Circle

Basic Geometry with circles

1. Equal chords subtend equal angles at the
centre and vice-versa.

2. Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from

the centre and vice-versa.

3. Angle subtended by an arc at the centre is

double the angle subtended at any point on
the remaining part of the circle

4. Angles in the same segment of circle are

equal.

5. The sum of the opposite angles of a cyclic

quadrilateral is 180° and vice-versa.

∠ A + ∠ C = ∠ B + ∠ D = 180°

6. 
If two chords of a circle intersect either
inside or outside the circle, the rectangle
contained by the parts of one chord is equal
in area to rectangle by the parts of other.

PA × PB = PC × PD
Circle

1.
 7. The greater of the two chords in a circle is
nearer to the centre than lesser.

∵ AB > CD, \ p1 < p2

8. 
A chord drawn across the circular region
divides it in two parts each of which is called
a segment of the circle

9. The tangents at the extremities of a chord of

a circle are equal.

PA = PB

Circle
Definition
Standard Form
(x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2 Circle is defined as a locus
(a, b) ≡ centre of a point ‘P’ which moves in
r ≡ radius x – y plane in such a way that
its distance from the fixed point
General Equation of the circle in the same plane is always
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 constant.
centre ≡ (–g, –f)
 1 1 
=  −  coefficient  of  x, −  coefficient of y 
 2 2 

Radius = g 2 + f2 − c

Example :

Q1 Find equation of circle whose radius is 3 and centre is (–1, 2).

Sol. Equation is
(x + 1)2 + (y – 2)2 = 32

Q2 Find equation of circle whose radius is 10 and centre is (–5, –6).

Sol. Equation is
(x + 5)2 + (y + 6)2 = 102
Circle

2.
Necessary and sufficient condition for General
Equation of 2nd degree to represent a circle.
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
(a) Coefficient of x2 = coefficient of y2
(not necessarily unity) and
(b) Coefficient of xy = 0

Note :
The general equation of circle x2 + y2 + 2gx +
2fy + c = 0 contains 3 independent arbitrary
constants g, f and c which means that a
unique circle passes through 3 non-collinear
points. Hence 3 points on a circle must be
given to determine the unique equation of the
circle.

Nature of circle :
(x2 + y2) + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
(i) If g2 + f2 – c > 0
⇒ Real circle with finite radius
(ii) If g2 + f2 – c = 0
⇒ Point circle
(iii) If g2 +f2 -c < 0
⇒ Imaginary circle

Example :

Q1 Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (3, 4), (–3, –4),
(0, 5).

Sol. Let equation of circle be

x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Now on satisfying the equation by given points,
⇒9 + 16 + 6g + 8f + c = 0
6g + 8f + c = –25 …(1)
⇒ 9 + 16 – 6g – 8f + c = 0
6g + 8f – c = 25 …(2)
⇒ 0 + 25 + 0 + 10f + c = 0
10f + c = –25 …(3)
Circle

3.
 Subtracting (2) from (1)
⇒ 2c = -50 ⇒ c = –25
from (3) ⇒ 10f = –25 – c ⇒ f = 0
from (2) ⇒ 6g + 0 + 25 = 25 ⇒ g = 0
Hence, equation is x2 + y2 – 25 = 0

Alternate Method :
For ∆ABC, A(3, 4), B(–3, –4) , C(0, 5) origin will be circumcentre which is
centre of circle passing through A, B and C and radius r = OA = 32 + 42 = 5
equation (x – 0)2 + (y – 0)2 = 52

Q2 Find the equation of the circle having lines 2x – 3y = 5 and 3x – 4y = 7 as its

diameter / normal / longest chord and whose area is 154 sq. units.

Sol. Centre will be point of intersection of the diameters

d1 : 2x – 3y = 5 …(1)
d2 : 3x – 4y = 7 …(2)
(2) × 3 – (1) × 4
x = 1, y = –1 ⇒ centre (1, –1)
Area = 154 ⇒ πr2 = 154
154 154
r2   = = × 7 = 49
π 22
Hence, equation is : (x – 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 49

Q3 Find the equation of the circumcircle of ∆ formed by the lines xy + 2x + 2y +

4 = 0, x + y + 2 = 0

Sol. xy + 2x + 2y + 4 = x(y + 2) +2 (y + 2)
  = (x + 2) (y + 2)
Sides of triangle L1 : x + 2 = 0
 L2 : y + 2 = 0
 L3 : x + y + 2 = 0
∵ L 1 ⊥ L2 hence circumcentre will be mid point of hypotenuse

( ) (
L 1  and  L3  ⇒ A −2,  0 , L2  and  L3  ⇒ C 0,  − 2 )
 −2 +  0 0 −  2 
Centre : P  , (
 = P −1,  − 1 )
 2 2 

AC 4 +  4
radius = = = 2
2 2
Circle

( ) + ( y + 1)
2 2
Hence, equation is : x +  1 = 2 
4.
 Q4 Find centre and radius of the circle 2x2 + 2y 2 − 6x + 8y − 5 = 0 .

Sol. Given equation is

5
x2 + y 2 − 3x + 4y − =0
2
 1 1  3 
centre ≡  −
 2
( )
−3 , −
2 
()
4    ≡  , −2
2 

2
 3 5
( )
2
radius = −  + 2 +  
 2 2

9 5 35
+4+ =  unit
4 2 2

Q5 Find equation of circle concentric with 3x2 + 3y2 – 5x – 6y – 14 = 0 and pe-

rimeter of its semicircle is 36.

Sol. Given circle is x2 + y 2 −

5
x − 2y −
14
= 0 
3 3
5 
Centre:  ,  1 
6 
perimeter of semicircle, 2r + πr = 36
 22 
r  2 +  = 36 ⇒ r = 7
 7 
2
 5
( )
2
Hence, equation of required circle is  x −  + y − 1 = 49 
 6 

Q6 Find equation of the circle which passes through (2, 3) and centre on the
x-axis, radius being 5.

Sol. Let centre be (α, 0), given r = 5

Equation will be (x – α)2 + (y – 0)2 = 52
which passes through (2, 3) hence
(2 – α)2 + 9 = 25
(2 – α)2 = 16 ⇒ 2 – α = 4, –4
α = -2 , 6
Hence, equations are (x + 2)2 + y2 = 25
or (x – 6)2 + y2 = 25
Circle

5.
 Q7 Find the equation of the circle for which centre is on the line y = 2x and cir-
cle passes through (–1, 2) and (3, –2).

