BIOHACK NOTES

LOCOMOTION
AND MOVEMENT
• Based on active recall and spaced repetition
• Target 360/360 in NEET Biology & 100/100 in Boards!
 • INTRODUCTION

1. Streaming of protoplasm in unicellular organism like ______ is a simple form of movement.

2. All movements are locomotion. T/F
3. In __________, cilia helps in the movement of food through cytopharynx.
4. In paramoecium, cilla doesn't help in locomotion. T/F DigaQ. 1
5. Hydra uses _______ to capture its prey.
6. The 3 types of movement are -
7. Amoeboid movement is exhibited by (2) -
8. Microtubules are involved in amoeboid movement. T/F A
9. Ex of ciliary movement in the body - (2)

B
• MUSCLES
C
10. Muscles is endo/meso/ectodermal in origin. D
11. About ___-___ % of body weight is contributed by muscles.
12. The 4 special properties of muscles are -
13. Skeletal muscles other 2 names are -
14. Visceral muscles other 3 names are - (NEET)
15. Each skeletal muscle in our body is made of ________ or _______
16. Fascicles are held together by _____________ called _____
17. Each muscle fibre is lined by ________ enclosing the _______
18. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a store house of -
19. Muscle fibre have large no of ________ also called ________
20. The dark band contains only myosin. T/F DigaQ. 2
21. The light band is called _____ or _______ A B C
22. Dark band is called _____ or ________
23. Myosin filaments are thinner than actin
filaments. T/F
24. H zone contains actin filament. T/F (NEET)
25. Z line is a elastic fiber which bisect -
D
26. M line is thick/thin elastic/fibrous and bisect - E
27. Functional unit of contraction is - (NEET)
28. Anatomical unit of muscle is -
29. Each actin filament is made of two ______ actins
helically wound to each other.
30. Each F actin is a polymer of monomeric ________
31. A subunit of ______ masks the active binding sites for myosin on the actin filaments. (NEET)
32. The 3 parts of meromyosin are -
33. HMM consist of _____ and _____
34. The ________ of meromyosin have an active ATPase enzyme. (NEET)
35. Mechanism of muscle contraction in explained by __________ (NEET)
36. ______ and _____ together constitute the motor unit.
37. A-band retain their length during muscle contraction. T/F DigaQ. 3 X
38. In muscles having reddish appearance, _______ A
content is high. B
C
39. Mitochondria is high in red/white fibers.
A C
40. Sarcoplasmic reticulum is high in red/white fibers. B
41. _______ are called aerobic muscles.
Y D

• SKELETAL SYSTEM

42. Chondroitin salts are present in -

43. No. of bones in human body is - DigaQ. 4 A
44. No. of bones in axial skeleton are -
M B
45. It comprises of (4) -
46. The skull consists of a total of ____ no. of bones. C
D
47. No. of cranial and facial bones respectively are - E
48. Name all the cranial bones. L
F
49. Name all the facial bones. G
K
50. The skull region articulates with vertebral column
by ________ (NEET) J
H
51. First vertebrae is called ______
52. 2nd vertebrae is called ______ I
53. Tell the divisions in the vertebral column and the no of bones in them.
54. Each vertebrae have _______ through which the spinal cord passes.
55. The atlas and occipital condyle form a ______ joint which help ______ movement.
56. The atlas and axis form _______ joint which help in ________ movement.
57. No bone is _____
58. Yes bone is _____
59. All mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae except ______ which have ____ no. of cervical vertebrae.
60. Total no. of ribs humans are -
61. RIbs have two articular surfaces on its ventral/dorsal end hence are DigaQ. 5
called _______ A
62. First _____ pair of ribs are true ribs.
63. True ribs are connected to sternum with the help of _________ (NEET)
64. What pair of ribs are Vertebrochondral ribs ? (NEET)
65. False ribs are also called _________
66. False ribs are joined with the help of _________ with the ____th rib.
B
67. What pairs are Floating ribs ? - (NEET)
68. Each limb have ____ no of bones.
69. Carpels are ___ in no.
70. Tarsals are ____ in no.
71. The longest bone in human body is - D C
72. Each half of the pectoral girdle consist of _______ and _______
73. Scapula is situated between ____ and ____ ribs. E
74. Scapula have a slightly elevated ridge called ______
75. Spine project as a flat expanded process called ______ F
76. Glenoid cavity is present above acromion. T/F
77. Clavicle articulate with ______ and ______
DigaQ. 6
78. _______ articulate with the head of humerus to form
shoulder joint. (NEET)
79. _____ is called collar bone.
80. Each coxal bone is formed by fusion of (3) - X A
81. At the point of fusion, a cavity is formed called _______
82. Pubic symphysis contains hyaline/fibrous cartilage. B
83. The 3 types of joints are - C
84. Fibrous joints are present in - (NEET) Y
85. In it, the bones are connected with the help of _______
in the form of ______ Z
86. Ex of cartilaginous joint - (2) (NEET)
87. Gliding joint ex - (NEET)
88. Saddle joint ex -
89. Joints between phalanges is a type of _______ joint.
 DigaQ. 7 DigaQ. 8
A A
D
B E
C

