three other samples of column were reinforced with four length of 12mm high yield
steel while the remaining was plain concrete, which served as controls. The results showed that
the load carrying capacity of the column increased with increase in percentage of bamboo strip
reinforcement but the increase is not proportional to the percentage of reinforcement. There
was also improved post cracking ability of the concrete due to the bamboo inclusion but not as
pronounced in steel reinforced column. However, all columns failed in a similar pattern due to
crushing of concrete. The bamboo strips showed no sign of slippage and remain unaffected
even after concrete failure. In this work, strips of coated seasoned bamboo of cross-section
8x10mm were used as reinforcement in concrete column. Different percentage volume of the
bamboo reinforcement was considered with unreinforced and steel reinforced column.

Based on the experimental observation, the following can be deduced: The tensile stress of
seasoned bamboo is about 70N/mm2, about one-third of that of steel, with low ductility and a
total strain of 5% compared with an average strain in steel of 12%.

The use of bamboo-strip as reinforcement in concrete column increased the load carrying
capacity of the column compared to unreinforced concrete. It also improves the post cracking
ability of the concrete but not as pronounced as in steel-reinforced column. Increase in volume

31 | P a g e
content of bamboo strip reinforcement in the concrete section does not correspond to increase
in the ultimate strength but only enhanced the ductility of the section.

Failure mode is independent of the materials used for reinforcement but rather on the strength
of their enforcement concrete matrix. Hence, attention should be on enhancement of the
reinforcement/concrete matrix bond. The bamboo-strip reinforced column shows excessive
cracking and deflection especially those with12No.-strips. In conclusion, the use of bamboo
strips as reinforcement in column should not be for the purpose of imparting compressive
strength but rather to induce elasticity in the concrete section, which in turn guide against
sudden failure.

Secondly, bamboo strips lack grips in concrete and deteriorate with age. The application of
impervious surface coating like bitumen makes it more resistance to deterioration and sand
coating further increase the bonding, which in turn translates to good strength. Therefore, the
bamboo reinforced concrete column is recommended for lightly loaded structures and low rise
constructions. However, it may not be suitable in water retaining structures because of the large
deflection accompanying its failure. It is recommended that further investigation be carried out
on bamboo strip reinforced concrete design, focusing on the determination of the optimum
percentage of reinforcement.

Suresh Bhalla, Supratic Gupta, Puttagunta Sudhakar and Rupali Suresh (2008) explained
the possible replacement of concrete and steel, production of every ton of which releases
several tons of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, by eco-friendly bamboo as a modern
engineering construction material. In fact, growth of every ton of bamboo consumes nearly a
ton of carbon dioxide besides releasing fresh oxygen into the atmosphere. In this paper, through
structural analysis and design principles, it is demonstrated as to how modern engineered
structures can be a real possibility using bamboo. A detailed structural analysis and design of
a typical bamboo shed structure is presented in accordance with the Indian standard codes of
practice. The columns are designed as battened columns with concrete bands as the ties. The
roof is designed as a bamboo parabolic tied arch resting on the battened ‘bamboo concrete’
columns. Other elements such as purloins and bracings are also bamboo based. Two alternative
designs are presented for connection of the bamboo columns with concrete pedestal projecting
from the footing base. Not only the proposed structure is capable of withstanding the loads as
prescribed in the codes of practice, its cost is several times less than the so called “modern
structures” constructed using concrete and steel. The details presented in this paper set aside

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the conventional belief that only concrete and steel structures can be engineered. Modern
structural analysis and design practices can be suitably applied upon bamboo elements for
rational engineering design of buildings and other structures.

This paper has covered the analysis and the conceptual design of a typical bamboo based shed
structure under various loads and their combinations. Wind loads have been considered as per
IS 875 part 37 and the structure analysed in a simple fashion, by considering the behaviour of
a typical frame in the transverse direction. The roof is supported by bamboo tied arches and
the columns are designed as battened bamboo members tied by Ferro-cement ties. The
proposed structure aims to provide an alternative environment friendly construction for steel
industrial shed, typically 10m in span and 5m in height. It can serve multiple purposes, such as
workshop for a cottage industry, warehouse, and other medium industries. Not only is the
structure light compared to conventional steel, it is at the same time several times cheaper and
eco-friendly. Such structures can pave way for sustainable industrialization of the rural sector
in India and other developing nations.