Sol. Perpendicular bisector of AB where A (–1, 2) and B (3, –2) will be another di-
ameter
Hence, mid-point will be, (1, 0)
4
slope mAB = = −1 
−4
Equation will be (y – 0) = 1 (x – 1) ⇒ y = x – 1 …(1)
and y = 2x …(2)
from (1) and (2)
centre O (–1, –2)
Radius = OA = 02 + 42 = 4
Hence, equation is : (x + 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 42

Q8 A circle is drawn with its centre on the line x + y = 2 to touch the line
4x – 3y + 4 = 0 and pass through the point (0, 1). Find its equation.

Sol. Let centre be O(α, β), A(0, 1)

which lies on x + y = 2
⇒ α + β = 2 …(1)
Now radius is length of perpendicular from O to line 4x – 3y + 4 = 0
(as line of 2 tangent to circle)
4α  −  3β +  4
Hence, = OA (radius)
5

( )
2
4α − 3β + 4 = 5 α2 + β − 1

( ) ( )
2
4α − 3 2 − α + 4 = 5 α2 + 2 − α − 1

7α − 2 = 5 2α2 − 2α + 1
On squaring,
(
49α2 − 28α + 4 = 25 2α2 − 2α + 1 )
α2 − 22α + 21 = 0
( α − 21)( α − 1) = 0
⇒ α = 1, 21
β = 1, –19
Centre will be (1, 1) or (21, –19)
for centre (1, 1), radius = 12 + 02 = 1 
Circle

6.
 Equation is: (x – 1)2 + (y –1)2 = 1
for centre (21, –19), radius= 212 + 202 = 841 = 29 
equation : (x – 21)2 + (y + 19)2 = 292

Q9 Locus of the image of the point (2, 3) in the line

(2x – 3y + 4) + k(x – 2y + 3) = 0, k ∈ R is a
(A) Circle of radius 3 (B) Straight line parallel to X – axis
(C) Straight line parallel to Y – axis (D) Circle of radius 2

Ans. (D)

Sol. Given family of straight line

L 1 + kL2 = 0
will always pass-through point of intersection of L1 and L2
L 1 : 2x − 3y + 4 = 0 …(1)
L2 : x − 2y + 3 = 0  …(2)
(1)–(2) × 2
y = 2, x = 1 these point A(1, 2)
Now let image of B(2, 3) is P(h, k) then perpendicular bisector of BP will pass
through A
h + 2 k + 3
hence mid-point M  , 
 2 2 
k−3
slope = mBP =  
h−2
 k + 3 h − 2 h+ 2
Equation is:  y −  = −  x − 
 2  k − 3 2 
which passes through A hence
 k + 3 h − 2 h+ 2
2 −  = − 1 − 
 2  k − 3 2 

1−k
=−
( )
h − 2  −h 
 
2 (
k−3  2 )
k − k2 − 3 + 3k = h2 − 2h 
⇒ h2 + k2 − 2h − 4k + 3 = 0 
Locus: x2 + y 2 − 2x − 4y + 3 = 0 

centre (1, 2), radius = 2  

Circle

7.
 Q10 Find the equation of circle whose centre is (4, 3) and touches the line
5x – 12y – 10 = 0.

Sol. Centre C(4, 3)

Radius = Perpendicular distance of C from given tangent

r=
( ) ( )
5 4  −  12 3  −  10
=2
13

( ) + ( y − 3)
2 2
Equation is :   x − 4 = 4 

Diametrical Form of Circle

(x − x ) (x − x ) + ( y − y ) ( y − y ) = 0
1 2 1 2

Where (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are diametrical

opposite ends.

Examples :

Q1 Find the equation of the circle of least radius passing through the points.
(2, 3), (3, 1).

Sol. Given point will be diametrical end points of required circle

Equation: (x – 2) (x – 3)+(y – 3)(y – 1) = 0
(x2 + y2) – 5x – 4y + 9 = 0

Q2 Find equation of tangent to circle parallel to tangent x + y = 5, where centre

of the circle is (1, 2).

Sol. Let tangent is x + y = λ

Since both are tangents hence perpendicular distance of tangent from centre
will be radius
1 +  2 −  λ 1 +  2 −  5
⇒ =
2 2
⇒ 3 − λ = 2 ⇒ λ = 5, 1
Equation: x + y = 1
Circle

8.
 Q3 The abscissa of 2 points ‘A’ and ‘B’ are the roots of the equation
x2 + 2x − 3 = 0 and the ordinate are the roots of the equation y 2 − 4y + 1 = 0 .
Find the equation of circle AB as diameter.

Sol. (
Let A x 1 , y 1 ) and B x2 , y 2( )
Now given
x 1 , x2 are roots of x2 + 2x − 3 = 0

⇒ x2 − 2x − 3 = x − x 1( )( x − x2 ) …(1)
y 1 , y 2 are roots of y 2 − 4y + 1 = 0

⇒ y 2 − 4y + 1 = y − y 1( )( y − y2 ) …(2)
Equation of circle diameter AB is
( )( ) (
x − x 1 x − x2 + y − y 1 y − y 2 = 0 )( )
x2 + y 2 + 2x − 4y − 2 = 0 {from (1) and (2)}

Q4 Find the equation of the circle which touches the line x = 0, y = 0 and x = 4?

Sol. Let radius = r

Now, Diameter = distance between x = 0, x = 4
2r = 4 ⇒ r = 2
 0 +  4 
Centre will be  , ±  r  ≡ 2,  2 or 2, − 2 ( ) ( )
 2 

( ) + ( y ±  2)
2 2
Equation : x − 2 = 22

Q5 Line y = mx + c cuts the curve y2 = 4ax at A and B. Find the equation of circle
with AB as diameter.

Sol. ( )
Let A x 1 ,  y 1 andB x2 ,  y 2 ( )
y = mx + c …(1)
and y2 = 4ax …(2)
by (1) and (2),
x1
(mx + c)2 = 4ax
x2
m2x2 + (2mc – 4a)x + c2 = m2(x – x1)(x – x2) …(3)2
Again by (1) and (2)
Circle

9.
  y −  c 
y 2 = 4a  
 m 
y1
⇒my – 4ay + 4ac = 0
2

y2
my – 4ay + 4ac = m(y – y1)(y – y2) …(4)
2

Equation: m2 (x – x1)(x – x2) + m2(y – y1)(y – y2) = 0

m2x2 + m2y2 + (2mc – 4a)x – 4amy + c2 + 4acm = 0

Q6 The line lx + my + n = 0 intersects the curve ax2 + 2hxy +by2 = 1 at the point P
and Q. The circle on PQ as diameter passes through the origin. Prove that
n2 (a + b)= l2 + m2.

Sol. Equation of pair of Straight lines by homogenization

2
2  lx +  my 
2
ax  +  2hxy +  by   =  
 −n 
(n a − l ) x + (2hn
2 2 2 2
) ( )
− 2lm xy + n2b − m2 y 2 = 0

Which must be perpendicular

(∵ circle with PQ diameter passes through origin)
⇒ coeff. of x2 + coeff. of y 2 = 0

(n a − l ) + (n b − m ) = 0
2 2 2 2

( )
n2 a + b = l 2 + m2 Hence proved.

Q7 A rectangle is inscribed in a circle with a diameter lying along the line,

3y = x + 7. If the two adjacent vertices of the rectangle are (–8, 5) and (6, 5)
then the area of the rectangle (in sq. units) is:
(A) 72 (B) 84 (C) 98 (D) 56

Ans. (B)

Sol. Diameter
L : x – 3y + 7 = 0 …(1)
Given points A(–8, 5) and B(6, 5) lies on same side of line L
Perpendicular bisector of AB will be another diameter
mid point of AB : M(–1, 5)
mAB = 0
equation of perpendicular bisector AB : x = –1 …(2)
On solving (1) and (2), centre O(–1, 2)
O is mid point of BD, hence D(–8, –1)
ar(ABCD) = AB × AD
  = 14 × 6 = 84 sq. unit
Circle

10.
 Q8 If line y = x + c and y2 = 8x intersect in A and B. Circle with AB as diameter
passes through (0, 0). Find c?

Sol. By homogenization equation of pair of straight line

y −x
y2 = 8x  
 c 
⇒ 8x2 + cy 2 − 8xy = 0
Lines are perpendicular (∵ circle with diameter passes through origin)
⇒ 8 + c = 0 ⇒ c = –8

Q9 Find locus of point of intersection of x + 2y + λ(x – 2y) = 0 and

(x + y – 2) + λ(x – 2) = 0 if these lines are always perpendicular to each other.

Sol. First family of straight lines L1 + λL2 = 0 passes through

point of intersection of
L1 : x + 2y = 0 and L2 : x – 2y = 0 which is A(0, 0)
Second family of straight lines L3 + λL4=0 passes
through point of intersection of
L3 : x + y = 2 and L4 : x –2 = 0 which is B(2, 0)
Now required locus will be circle as lines from A and
B are perpendicular and A and B will be diametric end
points
Equation : (x – 0)(x – 2) + (y – 0)(y – 0) = 0
x2 + y2 –2x = 0

INTERCEPT
Length of chord:
AB = 2MB

AB = 2 r2 − p2

Circle

11.
 Angle between Line and circle:

p
cosθ =
r

X-intercept:

x 1 − x2 = 2 g 2 − c

Proof :
AB = 2MB
= 2 r2 − p2

=2 (g 2
) ( )
+ f 2 − c − −f
2

= 2 g2 − c
(i) If g2 > c
⇒ Circle cuts the x-axis at 2 distinct points
(ii) If g2 = c
⇒ Circle touches x-axis
(iii) If g2 < c
⇒ Circle lies completely above or below the
x-axis

Y-intercept :

y 1 − y2 = 2 f2 − c

Proof :
AB = 2MB
= 2 r2 − p2

=2 (g 2
) ( )
+ f 2 − c − −g
2

= 2 f2 − c
(i) If f2 > c ⇒ circle cuts the y-axis at 2 distinct points
2
(ii) If f = c ⇒ circle touches y-axis
2
(iii) If f < c ⇒ circle lies completely either on right or on left of y-axis
Circle

12.
Examples :

Q1 Find the equation of the circle which touches

the positive axis of y at a distance of 4 units
from origin and cuts off an intercept of 6 unit
from the positive axis.

Sol. PQ = 6
In ∆PCM
rỐ = 3 + 4 ⇒ r = 5
Centre : C(r, 4) ≡ C(5, 4)
Equation : (x – 5)2 + (y – 4)2 = 52

Q2 Find the equation of circle which touches

the co-ordinate axes and whose radius = 5.

Sol. Equation:

( x ± 5) + ( y ± 5)
2 2
= 52

Q3 Find the equation of a circle through origin cutting off intercept equals to
unity on the lines y2 – x2 = 0.

Sol. ( )(
y 2 − x2 = y + x y − x )
L1 : x + y = 0
L2 : x − y = 0
 1 1   1 1 
A  ,  ,B  ,− 
 2 2  2 2
 −1 1   −1 1 
C  ,  and D  ,− 
 2 2  2 2
Circle

13.
 for required circles AB, AC, CD, BD are diameters
 1  1   1  1 
Equation:  x ±   x ±  +  y ±   y ±  = 0
 2  2  2  2
2 2
 1   1 
 x ±  +  y ±  = 0 
 2  2
⇒ x2 + y 2 ± 2x ± 2y + 1 = 0 

Q4 Find the equation of the locus of the centre of a circle which touches the
positive y-axis and having intercept on x-axis equals to 2l.

Sol. Let centre be P(h, k)

In ∆APM
ỐỐ = + …(1)
Also circle touches y-axis
∴ QP = AP
h = r ⇒ r2 = h2 …(2)
from (1) and (2),
h2 = l 2 + k2 ⇒ h2 − k2 = l 2
locus : ỐỐ − =

Q5 Find the equation of incircle and circumcircle of the quadrilateral formed by

the lines x = 0 and y = 0, x = 16, y = 16.