B F
C
G
D
E H
I
F
G
J
H K
L

• DISORDERS

90. Autoimmune disorder affecting _________ is __________ (NEET)

91. Muscular dystrophy is - (NEET)
92. Muscular dystrophy occurs mostly due to - (NEET)
93. Rapid spasm in muscle occurs due to high Ca2+ in the body fluids. T/F (NEET)
94. What is tetany ? (NEET)
95. What is arthritis ? (NEET)
96. What is the common cause of osteoporosis ? (NEET)
97. Decrease bone mass occur in -
98. What is gout ?
LOCOMOTION
AND MOVEMENT

ANSWERS
• INTRODUCTION 31. Troponin
1. Amoeba 32. Globular head, short arm, tail
2. F 33. Globular head and short arm
3. Paramoecium 34. Globular head
4. F 35. Sliding filament theory
5. Tentacles 36. Motor neuron and the muscles fibers connected
6. Amoeboid, ciliary and muscular to it
7. Macrophages and leucocytes 37. T
8. F, microfilaments are involved 38. Myoglobin
9. In trachea for removing dust and in passage of 39. Red
ova through female reproductive tract 40. White
• MUSCLES 41. Red muscles
10. Mesodermal • SKELETAL SYSTEM
11. 40-50 42. Cartilage
12. excitability, contractility, extensibility and 43. 206
elasticity 44. 80
13. Striated and voluntary muscle 45. Skull, vertebral column, ribs sternum
14. Smooth, Non-striated and involuntary muscle 46. 29
15. Muscle bundles or fascicles 47. Cranial - 8, facial bones - 14
16. Common collagenous connective tissue layer 48. Parietal (2), Temporal (2), Frontal (1), Occipital
called fascia (1), Ethmoid (1), Sphenoid (1)
17. Sarcolemma, sarcoplasm 49. Inferior turbinate (2), Lacrimal bones (2),
18. Ca Mandible(1), Maxilla (2), Nasal bones (2), Palatine
19. Myofilaments or myofibrils bones (2), Vomer(1)., Zygomatic bones (2)
20. F 50. Occipital condyle
21. I-band, isotropic band (Trick - LIGHT have I letter 51. Atlas
at 2n position) 52. Axis
22. A-band, anisotropic band (Trick - DARK have A 53. Cervical(7), Thoracic(12), Lumbar(5), Sacral(1),
letter at 2nd position) Coccyx(1)
23. F 54. Neural canal
24. F 55. Condyloid joint, nodding
25. I band 56. Pivot joint, rotatory
26. Thin fibrous, A band 57. Axis
27. Sarcomere 58. Atlas
28. Muscle fiber (Check NCERT summary)
29. F
30. G - actin
59. Two-toed Sloth (Bradypus), 9 93. F
60. 24 94. Rapid spasm in muscle occurs due to low Ca2+
61. Dorsal, bicephalic in the body fluids
62. 7 95. Inflammation of joints
63. Hyaline cartilage 96. Decreased level of estrogen
64. 8th, 9th, 10th 97. Osteoporosis
65. Vertebrochondral 98. Inflammation of joint due to deposition of uric
66. Hyaline cartilage, 7th acid crystals
67. 11th and 12th • DigaQs
68. 30 DigaQ. 1 - Cross sectional view of a muscle showing
69. 8 muscle bundles & muscle fibres
70. 7 A – Fascicle (muscle bundle)
71. Femur B – Muscle fibre (muscle cell)
72. Scapula and clavicle C – Sarcolemma
73. 2nd-7th D – Blood capillary
74. Spine DigaQ. 2 - Anatomy of a muscle fibre showing a
75. Acromion sarcomere
76. F, present below acromion A – Z line
77. Sternum and acromion B – A band
78. Glenoid cavity C – I band
79. Clavicle D – H zone
80. Ilium, ischium, pubis E – Sarcomere
81. Acetabulum DigaQ. 3
82. Fibrous cartilage X – An actin filament
83. Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial A – Troponin
84. Cranium B – Tropomyosin
85. Dense fibrous connective tissue, sutures C – F actin
86. Sternum-ribs and pubic symphysis Y – Myosin monomer (Meromyosin)
87. Joint between carpals A – Actin binding sites
88. Between carpals and metacarpals of thumb B – ATP binding sites
89. Hinge C – Head
• DISORDERS D – Cross arm
90. Neuromuscular junction is myasthenia gravis
91. Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle
92. Genetic disorder
DigaQ. 4 - Human skull G – Maxilla DigaQ. 7 - Right pectoral girdle and upper arm
A – Frontal bone H – Mandible A – Clavicle E – Ulna
B – Sphenoid bone I – Hyoid bone B – Scapula F – Carpals
C – Ethmoid bone J – Occipital condyle C – Humerus G – Metacarpals
D – Lacrimal bone K – Occipital bone D – Radius H – Phalanges
E – Nasal bone L – Temporal bone DigaQ. 8 - Right pelvic girdle and lower limb bones
F – Zygomatic bone M – Parietal bone A – Ilium G – Patella
DigaQ. 5 - Vertebral column B – Pubis H – Tibia
A – Cervical vertebra D – Intervertebral disc C – Ischium I – Fibula
B – Thoracic vertebra E – Sacrum D – Coxal bone J – Tarsals
C – Lumbar vertebra F – Coccyx E – Sacrum K – Metatarsals
DigaQ. 6 - Ribs and rib cage F – Femur L – Phalanges
A – Sternum X – True ribs
B – Ribs Y – False ribs
C – Vertebral column Z – Floating ribs

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