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Task 2
The line graph sets out the key motivations for people relocating to the capital of a specific
country between 2000 and 2015.
All in all, the graph tells us that, ‘employment’ aside, there was an increase in each of the four
reasons for moving over the period in question, with the greatest rise occurring in those citing
‘study’ as the main motivating factor.
Moving for the purpose of study saw the greatest rise overall, with a jump of approximately
62,000. It rose considerably in two periods – from 2000 to 2005 (by 22,000), and then again from
2010 to 2015 (by 33,000), with a more gentle growth of around 7,000 in between.
Elsewhere, the figure of people relocating for work began at 61,000 in 2000, then peaked at
92,000 in 2010 – the highest of any reason, in any year – before finishing as the joint-highest in
2015 (87,000 – on a level with those relocating in order to study). Notably, this category was the
only one of the four that underwent a downturn.
Turning to ‘adventure’, this category rose most stably and steadily of all four categories, from
11,000 to 15,000 over the fifteen-year period. Meanwhile, the number of people relocating for
‘family and friends’ reasons climbed gently in the first five years (12,000 to 14,000), followed by
an upswing to 22,000, before eventually levelling off at around 23,000 in 2015.
Task 3
This graph illustrates how crime rates altered in Newport inner city during the period 2003-2012.
We can see immediately that the greatest change occurred in the number of burglaries, while
incidents of theft remained low but steady.
In 2003, we can see that burglary was the most common crime, with approximately 3,400
reported cases. The figure rose to around 3,700 in 2004, but then there was a downward trend
until 2008. At this point the figure stood at just over 1,000 incidents. This rose slightly in 2009,
then continued to fluctuate for the remaining period.
In 2003, the number of cars being stolen stood at around 2,800 and followed a similar trend to
burglary until 2006. At this point the number rose, standing at around 2,200 in 2007. There was a
marginal decrease in the following year, but from then on, the trend was generally upwards.
Finally, robbery had always been a fairly minor problem for Newport. The number of offences
committed changed little over nine years. It is interesting to note that the figure of approximately
700 in 2003 was the same figure for 2012.
Task 4
The bar chart compares annual sales of DVDs, Blu-ray discs, and VHS tapes as well as rental films
at a specific shop from 2002 to 2011.
Throughout this period, the numbers of DVDs and Blu-ray discs sold from this store increased,
while those of rentals and VHS films declined. It is noteworthy that DVDs saw the most dramatic
growth in sales and were generally the dominant products.

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In 2002, only 45,000 DVDs were sold, but the sales surged to 175,000 in 2004, overtaking rentals,
which declined gradually from 18,500 to 16,500 during these three years. From 2004 onwards,
DVD sales rose steadily to the peak at 215,000 in 2007, before falling slightly to around 180,000 at
the end of the period. In contrast, there was a substantial fall in rentals, decreasing to about
55,000 by 2011.
The sales of the other two formats of films were much lower. In 2002, 85,000 VHS tapes were
sold, which decreased continuously over the next three years. By 2006, this shop no longer sold
these products but started to sell Blu-ray discs from 2007, and the sales grew slowly to nearly
15,000 in 2011.
(https://medium.com)
Task 5
The chart shows the time spent by UK residents on different types of telephone calls between
1995 and 2002.
Generally, although local fixed line calls were still the most popular in 2002, the gap between the
three categories had narrowed considerably over the second half of the period in question.
Local fixed line calls were the highest throughout the period, rising from 72 billion minutes in 1995
to just under 90 billion in 1998. After peaking at 90 billion the following year, these calls had fallen
back to the 1995 figure by 2002.
National and international fixed line calls grew steadily from 38 billion to 61 billion at the end of
the period in question, though the growth slowed over the last two years.
There was a dramatic increase in mobile calls from 2 billion to 46 billion minutes. The rise was
particularly noticeable between 1999 and 2002, during which time the use of mobile phones
tripled.
Task 6
The graph illustrates changes in the amounts of beef, lamb, chicken and fish consumed in a
particular European country between 1979 and 2004.
Overall, the graph shows how the consumption of chicken increased dramatically while the
popularity of these other foods decreased over the period.
In 1979 beef was by far the most popular of these foods, with about 225 grams consumed per
person per week. Lamb and chicken were eaten in similar quantities (around 150 grams), while
much less fish was consumed (just over 50 grams).
However, during this 25-year period the consumption of beef and lamb fell dramatically to
approximately 100 grams and 55 grams respectively. The consumption of fish also declined, but
much less significantly to just below 50 grams, so although it remained the least popular food,
consumption levels were the most stable.
The consumption of chicken, on the other hand, showed an upward trend, overtaking that of lamb
in 1980 and that of beef in 1989. By 2004, it had soared to almost 250 grams per person per week.