Sol. Centre of incircle S1 and circumcircle

S2 will be mid-point of OA
∴ centre C(8, 8)
For incircle, radius r1 = 8
S1 : (x – 8)2 + (y – 8)2=82
for circumcircle OA is diameter
S2 : (x – 0) (x – 16) + (y – 0) (y – 16) = 0
Circle

14.
 Q6 Find λ if length of intercept by line 3x – 4y + λ = 0 on the circle x2 + y2 = 25 is
of 8 unit.

Sol. Centre O(0, 0), radius r = 5

p=
( ) ( )
3 0  −  4 0  +  λ
⇒p=
λ

32  +  42 5

length of intercept =  2 r2 − p2  

λ2
8 = 2 25 −  
25

λ2 λ2
16 = 25 − ⇒ = 9 ⇒ λ = ±15
25 25

Q7 Find the equation of circle whose centre is (5, 0) and touches the circle
x2 + y2 = 4.

Sol. Two circles are possible for S1

centre (5, 0)
r1=3
( )
2
Equation: x − 5 + y 2 = 32
for S2
centre (5, 0), r2 = 7
Equation: (x – 5)2 + y2 = 72

Q8 Two rods whose lengths are 2a and 2b move along the rectangular axes (one
on X-axis and other on Y-axis) in such a way that their extremities are al-
ways concyclic. Find the equation of the locus of the centre of the circle.

Sol. Let centre be P(h, k).

In ∆PMA,

ỐỐ = + …(1)
In ∆PCN,
ỐỐ = + …(2)
from (1) and (2),
a2 + k2 = b2 + h2 ⇒ h2 – k2 = a2 – b2
locus: x2 – y2 = a2 – b2
Circle

15.
 Q9 If y = mx be the equation of a chord of a circle whose radius is ‘a’, the origin
of co-ordinates being one extremity of the chord and the axis of x being a
diameter of the circle. Prove that the equation of a circle of which this chord
is the diameter is 1 + m2 ( )( x 2
) ( )
+ y 2 − 2a x + my = 0

Sol. Equation of given circle

( )
x x − 2a + y 2 = 0

x2 + y 2 − 2ax = 0 …(1)
Chord, y = mx …(2)
from (1) and (2)
xỐ + m x − 2ax = 0 

{( )
x 1 + m2 x − 2a = 0 ⇒ x 1 = } 2a
1 +  m2
2am
∵ y 1 = mx 1 ⇒ y 1 =  
1 +  m2
for required circle OA is diameter hence
(
Equation: x x − x 1 + y y − y 1 = 0 ) ( )
2ax 2amy
x2 + y 2 − 2
− = 0 
1 +  m 1 +  m2
( 1 + m )( x
2 2
) ( )
+ y 2 − 2a x + my = 0 Hence proved.

Q10 Prove that the equation to the circle of which the points (x , y ) and (x , y ) 1 1 2 2
are the ends of a chord of a segment containing an angle θ, is
(x1 – x1)(x – x2) + (y – y1)(y –y2) ± cot θ [(x – x1)(y – y2) – (x – x2)(y – y1)] = 0

Sol. mAP   =
y –  y 1
 
x –  x 1
y −  y 2
mBP =
x −  x2
Now angle between AP and BP is θ, hence
 m  − mBP 
tanθ = ±  AP 
 1 +  m m 
 AP BP 

y  −   y 1 y −  y 2

 −  
x −  x 1 x −  x2
± tanθ =  
 y −  y 1   y −  y 2 
1 +  
 x −  x   x −  x 
 1  2 
Circle

16.
 ⇒ ± tanθ  =
( y −  y 1 )( x −  x2 )  −  ( y −  y2 )( x −  x1 )
( x −  x1 )( x −  x2 )  +  ( y −  y 1 )( y −  y2 )
⇒ ( x − x 1 )( x − x2 ) + ( y − y 1 )( y − y 2 ) ± cotθ ( x − x 1 )( y − y 2 ) − ( x − x2 )( y − y 1 )  = 0
 
Hence proved.

Position of point w.r.t. a circle

S1≡ Power of point
S1= x21 + y 21 + 2gx 1 + 2fy 1 + c 
If S1 > 0 ⇒ Point exterior of circle
If S1 = 0 ⇒ Point on circle
If S1 < 0 ⇒ Point interior of circle.

Greatest and Least distance of a point A(x1, y1)

Maximum distance = AC + r

and Minimum distance = AC − r

Example :

Q1 If the join of (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) makes an obtuse angle at (x3, y3) then prove that
(x3 – x1) (x3 – x2) + (y3 – y1) (y3 – y2) < 0.

Sol. If AB is diameter of circle then its equation

S : (x – x1)(x – x2) + (y – y1)(y – y2) = 0
Clearly AB makes obtuse angle at C(x3, y3)
only if C lies interior of the circle hence
S1 < 0.

( x3 − x1 )( x3 − x2 ) + ( y3 − y 1 )( y3 − y2 ) < 0
Circle

17.
 Q2 S1 = x2 + y 2 − 4x + 6y − 3 = 0
S2 = x2 + y 2 + 4x − 6y − 3 = 0
Point (1, 2) lies
(A) Inside S1 = 0 and inside S2 = 0 (B) Outside S1 = 0 and Outside S2 = 0
(C) Inside S1 = 0 and Outside S2 = 0 (D) Outside S1 = 0 and inside S2 = 0

Ans. (D)

Sol. for S1
() ( )
12 + 22 − 4 1 + 6 2 − 3 > 0 ⇒ Outside
for S2
() ( )
12 + 22 + 4 1 − 6 2 − 3 < 0 ⇒ Inside

Q3 Find the minimum and maximum distance between two points one lying on
the circle x2+y2=144 and other lying on (x – 15)2 + (y – 20)2 = 1

Sol. C1(0, 0), r1 = 12

C2(15, 20), r2 = 1
Also C1C2 = 152 + 202 = 25 
Minimum distance = AB = C1C2 – r1 – r2 =
12 unit
Maximum distance = PQ = C1C2 + r1 + r2
= 38 unit

Q4 Find minimum and maximum distance between any point on circle

x2 + y2 = 25 and point (6, 8)

Sol. Minimum distance

AB = AC – r

⇒ AB = 62 + 82 − 5 = 5unit
Maximum distance AQ = AC + r
= 15 unit
Circle

18.
 Q5 If the variable line 3x – 4y +k = 0 lies between the circles x2 + y2 –2x – 2y +
1 = 0 and x2 + y2 – 16x – 2y + 61 = 0 without intersecting or touching either
circle, then the range of k is (a, b) where a, b∈ I. Find the value of (b – a).

Sol. For first circle

C1(1, 1), r1 = 1
for second circle
C2(8, 1), r2 = 2
Clearly p1 > r1
3 −  4 +  k
> 1⇒ k−1 >5
5

( ) ( )
k ∈ −∞, −4 ∪ 6, ∞ …(1)

p2 > r2

24 −  4  +  k
> 2 ⇒ 20 + k > 10
5

( ) ( )
k ∈ −∞, −30 ∪ −10, ∞ …(2)

also C1 and C2 lies opposite side of line

(3 – 4 + k) (24 – 4 + k) <0
(k – 1) (k + 20) < 0 ⇒ k ∈ (–20, 1) …(3)
(1) ∩ (2) ∩ (3)
⇒ k ∈ (–10, –4)
hence a = –10, b = –4
b – a = 10 – 4 = 6

Line and a Circle

Let L = 0 be a line and S = 0 be a circle. If ‘r’
is the radius of the circle and ‘p’ is the length
of perpendicular from the centre on the line,
then

Line and a Circle

(i) If p > r ⇒ line is neither secant nor tangent
and passes outside the circle.
(ii) If p = r ⇒ line is tangent to the circle.
(iii) If p < r ⇒ line is secant.
(iv) If p = 0 ⇒ line is a diameter.

II Method
Solve the line with the circle and if
(i) D > 0 ⇒ line is Secant.
(ii) D = 0 ⇒ line is Tangent.
Circle

(iii) D < 0 ⇒ line passes outside the circle.

19.
 Example:

Q1 For what value of ‘m’ the line 3x – my + 6 = 0 is tangent to the circle

x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y – 3 = 0.

Sol. Centre C(2, –3), radius = r = 4+9+3

 r = 4
Now p = r

⇒
( ) ( )
3 2  −  m −3  +  6
=4
9 +  m2

⇒ 12 +  3m = 4 9 +  m2

On squaring,
144 + 9m2 + 72m = 144 + 16m2
⇒ 7m2 – 72m = 0
72
⇒ m = 0 or m =
7

Q2 The sum of square of lengths of the chords intercepted on the circle x2 + y2 = 16,
by the lines, x + y = n, n ∈ N where N is the set of all natural numbers, is
(A) 320 (B) 160 (C) 105 (D) 210

Ans. (D)
Sol. Centre C(0, 0), radius r = 4
0 +  0 −  n n
p= ⇒p=
2 2

Length of chord = 2 r2 − p2  

n2
= 2 16 − = 64 − 2n2
2
where n can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
sum of squares of length of chords
5

∑ (64 − 2n )  
2
=
r=1

 5 ×  6 ×  11 

= 64 × 5 − 2   = 42 × 5 = 210
 6 
Circle

20.
 Q3 Find k if line 3x + 4y = k touch the circle x2 + y2 – 10x = 0.

Sol. centre C(5, 0), radius r = 5

p=r

() ( )
3 5  +  4 0  −  k
= 5 ⇒ 15 − k = 25
5

⇒ k = –10, 40

Q4 Find the equation of T = 0 to circle x2 + y2 = 4 and parallel to line x + 2y + 3 = 0

Sol. Let tangent be x + 2y + k = 0

centre C(0, 0), radius r = 2
p=r
0 +  0 +  k
= 2 ⇒ k = ±2 5
5

equation of tangent: x + 2y ± 2 5 = 0

Q5 Find radius of circle whose tangents are

6x + 8y + 26 = 0
3x + 4y – 17 = 0

Sol. Tangents are L1 : 3x + 4y + 13 = 0

L2 : 3x + 4y – 17 = 0
Now diameter = distance between L1 and L2

13 + 17
2r =
9 +  16
30
2r = ⇒ r = 3 
5
Circle

21.
 Note :
(i) Number of tangents from external point to
circle is 2.
(ii) Number of tangents from interior point to
circle is 0.
(iii) If point is on periphery then number of
tangent is 1.

Parametric Equation of a circle

x = x 1 + rcosθ and y = y 1 + rsinθ
(x1 , y1) → fixed centre,
r → fixed radius and
θ ∈ [0, 2π) is a parameter.

Note :
If θ is eliminated we get cartesian form of a
( ) ( )
2 2
circle i.e. x − x 1 + y − y 1 = r2  

Example :

Q1 Convert x2 + y2 – 6x + 4y – 3 = 0 in parametric form.

Sol. ( ) (
Centre 3, −2 ≡ x 1 , y 1 )
r = 9 + 4 + 3 ⇒ r = 4
parametric form
x = x 1 + rcosθ, y = y 1 + rsinθ 
x = 3 + 4cosθ, y = −2 + 4sinθ

Q2 If x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y – 4 = 0, find maximum and minimum value of 3x + 4y.

Sol. Centre C(1, 2), radius r = 3

Parametric form: x = 1 + 3 cosθ, y = 2 + 3sinθ
3x + 4y = 11 + (9cosθ + 12sinθ)

11 − 92 + 122 ≤ 3x + 4y ≤ 11 + 92 + 122  
Min. value = 11 – 15 = – 4
Max. value = 11 + 15 = 26
Circle

22.
 Q3 Find circumcentre of ∆ABC where co-ordinates of
 π π
A ≡  2 + cos , 3 + sin 
 3 3
B ≡ (2 + cos π, 3 + sin π)
 4π 4π 
C ≡  2 + cos , 3 + sin 
 3 3 

Sol. (
Clearly all three vertices are of the form x 1 + rcosθ, y 1 + rsinθ )
which lies on circle with centre
(x1 ,y1) ≡ (2, 3) which is circumcentre of ∆ABC.

Q4 If A(cosθ1, sinθ1); B(cosθ2, sinθ2) ; C(cosθ3, sinθ3) are the vertices of ∆ABC then,
find
(i) Centroid of ∆ABC

Sol.  cos θ1 + cos θ2 + cos θ3 sin θ1 + sin θ2 + sin θ3 

Centroid : G  , 
 3 3
 

(ii) Circumcentre of ∆ABC

Sol. A, B, C lies on circle x2 + y 2 = 1 

hence circumcentre is O(0, 0)

(iii) Orthocentre of ∆ABC

Sol. Let orthocentre be H(α, β)

α = 3a, β = 3b
hence orthocentre
H(cosθ1 + cosθ2 + cosθ3 , sinθ1 + sinθ2 + sinθ3)
Circle

23.
 Q5 Let PQ be diameter of the circle x2 + y2 = 9. If α and β are the lengths of the
perpendiculars from P and Q on the straight line x + y = 2 respectively, then
the maximum value of αβ is

Sol. Let P(3cosθ, 3sinθ)

also PQ is diameter and O(0, 0) is mid-point of PQ hence
Q(–3cosθ, –3sinθ)
3 cos θ + 3 sin θ − 2
Now α = …(1)
2
−3 cos θ − 3 sin θ − 2
β= …(2)
2
(3 cos θ + 3 sin θ)2 − 4 9(1 + sin 2θ) − 4
αβ = =
2 2

5 + 9 sin 2θ
αβ =
2
5 − 9 5 + 9 sin 2θ 5 + 9
≤ ≤
2 2 2
5 + 9 sin 2θ 5 + 9 sin 2θ
−2 ≤ ≤7⇒0≤ ≤7
2 2
αβmin = 0, αβmax = 7

Q5 Real number x, y satisfies x2 + y2 = 1. If the maximum and minimum value of

4 −  y
the expression z = are M and m respectively, then find the value
7 −  x
(2M + 6m)

Sol. Point on circle

Let x = cosθ, y = sinθ
4 − sin θ
Now z =
7 − cos θ
θ
2 tan
4− 2
θ
1 + tan2 2
z= 2 = 4t − 2t + 4  tan θ 
t = ∈ R
θ 8t 2 + 6  2 
1 − tan2
7− 2
θ
1 + tan2
Circle

2
24.
 2t 2  −  t +  2
z=  
4t 2  +  3

( 4z − 2) t2 + t + ( 3z − 2) = 0
D≥0
1 –4(4z – 2)(3z – 2) ≥ 0
1 – (48z2 – 56z + 16) ≥ 0
48z2 – 56z + 15 ≤ 0
48z2 – 36z – 20z + 15 ≤ 0
12z (4z – 3) – 5 (4z – 3) ≤ 0
(12z – 5) (4z – 3) ≤ 0
 5 3
⇒ z∈ , 
 12 4 
3 5
M= ,m=  
4 12
3 5
2M + 6m = + =4
2 2

Tangent :
Tangent is the limiting case of the secant as
the point B tends to A.

Normal :
Normal is the line perpendicular to the tangent
passing through the point of tangency. In
case of circle, normal always passes through
centre.

Equation of the tangent drawn to the circle in

the Various forms :
Cartesian Form :
Tangent drawn to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx +
2fy + c = 0 at its point (x1, y1) is xx1 + yy1 +
g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0
Circle

25.
 Proof :
Centre of circle C(–g, –f)
Tangent at point P(x1, y1) will be perpendicular
radius CP, hence
y +f
mcp = 1  
x1 + g
Slope of tangent at P
x +g
mT = −  1
 y + f 
 1 
x +g
(
Equation: y − y 1 = −  1
 )  x − x 1 ( )
 y1 + f 
( y − y 1 )( y 1 + f ) + ( x1 + g )( x − x1 ) = 0
yy 1 + fy − y 21 − fy 1 + xx 1 − x21 + gx − gx 1 = 0 

⇒ xx 1 + yy 1 + gx + fy = x21 + y 21 + gx 1 + fy 1 …(1)
Also P lies on circle hence
x21 + y 21 + 2gx 1 + 2fy 1 + c = 0

x21 + y 21 + gx 1 + fy 1 = −gx 1 − fy 1 − c …(2)

from (2) into (1)
Equation:  xx 1 + yy 1 + gx + fy = −gx 1 − fy 1 − c 

( ) ( )
xx 1 + yy 1 + g x + x 1 + f y + y 1 + c = 0 Hence proved.

Cartesian form of circle with centre origin

If circle is x2 + y2 = a2 then equation of
tangent is xx1 + yy1 = a2.

Example :

Q1 If equation of circle x2 + y2 = 25. Find equation of tangent at (3, 4)

Sol. Equation is
( ) ( )
x 3 + y 4 = 25 ⇒ 3x + 4y = 25
Circle

26.
Parametric form :
x 1 = rcosθ
 ,    0,  2π
y 1 = rsinθ 
)
Equation of tangent is
xcosθ + ysinθ = r

Proof :
Equation using Cartesian form
x(r cosθ) + y(r sinθ) = r2
⇒ x cosθ + y sinθ = r

Slope Form :
x2 + y 2 = a 2
Equation of the tangent is
y = mx ± a 1 + m2

Proof :
Let equation of tangent is y = mx + c
Now p = r

( )
m 0  −  0 +  c
= a ⇒ c = ±a 1 + m2
2
m  +  1

Equation: y = mx ± a 1 + m2 Hence proved.

Note :
For a unique value of m there will be 2
tangent which are parallel to each other.

Point of Tangency
Method-I
Step-1:

Write equation of normal {Perpendicular to
T = 0 and passing through (-g, -f)}
Step-2:
Intersection of N = 0, T = 0 is co-ordinate
of that point.
Method-II
Compare with point form.
Circle

27.
 Example :

Q1 Find point of tangency if equation of tangent is 3x + 4y = 50 to the circle

x2 + y2 – 6x–8y = 0

Sol.

Equation of Normal is
4x – 3y = λ
It passes through centre (3, 4) hence
4(3) – 3(4) = λ ⇒ λ = 0
Normal : 4x = 3y
Tangent : 3x + 4y = 50
 4x 
On solving, 3x + 4   = 50 ⇒ 25x = 150
 3 
x = 6, y = 8
Point of tangency : (6, 8)

Q2 A circle passes through the points (-1, 1), (0, 6) and (5, 5). Find the points on
this circle, the tangent at which are parallel to the straight line joining the
origin to its centre.

