ARCHITECTURAL ISMS OF THE MID 19TH CENTURY

ISMS DESCRIPTION

Organic architecture is a philosophy of architecture which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world through design approaches so sympathetic and well integrated with its site,
that buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition.
ORGANISM
The term organic architecture was coined by Frank Lloyd Wright (1867–1959), though never well articulated by his cryptic style of writing:
"So here I stand before you preaching organic architecture: declaring organic architecture to be the modern ideal and the teaching so much needed if we are to see the whole of life, and to now serve the
ARCHITECTS whole of life, holding no traditions essential to the great TRADITION. Nor cherishing any preconceived form fixing upon us either past, present or future, but instead exalting the simple laws of common
sense or of super-sense if you prefer determining form by way of the nature of materials ..."[1]
Frank Lloyd Wright Kendrick Bangs Kellogg
Alvar Aalto Terunobu Fujimori Organic architecture is also translated into the all inclusive nature of Frank Lloyd Wright's design process. Materials, motifs, and basic ordering principles continue to repeat themselves throughout the
Arthur Dyson Gustav Stickley building as a whole. The idea of organic architecture refers not only to the buildings' literal relationship to the natural surroundings, but how the buildings' design is carefully thought about as if it were a
Antoni Gaudi Rudolf Steiner unified organism. Geometries throughout Wright's buildings build a central mood and theme. Essentially organic architecture is also the literal design of every element of a building: From the windows, to
Hector Guimard Paul Laffoley the floors, to the individual chairs intended to fill the space. Everything relates to one another, reflecting the symbiotic ordering systems of nature.
Hugo Häring Hundertwasser
A well-known example of organic architecture is Fallingwater, the residence Frank Lloyd Wright designed for the Kaufmann family in rural Pennsylvania. Wright had many choices to locate a home on this
Hans Scharoun Anton Alberts
large site, but chose to place the home directly over the waterfall and creek creating a close, yet noisy dialog with the rushing water and the steep site. The horizontal striations of stone masonry with
John Lautner Laurie Baker
daring cantilevers of colored beige concrete blend with native rock outcroppings and the wooded environment.
Bruce Goff Claude Bragdon
Eero Saarinen Douglas Cardinal Architect and planner David Pearson proposed a list of rules towards the design of organic architecture. These rules are known as the Gaia Charter for organic architecture and design. It reads:
Louis Sullivan Neville Gruzman
Vittorio Giorgini Imre Makovecz "Let the design:
Eric Lloyd Wright (born Javier Senosiain
 Be inspired by nature and be sustainable, healthy, conserving, and diverse.
1929) Bruno Zevi
Eugene Pandala Toyo Ito  Unfold, like an organism, from the seed within.
Nari Gandhi Chen Kuen Lee  Exist in the "continuous present" and "begin again and again".
 Follow the flows and be flexible and adaptable.
 Satisfy social, physical, and spiritual needs.
 "Grow out of the site" and be unique.
 Celebrate the spirit of youth, play and surprise.
 Express the rhythm of music and the power of dance."
Interest in explaining things as the nature of the house in the city and are concerned with intricate designs on small houses and potential schemes, has a larger context of the relationships between houses
POST-METABOLISM
with society.

RADICALISM A radical shift in emphasis from buildings of the past, to designs of those which met the demands of modern life. Van de Velde and Gropius are some of its proponents.

Structuralism as a movement in architecture and urban planning evolved around the middle of the 20th century. It was a reaction to CIAM-Functionalism (Rationalism) [1] which had led to a lifeless
expression of urban planning that ignored the identity of the inhabitants and urban forms.
Structuralism in a general sense is a mode of thought of the 20th century, which came about in different places, at different times and in different fields. It can also be found in linguistics, anthropology,
STRUCTURALISM philosophy and art. At the beginning of the general article Structuralism the following explanations are noted:
"Structuralism is a theoretical paradigm emphasizing that elements of culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure."
Alternately, as summarized by philosopher Simon Blackburn, "Structuralism is the belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations. These relations constitute a
structure, and behind local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of abstract culture."

UTILITARIANISM Refers to low cost housing; this was set at a time when search for economic solutions for low value sites were considered. In England this refers to prefabricated units

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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE