BIOHACK NOTES

BREATHING AND
EXCHANGE OF GASES

• Based on active recall and spaced repetition

• Target 360/360 in NEET Biology & 100/100 in Boards!
 • RESPIRATORY ORGANS DigaQ. 1
A
1. Respiration through gills is called _________ B
2. Breathing by simple diffusion occur in (3)
C
3. Earthworm breath by ________
4. Insects have a network of tubes called _______
5. Gills are used by (3) K
6. Frog can also respire through skin. T/F
J D
• HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
7. Nasal chamber opens into ______ E
I F
8. Pharynx opens through _____ into _______ G
9. _______ is called the sound box. H
10. Epiglottis prevent the food entry into _______ (NEET)
11. Trachea divides at the level of ____ thoracic vertebrae.
12. Name the structures which are supported by incomplete cartilaginous rings (5) (NEET)
13. Alveoli are irregular walled. T/F (NEET)
14. Pleura is single/double layered.
15. Pleural fluid fxn is - (NEET)
16. Conducting part end at -
17. Respiratory part is formed by (2) -
18. Fxn of conducting part is (4) -
19. The thoracic chamber is formed dorsally by ______, ventrally by ______, laterally by _____ and on
the lower side by ________
20. Type II alveolar cell secrete _______ which reduce surface tension.

• MECHANISM OF BREATHING

21. Inspiration occurs when there is positive/negative pressure in lungs w.r.t atmosphere. (NEET)
22. Inspiratory muscles are (2) -
23. Increase in the volume of thoracic chamber in the antero-posterior axis is by _______ muscle.
24. Increase in the volume of the thoracic chamber in the dorso-ventral axis.is by _______ muscle.
25. Muscles used in forceful expiration are (2) -
26. Breathing rate of healthy human is -
27. Negative/positive pressure breathing occurs in humans.
28. Negative/positive pressure breathing occurs in frogs.
• RESPIRATORY VOLUME AND CAPACITIES DigaQ. 2
29. Which volume can't be measured by a spirometer ? X Y
30. Which capacities can't be measured by a spirometer ?
31. TV is approx. _____ ml. (NEET)
A
32. IRV value is ______ ml. (NEET)
33. ERV value is _____ ml. (NEET)
34. RV Value - (NEET) F B
35. IC = ______ + _______ (NEET)
36. EC = ______ + ______ (NEET)
37. FRV value is ______ - ______ ml (NEET)
38. TLC include -
E C

• EXCHANGE OF GASES

39. _______ are primary sites for exchange of gases. (NEET)

40. Rate of diffusion is affected by (3) D
41. Partial pressure of O₂ in alveoli is - (NEET)
42. PP of CO₂ in alveoli is -
43. Partial pressure of O₂ in deoxygenated blood is - (NEET) DigaQ. 3
44. PP of CO₂ in oxygenated blood is - X
45. PP of O₂ in tissues in -
46. Solubility of CO₂ is _____ times higher than that of O₂. A
E
47. The 3 layers of the diffusion membrane are - F B

• TRANSPORT OF GASES
D C
48. ___% of O₂ is transported by RBC.
49. ___% of O₂ is carried as a dissolved state in plasma. (NEET)
50. % of CO₂ carried as carbaminohaemoglobin is - (NEET)
51. % of CO₂ transported as dissolved form in plasma is - (NEET)
52. ____ % of CO₂ is carried as bicarbonate. (NEET)
53. Each haemoglobin molecule carries a maximum of 8 atoms of oxygen. T/F
54. Factors that interfere O₂-dissociation curve is - (4)
55. Conditions of left shift are -
56. Conditions of right shift are -
 DigaQ. 4
57. Every 100 ml of oxygenated blood can deliver Y
____ ml of O₂ to tissues.
58. The major factor which affect pCO₂ and
haemoglobin binding is -
59. CO₂ is carried as carboxyhaemoglobin in blood. T/F
60. Carbonic anhydrase is absent in plasma. T/F
61. Every 50ml of deoxygenated blood carries ___ ml
of CO₂ to the alveoli.

• REGULATION OF RESPIRATION AND DISORDERS

62. Respiratory rhythm centre is present in -

63. Centre present in pons is _______ which can moderate the functions of ___________
64. Signals from which centre reduce the duration of inspiration ? (NEET)
65. A ___________ area situated adjacent to rhythm centre is highly sensitive to _____ and
______ (NEET)
66. Receptors in ______ and ______ present peripherally recognise CO₂ and H⁺ conc. (NEET)
67. Oxygen plays a major role in regulation of respiration. T/F
68. Difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles is called
________ (NEET)
69. Respiratory surface is decreased in _________ due to damage of _______ (NEET)
70. One of the major causes of asthma is cigarette smoking. T/F
71. Fibrosis occurs in -
72. Occupational Respiratory Disorders happen to people working in industries involved in - (NEET)
73. Examples of ORD are - (2)
BREATHING AND
EXCHANGE OF GASES

ANSWERS
• RESPIRATORY ORGANS 25. Abdominal muscles & internal intercostal muscles
1. Brachial respiration 26. 12-16
2. Sponges, coelenterates, flatworms 27. Negative
3. Moist cuticle 28. Positive
4. Tracheal tubes Respiratory Volume And Capacities
5. Aquatic arthropods, molluscs and fishes 29. Residual volume
6. T 30. FRC and TLC
Human Respiratory System 31. 500 ml
7. Nasopharynx 32. 2500-3000 ml
8. Larynx to trachea 33. 1000-1100 ml
9. Larynx 34. 1100-1200 ml
10. Larynx 35. TV + IRV
11. 5th 36. TV + ERV
12. tracheae, primary, secondary and tertiary 37. ERV + RV so, 2100-2300 ml
bronchi, and initial bronchioles 38. IRV + TV + ERV + RV
13. T • EXCHANGE OF GASES
14. Double 39. Alveoli
15. Lubrication 40. Conc gradient, rate of diffusion, thickness of
16. Terminal bronchioles membrane
17. Alveoli and their ducts 41. 104
18. transports the air to alveoli, clears it from 42. 40
foreign particles, humidifies, brings the air to body 43. 40
temperature 44. 40
19. Vertebrae, sternum, ribs, diaphragm 45. 40 (Hence, the trick to remember this table is,
20. Lecithin (a surfactant) 1) Chalista (40s) is maintained always in the body 2)
• MECHANISM OF BREATHING CO₂ PP will obviously be the same in tissues and
21. Negative deoxygenated blood)
22. Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles 46. 20-25
23. Diaphragm 47. Thin squamous epithelium, endothelium of
24. External intercostal alveolar capillaries and basement membrane
• TRANSPORT OF GASES • DigaQs
48. 97 DigaQ. 1 - Human respiratory system
49. 3 A – Epiglottis
50. 20-25 B – Larynx
51. 7 C – Trachea
52. 70 D – Pleural membranes
53. T, 4 molecule qual 8 atoms E – Alveoli
54. pO₂, pCO₂, H⁺ conc, temperature F – Pleural fluid
(Dipghosphogylceric acid also, but it is not in G – Bronchiole
NCERT) H – Diaphragm
55. Low temperature, Low H⁺ conc, High pO₂, Low I – Lung
pCO₂ J – Cut end of rib
56. High temperature, High H⁺ conc, Low pCO₂, K – Bronchus
HIgh pO₂ DigaQ. 2 - Exchange of gases
57. 5 ml A – Alveolus X – Inspired air
58. pO₂ B – Pulmonary vein Y – Expired air
59. F, as carbaminohaemoglobin C – Systemic arteries
60. F D – Body tissues
61. 2 ml E – Systemic veins
• REGULATION AND DISORDERS F – Pulmonary artery
62. Medulla DigaQ. 3 - an alveolus with a pulmonary capillary
63. Pneumotaxic centre, respiratory rhythm centre A – Basement substance
64. Pneumotaxic centre B – Endothelium
65. Chemosensitive, CO₂ and H⁺ C – RBC
66. Aortic arch and carotid artery D – Blood capillary
67. F E – Squamous epithelum
68. Asthma F – Alveolar cavity
69. Emphysema, alveoli X – Air
70. F DigaQ. 4 - Oxygen dissociation curve
71. Occupational Respiratory Disorders X – Partial pressure of oxygen (mm Hg)
72. Grinding or stone breaking Y – Percentage saturation of haemoglobin with
73. Silicosis and asbestosis oxygen
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