Sol. Let A(–1, 1), B(0, 6) and C(5, 5)

AB= 52 + 12 = 26  

BC= 52 + 12 = 26

AC= 62 + 42 = 52
∵ AC2 = AB2 + BC2 ⇒ ∆ ABC is right angled
∴ Circumcentre (mid-point of AC) is P(2, 3)
radius = r = PA = 32 + 22 = 13

( ) + ( y − 3)
2 2
equation : x − 2 = 13 …(1)

x2 + y 2 − 4x − 6y = 0
3
Slope of line joining O and P: mop =  
2

equation of normal: y − 3 = ( ) −32 ( x − 2) …(2)

4
by (1) and (2), ( x − 2 ) + ( x − 2 ) = 13
2 2

9
( x − 2) = 9 ⇒ x = 5, −1
2

y = 1,  5 
Circle

required points are (5, 1) and (–1, 5)

28.
 Q3 Find the equation of the tangents to the circle x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y – 4 = 0
which are
(i) Perpendicular to the line 3x – 4y + 7 = 0.

Sol. Centre (1, 2), radius r = 1 + 4 + 4 = 3

Let tangent is 4x + 3y + k = 0
Now p = r

() ( )
4 1  +  3 2  +  k
= 3 ⇒ 10 + k = 15
5

K = 5, –25
Equation: 4x + 3y + 5 = 0, 4x + 3y – 25 = 0.

(ii) Parallel to the line 3x – 4y + 7 = 0.

Sol. Let tangent be 3x − 4y + k = 0

now p = r

() ( )
3 1  −  4 2  +  k
=3
5

k − 5 = 15 ⇒ k = 20, −10

equation: 3x – 4y + 20 = 0, 3x – 4y – 10 = 0

Q4 Find the equation of the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = 4 drawn from the point
(2, 3).

Sol. Centre O(0, 0), radius r = 2

Let tangent be (y – 3) = m(x – 2)
mx – y + 3 – 2m = 0
Now P = r

( )
m 0  −  0 +  3 −  2m
=2
m2  +  1

3 − 2m = 2 m2 + 1
Circle

29.
 on squaring,
9 + 4m2 –12m = 4m2 + 4
5
⇒ m=
12
Clearly given point (2, 3) is outside the circle hence two tangents can be drawn
5
in which one tangent have slope and other must be parallel to y-axis
12
5
(
∴ equation : x= 2, y − 3 = ) 12
(
x−2 )

Q5 A circle touches the y-axis at the point (0, 4) and passes through the point (2,
0). Which of the following lines is not a tangent to this circle?
(A) 4x – 3y + 17 = 0 (B) 3x + 4y – 6 = 0
(C) 4x + 3y – 8 = 0 (D) 3x – 4y – 24 = 0

Ans: (C)

Sol. AC = r
⇒ AC2 = r2
(r – 2)2 + 42 = r2
r2– 4r + 4 + 16 = r2
4r = 20
r=5
equation of circle :
(x – 5)2 + (y – 4)2 = 52
centre C(5, 4), r = 5
Now check p = r for options
20 −  12 +  17
(A) p = = 5 = r 
5
15 +  16 −  6
(B) p = = 5 = r 
5
20 +  12 −  8 24
(C) p = = ≠ r ∵
5 5
15 −  16 −  24
(D) p = = 5 = r 
5
Circle

30.
 Q6 Find the equation of the tangent drawn to the circle x2 + y2 – 6x + 4y – 3 = 0
from the point (7, 4) lying outside the circle. Also find the point of contact.

Sol. Centre (3, –2), radius r = 9 + 4 + 3 = 4 

Circle S : (x – 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 16 …(1)
equation of tangent from slope from
( y + 2) = m ( x − 3)  ±  r 1 + m2

( y + 2) = m ( x − 3)  ±  4 1 + m2
Which passes through (7, 4) hence
6 = 4m ± 4 1 + m2  

( 3 − 2m)
2
(
= 4 1 + m2 )
9 − 12m + 4m2 = 4 + 4m2
5
⇒ m= and m = Not defined
12
5 13
equation y +  2 = ( 12
)
 x−3 ±
3
(
,  x = 7 )
but (–) sign tangent does not-satisfy point (7, 4)
5 13
Hence, equation T1 : y + 2 =
12
( x−3 +
3
) …(2) ( )
T2  :  x = 7 …(3)
for point of contact
for T1  :  5x − 12y + 13 = 0
N1  :  12x + 5y − 26 = 0
 95 22 
on solving point of contact is  , 
 13 13 
for T2  :  x = 7

( )
2
put in equation of circle 42 + y + 2 = 42 ⇒ y = −2
∴ point (7, –2)
Circle

31.
 Q7 Find shortest distance between line 3x + 4y = 25 and circle x2 + y2 – 6x + 8y = 0.

Sol. Centre C(3, –4), radius r = 9 + 16 = 5

p=
( ) ( )
3 3  +  4 −4  −  25
5

32
p=
5
Shortest Distance = AB = p – r
32 7
= − 5 =  unit
5 5

Q8 If equation of tangent line on circle x2 + y2 = 1 is y = x + 2 then find point of

contact.

Sol. Let point be P(x1 , y1) then tangent

xx1 + yy1 = 1 …(1)
Also given equation of tangent
x − y = −   2 …(2)
By comparing (1) and (2),
x1 y 1
= 1 =
1 −1 − 2
1 1
⇒ x1 = − , y1 =
2 2
 −1 1 
point is  , 
 2 2

Q9 Tangent is drawn from the point P(4, 0) to the circle x2 + y2 = 8 touches it at

the point A in the 1st quadrant. Find the co-ordinates of another point B on the
circle such that AB = 4.

Sol. OA = 2 2, OP = 4
⇒ AP = 2 2
π
hence ∠AOP =
4
Circle

32.
  π π 
hence A  2 2 cos , 2 2 sin   = A 2, 2
4 4 
( )

By diagram we can see
 3π 3π   3π 3π 
B  2 2 cos , 2 2 sin  or B  −2 2 cos , −2 2 sin 
 4 4   4 4 
⇒ B(–2, 2) or B(2, –2)

Q10 Find the locus of the middle points of portions of tangents to the circle
x2 + y2=a2 terminated by the co-ordinate axes.