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Task 7
The graph shows energy consumption in the US from 1980 to 2020, and projected consumption to
2030.
Overall, the US will continue to rely on fossil fuels, with sustainable and nuclear energy sources
remaining relatively insignificant.
Petrol and oil are the dominant fuel sources throughout this period, with 35 quadrillion (35q)
units used in 1980, rising to 42 q in 2012. Despite some initial fluctuation, from 1994 there was a
steady increase. This is expected to continue, reaching 47q in 2030.
Consumption of energy derived from natural gas and coal is similar over the period. From 20q and
15q respectively in 1980, gas showed an initial fall and coal underwent a gradual increase, with
the two fuels equal between 1985 and 1990. Consumption had fluctuated since 1990 but both
then provided 24q in 2015. Coal is predicted to increase steadily to 31q in 2030, whereas after
2014, gas would remain stable at 25q.
In 1980, energy from nuclear, hydro- and sola/wind power was equal at only 4q. Nuclear rose by 3
q, and solar/wind by 2. After slight increases, hydropower had fallen back to the 1980 figure. It is
expected to maintain this level until 2030, while the others should rise after 2025.
Task 8
The bar chart illustrates the performance of Southland’s primary exports in 2000 and 2015. It also
indicates future projections for 2025.
Overall, it seems likely that international tourism will become the dominant industry, although
dairy exports will remain strong.
Regarding international tourism, in 2000, we can see that it was the greatest exports earner of the
three industries, with revenue standing at just over £8 billion. This figure then increased slightly
and reached almost £9 billion in 2015. It is estimated that tourism will continue to grow, so that
by 2030, it will be earning around £10 billion for the country.
As for dairy products, dairy exports were worth around £7 billion in 2000, but since then there
was a dramatic increase, and sales for this year were approximately £10 billion. Experts are
predicting that exports in this area may fall slightly, so a figure of £9.5 billion is expected for 2030.
Considering the third key industry in Southland, sales of this industry dropped since 2000 and
then stood at £5.5 billion in 15 years later. It is expected that sales will continue to decrease in the
future.
Task 9
The line graph shows changes in population numbers in three countries, both historically and
changes projected for the future.
Overall, it shows that the population of the United States and Nigeria has risen over the last 70
years, and will continue to rise, while the population of Japan will remain about the same over the
100-year period.

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Over the first 50 years of the period, the United States had the highest population of the three
countries in 1950 (just under 200 million), whilst Nigeria had the lowest (around 50 million). From
1950 to 2000, there was a steady increase in the population in the United States and Nigeria. A
significant point was in the year 2000, where the population of Nigeria was greater than that of
Japan. On the other hand, the population of Japan rose slightly to 2000, but then started to fall.
Having considered the projection, the rising trends in the population numbers in the United States
and Nigeria are projected to continue to 2050. In the US, it will reach over 400 million. It is
predicted that the number of people in Nigeria will increase rapidly after 2025; by around 2040, it
will be the same as the US, and by 2050, the population will reach around 600 million and have
the highest population of the three countries. Finally, the projection for Japan is that the
population will decrease, so by 2050, the population will be almost the same as in 1950
(approximately 100 million).
Task 10
The two pie charts compare the percentages of online sales across different retail sectors in New
Zealand in the years 2003 and 2013.
Overall, among four sectors, it is evident that over this time frame, there were significant changes
in their proportions of online transactions.
Regarding travel and film/music, we can see that the travel sector accounted for the majority of
online sales in 2003, but this percentage had dropped to 29% by 2013. Across the same ten-year
period, as an increasing number of people chose to purchase films and music online, we can see
that transactions went from 21% to 33%, making it the retail sector with the highest overall share
of the online market.
For books and clothes, in 2003, the clothing industry boasted an impressive 24% of total online
sales in New Zealand. However, by 2013, the figure had fallen considerably to 16%. Interestingly,
online sales of books eventually overtook sales of clothes, although books still represented only
22% of the market.
Task 11
The provided bar chart indicates why and how often students of medicine made use of the
internet according to a 2009 report.
The most striking points are that a significant percentage of students never used the internet at
all, but a tiny fraction used it for variable purposes every day. In terms of given purposes, most
common use of the internet is for email on weekly basis.
With regard to frequent uses, daily use research was the least common reason for going online
(around 7%) and chatting was the most popular (approximately 12%). However, the figure for
daily chatting was just worth around a quarter as much as that of this activity on weekly basis
(over 40%). Noticeably, the use of attaining information for patients weekly was similar to daily
use figures. As for monthly use, figures are low again and similar as daily use, though emailing was
more common, and chatting was less so.

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As regards to occasional use, figures were in the 12-32% range, with research much higher when it
was infrequent. Regarding never use the internet, nearly half of all students did not use the
internet to obtain information for patients, and over 20% never used it for research.
Task 12
The chart shows the different types of housing both graduate and undergraduate students lived in
2013.
Overall, there were many more undergraduate students in student accommodation than graduate
students.
The most popular types of undergraduate student accommodation were university dormitories
(over 4,000) and shared apartments (just under 4,000). Noticeably, although university
dormitories were popular with undergraduate students, no graduates lived in this type of
accommodation. The least popular types of undergraduate student accommodation were living in
their own houses or in married student housing, which were both much less than 500.
Regarding graduate students, the accommodation where most graduate students lived were
shared apartments (just over 1,000) and shared houses (nearly 1,500). Neither living in university
dormitories nor living with parents was chosen by many graduates. It is interesting to note that
around 750 graduate students lived in married student housing, whereas only a relatively small
number of undergraduate students did so (about 100).
Task 13
The chart examines the levels of donation among people of different ages in Britain.
Overall, a greater percentage of British people gave money to charity in 1990 than in 2010.
However, across the two years, the pattern differed before and after the age of 50.
In 1990, 42% of the 36-50 age-group made charitable donations, and this figure was the highest
on the chart. The 18-25s contributed the least at only 17%. By 2010, these figures had fallen
significantly to 35% and 7% respectively. The level of donations from the 26-35 age-group also
experienced a decrease in 2010 from 31% to 24%.
While donations up to the age of 50 declined across the two years, they rose among the 51-65
age-group from 35% to nearly 40%, which was the highest percentage for 2010. The figure for the
over 65s lower than this, at 35%, but it was still a little higher than the 1990 figure of 32%.
Task 14
The table compares the amount of milk produced in Australia in 2001/02 and 2010/11 on a
month-by-month basis.
In both years, production generally climbed from July to October, and then decreased again for
the rest of the year.
In July of 2001, Australian dairy cattle produced 600 million litres of milk. This figure climbed to
910 million litres in October and then began to decline. Milk production was at its lowest level in
February 2011 when 550 million litres were produced. From February through June, milk
production climbed slowly to 610 litres. In 210/11. milk production also started at 600 million
litres per month in July, peaking in October when it reached 1,250 million litres. From October

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2010 to June 2011, production slowly decreased, with a low point of 600 million litres in June
2011.
In general, quite a bit more milk was produced in Australia in 2010/11 than had been in 2001/02.
however, in June 2011, the level of production was actually lower than it had been in the
corresponding month in 2002.
Task 15
The charts compare the sources of electricity in Australia and France in the years 1980 and 2000.
Overall, it is clear that by 2000 these two countries relied on different principal fuel sources:
Australia relied on coal and France on nuclear power. Also, between the two years, electricity
production almost doubled, both in Australia and France.
In 1980, Australia used coal as the main electricity source (50 units) and the remainder was
produced from natural gas, hydro power (each producing 20 units) and oil (which produced only
10 units). By 2000, coal had become the fuel for more than 75% of electricity produced, and only
hydro continued to be another significant source supplying approximately 20%.
In contrast, France used coal as a source for only 25 units of electricity in 1980, which was
matched by natural gas. The remaining 40 units were produced largely from oil and nuclear
power, with hydro contributing only 5 units. But by 2000 nuclear power, which was not used at all
in Australia, had developed into the main source, producing almost 75% of electricity, at 126
units, while coal and oil together produced only 50 units. Other sources were no longer
significant.
Task 16
The charts show how much a UK school spent on different running costs in three separate years
1981, 1991, and 2001.
Overall, teachers’ salaries constituted the largest cost to the school, and while spending increased
dramatically for equipment and insurance, there were corresponding drops in expenditure on
things such as books and on other workers’ salaries.
In all three years, the greatest expenditure was on staff salaries. But while other workers’ salaries
saw a fall from 28% in 1981 to only 15% of spending in 2001, teachers’ pay remained the biggest
cost, reaching 50% of total spending in 1991, and ending at 45% in 2001.
Expenditure on resources such as books had increased to 20% by 1991, before decreasing to only
9 % by the end of the period. In contrast, the cost of furniture and equipment saw an opposite
trend. This cost decreased to only 5% of total expenditure in 1991 but rose dramatically in 2001
when it represented 23% of the school budget. Similarly, the cost of insurance saw a rising trend,
growing from 2% to 8% by 2001.
Task 17
The two tables contain sales data for Fairtrade coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004, in five
nations of Europe.
Overall, sales figures for both products had risen across the board by 2004, except for Sweden and
Denmark which recorded drops in banana sales.

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The first table shows low-level coffee sales increasing in all five countries, albeit to widely varying
degrees. In two places sales increased by the same small amount: 1.8-2 million euros in Denmark,
and 0.8-1 million in Sweden. The increment was slightly larger in Belgium, from 1-1.7 million
euros. Meanwhile, in Switzerland, sales doubled from 3-6 million euros. Finally, in the UK, there
was an enormous increase, from 1.5-20 million euros.
In the second table, it is Switzerland which stood out as buying far more Fairtrade bananas than
the other four countries. Swiss sales figures jumped from 15-47 million euros across these five
years, while in the UK and Belgium, sales only grew from 1-5.5 and from 0.6-4 million euros
respectively. Sweden and Denmark showed a different pattern, with falls in banana sales from 1.8-
1 and 2-0.9 million euros.
Comparing the two tables, it is clear that, in 1999, Fairtrade coffee sales ranged from 0.8-3 million
euros in these five countries, while banana sales also mostly clustered between 0.6 and 2 million
euros, with Switzerland the outlier at a huge 15 million euros.
Task 18
The data provides information on average temperatures and annual hours of sunshine in London,
New York, and Sydney.
Clearly, New York has the hottest summer, but Sydney enjoys the warmest overall climate.
Additionally, London is the coldest city and has the fewest hours of sunshine.
According to the line chart, the temperature patterns for London and New York are similar,
although New York has warmer summers and colder winters. In both cities, peaks occur in
July/August, at 230 in London and 290 in New York. In contrast, Sydney’s hottest weather is in
December/January when temperatures average 25 0. During this period, New York’s temperatures
dip to an average of around 50, compared with 80 in London. On the other hand, Sydney’s lowest
average temperatures in July are just over 150.
As far as hours of sunshine are concerned, New York and Sydney have similar averages of 2,535
and 2,473 hours respectively. London, however, has a much lower average of 1,180 hours.
Task 19
The bar chart provides information about the costs of renting an office in five cities around the
world in 2008 and 2013. The table shows the percentage of office rentals that are empty.
In general, based on these charts, it would appear that lower vacancy rates lead to higher rents.
Also, office rents increased over the five-year period in all five cities, except for City D.
As for the prices in the unit of USD per square metre paid for office rent up from 2008 to 2013,
City D showed a different picture with the others, revealing a decline of rents to just over $500.
Another significant point was that by 2013, City B’s rents had gone up dramatically, to well over
$2,000, and City B had replaced City A as the city with the highest office rents. City D replaced City
E as the city with the lowest rents.
In the table, the general trend was towards a lower vacancy rate in 2013 than in 2008. In other
words, fewer offices stood empty in 2013 than in 2008. Both City B and City E’s vacancy rates

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dropped significantly in 2013 (City B to 2% and City E to 9%). The exception to this trend was City
D, which had a higher vacancy rate in 2013 (23% compared to 10% in 2008).

Task 20
The diagrams show West Park School at three different stages in its development: 1950, 1980 and
2010.
Overall, during this period, the school had increased in size and a car park had been created and
enlarged. The combined recreational areas, however, were first expanded and then reduced in
size.
In 1950, the school was built close to a main road and next to a number of houses. A large area
behind the school was turned into a playground, while the area behind the houses was farmland.
By 1980, the houses had been demolished in order to make way for a small car park and an
additional school building, which became the science block. In addition to the existing playground,
the school also gained the farmland and converted it into a sports field.
In 2010, the school building remained unchanged but the car park was extended to cover the
entire sports field. As a result of this, the original playground was divided into two so that it
provided a smaller playground and a small sports field.

Task 21
The maps show the changes in the waterfront area following a development project.
The overall purpose of this renovation work was to transform the waterfront area of this city from
an industrial area to a residential and recreational district.
The appearance of the waterfront has changed considerably. For one thing, the factories and
warehouses that stood on either side of the river have been demolished. In their place, a hotel
and apartment buildings have been built. In addition, an office tower has been constructed on the
eastern side of the river, on the southern edge of the development.
There have been other changes as well. There used to be a number of piers for container ships.
These have been replaced with a marina for pleasure boats. Two parks have also been created –
one to the west of the waterfront, and one next to the ferry terminal. All in all, the waterfront has
been completely transformed.