2.16 BAMBOO AS GREEN ALTERNATIVE TO STEEL FOR REINFORCED

CONCRETE ELEMENTS OF A LOW COST RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Ashok Kumar Gupta, Rajiv Ganguly and Ankit Singh Mehra (2015) described that
concrete has found to have excellent compressive strength but poor in tensile strength, to take
care of the tensile stresses steel is commonly used as reinforcing material in concrete.
Production of steel is a very costly business and its use in concrete as reinforcing material
increases the cost of construction by many folds. Also production of steel emits a large amount
of greenhouse gases causing considerable deterioration of the environment. It is here that
engineered bamboo can be of great value to Civil Engineers owning to its several net worthy
features. Production of every tone of bamboo consumes about a tone of atmospheric CO2 in
addition to releasing fresh O2. From structural point of view bamboo has been used as a
structural material from the earlier times as it possesses excellent flexure and tensile strength
as well as high strength to weight ratio. The study focuses on investigating the various physical
and mechanical properties of bamboo by conducting a variety of laboratory tests to, check the
feasibility and reliability of using bamboo as a reinforcing material in concrete structural
elements of a low cost dwelling, in addition to select and prepare the most appropriate kind of
bamboo specimen to be used in concrete element as reinforcement.

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1. The density of bamboo is very low lying in the range of 0.571-0.874 which makes it a very
light material hence it can be transported and worked easily, rendering the use of cranes and
other big machines unnecessary.

2. The initial moisture content decreases as we go along the height of bamboo culm from
bottom to top. Hence the specimen obtained from the bottom portion of bamboo should either
be avoided for use as reinforcing material in concrete or if used, should be properly seasoned.
3. The water absorption capacity of non-treated bamboo is as high as 60% by weight as seen
after 30 days of soaking in water, which necessitates the use of a water proofing compound if
bamboo has to be used as a reinforcing material in steel.

4. %increase in thickness after 30 days of soaking comes out to be as high as 40 in some of the
non-treated bamboo samples which shows that there is a high possibility of swelling of the
bamboo splints once they absorb water from the surroundings.

5. The water absorption capacity of bamboo increase with the increase in number of nodes
hence the specimens containing large number of nodes should either be avoided for use as
reinforcing material in concrete or if used, should be properly coated with an appropriate water
proofing compound.

6. Bamboo in compression fails in two modes: Cracking of fibber and crushing. Most of
specimens failed as a combination of both the modes.

7. Bamboo shows a high value of compressive strength (90.72MPa) which is comparable or

even higher than steel and concrete. The compressive strength of bamboo specimen with
internodes has been found to be greater than that of specimens without and internodes this
could be because of additional cross-sectional area at nodes (as walls are thicker on both sides
of the node) and due to the dense mass present at nodes.

8. The stress-vs.-strain curve of bamboo splint in tension shows that bamboo is a viscous elastic
material having both viscous and elastic properties and exhibits time dependent strain elasticity.
9. The ultimate tensile strength of bamboo splints is as high as 282MPa which is comparable
to the yield strength of structural steel i.e. 250MPa. Hence bamboo splints can resist sufficient
tensile loads in a concrete flexure element.

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2.17 REPLACEMENT OF STEEL BY BAMBOO REINFORCEMENT

Anurag Nayak et al., (2013) defined the present paper deals with cost-wise comparison of
steel reinforcement with bamboo reinforcement. The utilization of bamboo reinforcement as
replacement of steel reinforcement is gaining immense importance today, mainly on account
of the improvement in the economical aspect combined with ecological benefits.

To study the effect of replacement of steel reinforcement by bamboo reinforcement, designs

have been conducted on one way slab of size 3000 × 7000 sq.-mm with providing beam of
7000 mm length and 250 x 250 sq.mm. In this paper the designs are done on the basis of
shearing and bending. Based on this study of cost vs. strength provided results have been
discussed in the paper.

In this project we have opted advanced bamboo reinforcement technique instead of traditional
steel reinforcement. This is a good idea for low cost economic structure. Bamboo reinforcement
technique is used for both main and distribution reinforcement as it was same earlier done for
steel reinforcement. It is three times cheaper than steel reinforcement technique. It is clear from
results that this bamboo reinforcement technique is absolutely cheaper than steel reinforcement
technique especially for single story structure.

Lokendra Kaushal and Madan Chandra Maurya (2017) found that to minimize the cost of
construction so that houses and other structures may be made in fairy price to the common man
of the society, in these paper work bamboo strips had been provided as potential reinforcement
in concrete beams or concrete structure in place of steel. Bamboo is a giant woody grass that
grows mainly in the tropical & sub tropics, where it is widely cultivated. Bamboo proves a
good reinforcement and also environmentally friendly. Moreover, it is very low cost material.
In this paper, a review of the research carried out on bamboo reinforced concrete is given with
emphasis on experimental work.

Bamboo has a wide variety of uses. From construction to eating, it has been a part of human
culture and consumption for centuries. Another very common use for bamboo today is as a
decorative home tool. Small bamboo plants become very popular in western region for interior
design, and Asian cultures have been using it to decorate rooms and altars for centuries. Based
on the research available, it was found that the research work in using bamboo as reinforcement
in concrete is vast. Yet for small application works such as house hold articles, bamboo
reinforcement using low weight concrete the numbers of publications available are not enough.
From the test results it was proved and finds that bamboo has high ultimate tensile strength and

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it can be used as an alternative replacing material for steel reinforcement because of its low
cost. Bamboo reinforced concrete can be used in manufacturing of table, benches and stools in
public places such as hotels, schools, parks, railway stations etc to make the environment eco-
friendly and for low cost construction. Constructions made with bamboo can be very durable
and strong if it is well immunized and well selected methods are trying to have the best quality
of the material.

2.18 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BENDING STRESSES IN BAMBOO

REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

Dinesh Bhonde et al., (2014) emphases that bamboo has been a very fascinating natural
material useful in almost all aspects of life. Bamboo is a light weight, tensile, flexible,
sustainable, ecofriendly; green material and its use shall be advocated in building construction
for sustainable development. Researchers are working to find its suitability as a concrete
composite material.

This paper evaluates bamboo reinforced concrete beam with four point bending test. The load
elongation curve was plotted and the crack loads, ultimate bending moment at failure were
investigated. The values of maximum bending stresses at extreme concrete fibre and the
concrete surrounding reinforcement were found. Ultimate experimental stresses, design
stresses were compared. This paper envisages experimental program, analytical results of
bamboo reinforced concrete beam.

The design method used for design RCC members can be used to design BRC beam as the
stress strain curve for bamboo reinforcement is linear up to certain limit. The load elongation
graph of bending test shows well defined pattern of displacement. The beam fails due to
bending and it is visualised from load elongation curve. The beam fails slowly as the bamboo
reinforcement are flexible in nature, giving prior intimation of failure. Final failure is observed
in shear developed near the support.

Bamboo material has uncontrolled properties like that of concrete. IS 456 uses 1.15 as a
material safety factor for the steel. However, the tensile strength of bamboo reinforcement
varies on various factors such as type of species; land type of cultivation, environmental
conditions, therefore material safety factor of 1.5 can be used for design of BRC members. It
is recommended to test the bamboo samples for tensile strength before use. Similarly, high

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water absorption of bamboo degrades the bond strength, care should be taken to coat bamboo
reinforcement with appropriate water sealant such as asphalt and provide antifungal treatment
before use.

Pratish Kumar Singh, Aashish Jodhani and Abhay Pratap Singh (2016) focused the world
timber demand is increasing at a rapid rate but the timber supply is depleting. It’s been found
through research that bamboo can suitably replace timber and other materials in construction
and other works. Industrially treated bamboo has shown great potential for production of
composite materials and components which are cost-effective and can be successfully utilized
for structural and non-structural applications in construction. Bamboo is one of the oldest
traditional building materials used by mankind.

1. The tensile stress of seasoned bamboo is about 70N/mm2, about one-third of that of steel,
with low ductility and a total strain of 5% compared with an average strain in steel of 12%.

2. The use of bamboo-strip as reinforcement in concrete column increased the load carrying
capacity of the column compared to unreinforced concrete. It also improves the post cracking
ability of the concrete but not as pronounced as in steel-reinforced column. Increase in volume
content of bamboo strip reinforcement in the concrete section does not correspond to increase
in the ultimate strength but only enhanced the ductility of the section.

3. Failure mode is independent of the materials used for reinforcement but rather on the strength
of the reinforcement/concrete matrix. Hence, attention should be on enhancement of the
reinforcement/concrete matrix bond.

4. The bamboo-strip reinforced column shows excessive cracking and deflection especially
those with 12No.-strips.

In conclusion, the use of bamboo strips as reinforcement in column should not be for the
purpose of imparting compressive strength but rather to induce elasticity in the concrete
section, which in turn guide against sudden failure. Secondly, bamboo strips lack grips in
concrete and deteriorate with age. The application of impervious surface coating like bitumen
makes it more resistance to deterioration and sand coating further increase the bonding, which
in turn translates to good strength. Therefore, the bamboo reinforced concrete column is
recommended for lightly loaded structures and low rise constructions. However, it may not be
suitable in water retaining structures because of the large deflection accompanying its failure.