Task 22
The maps show changes to a beach hotel between 2003 and 2013.
Generally speaking, the changes illustrated the extension and improvement of its facilities during
the ten-year period. It is noteworthy that the hotel underwent an expansion of its
accommodation and recreational amenities in the ten years between 2003 and 2013.

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The most striking alteration was to the hotel’s capacity, with an increase in the number of rooms,
and in particular the construction of an extra storey above the initial row of rooms. Another
significant change was the relocation of various facilities. By 2013, the swimming pool and
restaurant had been moved and its seating area had been enlarged.
Recreation had more prominence by 2013. This can be seen in the fact that the 2013 pool was
considerably larger than ten years previously and a water sports centre had been built on the
beach in front of the hotel. On top of this, the fence which divided the hotel from the beach had
been removed by 2013, allowing free access to the beach.

Task 23
The two maps show the outskirts of the town of Fosbury in 1980 and 2015.
Generally, the area of Fosbury shown on the maps modernized and developed between 1980 and
2015. Additionally, the 35-year period saw changes to the road layout, and to the residential,
recreational and commercial facilities.
In terms of the road layout, the main change was the addition of a roundabout in the centre of
this area, which necessitated the demolition of a block of flats and a grocer’s shop. The residential
accommodation underwent further changes with the removal of a street of terraced houses on
the right side of the map and the construction of additional housing on the left side. New houses
replaced the park, which was relocated to the other side of the road and decreased in size. By
2015, a supermarket with a car park had been erected on the site of the terraced houses.
The area industrialised further during the 35-year period, with warehouses being put up where
fields had been earlier. The area’s sporting facilities had also been developed, with a new sports
centre taking the place of the old tennis court.

Task 24
The diagram shows the traditional techniques used for carving wooden shows
known as clogs. The process consists of six main stages, which are down by
hand rather than using automated processes.
The first stage is to obtain wood from either poplar or willow trees. The wood
is cut into pieces of the correct size using a saw. Next, each clog is roughly
outlined using an axe. After this, the clog maker takes a long knife to cut the
shoe to the exact shape it should be. Once the exterior is finished, the next
stage in the process is to bore out the interior of the clogs using a spoon drill
to make space for the foot.
Once this is done, the shoes are nearly finished. Sandpaper is used to smooth
down the wood on both the interior and the exterior of the clog. The final task

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for the clog maker is to decorate the completed wooden shoe using various
different colours, although this is an optional stage. The clog is then ready to
be worn. This completes the process of making traditional wooden footwear,
or clogs, by hand.

Task 25
The diagrams show three distinct physical stages as salmon grows to maturity. Each of these
stages takes place in a very different aquatic location. It is noteworthy that the first two stages of
this fish’s life occur in a freshwater environment, while the third stage is lived in saltwater.
Salmon begin life as eggs on a pebbly riverbed, being hidden among reeds in the slow-moving
upper reaches of a river. After five to six months, the eggs hatch into ‘fry’. For approximately the
next four years, these baby salmon will live in the lower, faster-flowing waters of their river.
During this time, they measure between three and eight centimetres in length.
By the time salmon reach twelve to fifteen centimetres, they are termed ‘smolt’, and at this time
they migrate further downriver into the open sea. After five years at sea, the salmon will have
grown to adult size, which is between seventy and seventy-six centimetres. They then begin
swimming back to their birthplace, where they will lay their eggs, and the cycle starts anew.

Task 26
The diagram illustrates the process of how to launch, fly and land a hot balloon. There are seven
key stages in the process.
First of all, when you have found an appropriate location, you must unfold and lay out the balloon
envelope. Next, you attach the inflator fan, and this blows air into the envelope to inflate the
balloon. After that, the envelope is attached to the basket, which also contains the butane tanks
and the burner. Once the basket is safely attached, the burner is switched on. This mixes the air
and butane and warm, light, dense air is produced.
Once the envelope is fully inflated and is full of the warm, light air, the balloon is launched and
flies. When you are ready to start your descent, there is a parachute valve which slows the ascent
and controls the descent. The parachute valve is therefore operated to control the descent, and
finally the balloon lands, with the basket at 90 degrees and the envelope is still inflated.

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