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It is recommended that further investigation be carried out on bamboo strip reinforced concrete
design, focusing on the determination of the optimum percentage of reinforcement.

2.19 BAMBOO STICKS AS A SUBSTITUTE OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT

IN SLAB

I.K.Khan (2014) analysed the cost of construction materials including steel is increasing
continuously over the years and houses are becoming unaffordable for common man. Therefore
in order to provide shelter to economically deprived persons of the society it is necessary to go
either for alternate construction materials with conventional construction technique or to adopt
conventional materials with alternate construction technique to reduce the cost of structure. In
the present research work the first option i.e. alternate construction materials with conventional
construction technique had been employed with the objective to utilize bamboo sticks of
different shape of cross section as a substitute of steel bars in slab.

On the basis of experimental results, the following conclusions have been drawn.

1. From test result it was found that tensile strength of bamboo is approximately one half that
of mild steel and modulus of elasticity is approximately one third that of mild steel.

2. The load carrying capacity of the bamboo reinforced slab using square cross-section was
higher than other bamboo reinforced slabs reinforced with bamboo stick of triangular and
circular cross section. From test result it was found that load at first crack and ultimate load in
bamboo reinforced slab with square cross section was 30% less than that of mild steel concrete
slab.

3. Deflection of bamboo reinforced slabs with square cross section was less among bamboo
reinforced slabs with triangular and circular cross sections. From test result it was found that
at first crack, deflection in bamboo reinforced slab with square cross section was 25% less than
that of mild steel concrete slab.

2.20 STUDIES ON BEHAVIOUR OF COMPRESION MEMBER WITH

BAMBOO AS REINFORCEMENT AND COCONUT SHELL AS AGGREGATE

A. Joshua Deniel and S. Sivakumasundari (2016) emphases that concrete is the most widely
used construction material. Among all ingredients of concrete, aggregates form the major
portion; further there exists a challenge in attaining the structural light weight concrete utilizing
the waste. Among the natural waste coconut shells can suitably replace these natural

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aggregates. The compression testing on cube and split tensile test on cylinder were performed
to authenticate its feasibility. Concrete is reinforced with steel bars to negate its weak tension
carrying capacity. However, due to higher cost and non-renewability of steel, nowadays
attempts were made to provide a low-cost, sustainable material. The feasibility for the usage of
locally procured bamboo as reinforcement is tested to evaluate its Elasticity and ultimate
strength. The axial compression test on various columns was performed comparing its axial
deformation, Energy absorption capacity, ultimate load, displacement ductility and degradation
in stiffness.

In this study the prospect of utilization of bamboo and coconut shell as a replacement for
reinforcement and aggregate has been evaluated through a series of experimental investigations
on 18 columns, which includes 6 numbers of steel reinforced concrete columns with
conventional concrete (Type A), 6 numbers of steel reinforced concrete columns with coconut
shell concrete and 6 numbers of bamboo reinforced concrete column with coconut shell
concrete The tests performed in the due course of this research include moisture test on
bamboo, compression and tensile test of bamboo specimen to estimate the Young’s Modulus.
Further compression and split tensile test were performed for conventional concrete and
coconut shell concrete finally the axial load test on columns were carried out.

2.1.1 SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW

1. This is a good idea for low cost economical structure.

2. Role of bamboo in Green building design.

3. Pull out test helps to find the bonding strength between the bamboo and concrete.

4. We gain knowledge about the strength of the bamboo.

5. By a Productive Coating, strength of the bamboo is increased.

6. Depending upon the load acting on the structure the stirrups material can be decided.

7. It is environmentally friendly, sustainable and low cost.

8. Bamboo can be used as a construction material, especially in developing country.

9. Replacement of steel reinforced can be possible by bamboo.

10. Construction principals for bamboo reinforced concrete are discussed.

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11. When compared to RCC, PCC is failed suddenly.

12. According to research nest few years’ production of steel will reduce, hence the
utilization of natural and eco-friendly material should be used.

13. This study is the first step towards the development for the future.

14. The mode of failure for bamboo and steel RC beams was occurred by diagonal cracks.

15. It has low stiffness and strength when compared to steel, it can be used as reinforcement
in limited storeys.

16. M sand is used in this Journal and GGBS is also contributed.

17. The cost effectiveness and cost benefit ratio of replacing steel by bamboo is too
economical.

18. To provide the best facilities at an economic cost.

19. Moisture content of bamboo changes according to topography and climatic conditions.

20. Whatever may the strong material we use in construction, due to some natural disaster it
will pay way to failure.

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