Sol. Let mid-point be P(h, k) and equation of tangent is

x cos θ + y sin θ = a …(1)
 a   a 
which meets x-axis at A  , 0  , B  0, 
 cosθ   sinθ 
now P is mid-point of AB hence
a b
= h, = k 
2cosθ 2sinθ
2 2
 a   b  a2 b2
  +  = 1⇒ 2 + 2 = 4
 2h   2k  h k
a2 b2
Locus: + =4
x2 y2

Q11 Let RS be the diameter of the circle x2 + y2 = 1 where S is the point (1, 0). Let
P be a variable point (other than R and S) on the circle and tangents to the
circle at S and P meet at the point Q. The normal to the circle at P intersects
a line drawn through Q parallel to RS at point E. Then the locus of E passes
through the point(s)
1 1   1 1  1 −1   1 −1 
(A)  , (B)  ,  (C)   , (D)  , 
 3 3   3 3 
  4 2   4 2 

Ans. (AC)

Sol.
Let P (cosθ, sinθ)
equation of tangent at P:
xcosθ + ysinθ = 1 …(1)
equation of tangent at S(1, 0)
x = 1 …(2)
from (1) and (2)
Circle

33.
 1 −  cosθ
y=  
sinθ
θ
2sin2
=   2
θ θ
2sin  cos
2 2
 θ
hence Q  1, tan 
 2
equation of line from Q parallel to RS is
θ
y = tan …(3)
2
Normal at P has equation
( )
y = tanθ x …(4)
from (3) and (4)
θ
1 −  tan2
θ 2 
tanθ ⋅ x = tan ⇒ x =
2 2
 2 θ 
 1 −  tan θ 
hence E = 
2
2 , tan  ≡ h,k
2
( )

 
 
1 −  k2
h= ⇒ k2 + 2h = 1 
2
Locus : y 2 + 2x = 1

Note :
Point of intersection of the tangent drawn to
the circle x2 + y2 = a2 at the point
P(α) and Q(β) is
P(α) ≡ (a cos α, a sinα)
Q(β) ≡ (a cos β, a sin β)

 α  +  β   α  +  β 
a cos   a sin  
 2 ; k =  2  
h=
 α  −  β   α  −  β 
cos   cos  
 2   2 
Circle

34.
Proof :
tangent at P
T1  :  x cosα + y sinα = a …(1)
tangent at Q
T2  :  x cosβ + y sinβ = a  …(2)
Multiply (1) by sinβ and subtract (2) from it
after multiplying by sinα,
x sin(β – α) = a (sinβ – sinα)
on simplifying we get

 α  +  β 
acos  
x=  2  
 α −  β 
cos  
 2 
 α  +  β 
asin  
Similarly, y =  2 
 α  −  β 
cos  
 2 
Example :

Q1 Find the locus of the point of intersection of the pair of tangents drawn to a
circle x2 + y2 = a2 at P(α) and Q(β) where α − β = 120° .

 α   +  β 
a cos 
 2 
Sol. Clearly h =
(
cos ±60° )
 

 α +  β  h
⇒ acos  = …(1)
 2  2
 α  +  β 
asin  
Also k =  2 
cos ±60° ( )
 α   +  β  k
⇒ a sin  = …(2)
 2  2

(1)2 + (2)2⇒ a2 =
1 2
4
(
h + k2 )
locus : x2 + y2 = 4a2
Circle

35.
 Note :
Equation of a chord line joining two points α
and β on the x2 + y2 = a2 is
 α  +  β   α  +  β   α  −  β 
x cos   + y sin   = a cos  
 2   2   2 

Proof :
Equation: x cosθ + y sinθ = p 
α  +  β
where θ =  
2
and in ∆OMP,
p
cos(θ − α ) =
OP
β − α α −β
p = acos   or acos  
 2   2 

Example :

Q1 In a ∆ABC the equation of line BC is x – y = 0, O(2, 3), H(5, 8). Find equation of
circumcircle.

Sol. Image of orthocentre in any side of ∆ lies on the circumcircle of the ∆

Image of H(5, 8) in x – y = 0 is H′(8, 5)
which lies on circumcircle hence
radius r = OH' = 62 + 22 = 40  
( ) + ( y − 3)
2 2
equation x − 2 = 40

Length of Tangent and Power of a Point :

Length of the tangent from an external point
(x1, y1) to a given circle.

S = x2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is given as

L1 = x21 + y 21 + 2gx 1 + 2fy 1 + c = S1

Power of point = Square of length of tangent = S1
Circle

36.
Proof :

L 1 = CP2 − r2

L1 = ( x1 + g ) + ( y 1 + f )
2 2
(
− g 2 + f2 − C )
L1 = x21 + y 21 + 2gx 1 + 2fy 1 + c = S1 Hence proved.

Example :

Q1 Find length of tangent from (6, 8) to circle x2 + y2 = 25

Sol. Length of T = S1

= 62 + 82 − 25 = 5 3 unit

5-Important Deduction
(i) Area of Quad PAOB = rL
Proof :
Area of Quad PAOB
= ar ∆PAO + ar ∆PBO ( ) ( )
1 1
= rL + rL
2 2
= rL
rL3
(ii) Area of ∆PAB = 2
r + L2
Proof :
OP = r2 + L2
r
sin θ =
r + L2
2

L
cos θ =
r + L2
2

1
ar( ∆PAB) = AB·MP
2
1
  = (2AM)(L cos θ)
2
= (L sin θ) . (L cos θ)
Circle

37.
 rL3
  =
r2 + L2
(iii) Length of chord of contact
2rL
AB =
r2 + L2
Proof :
AB = 2AM
= 2Lsin θ
 r 
= 2L  
 2 2 
 r +L 
(iv) Angle 2θ between the pair of tangent
 2rL 
2θ = tan−1  2 2 
L − r 

Proof :
r
tanθ =
L
2tanθ
tan2θ =
1 − tan2 θ
r
2 
= L  =
2rL
2
r L − r2 2

1− 
L 
(v) Equation of the circle circumscribing the
∆PAB is
( x − x1 )( x + g ) + ( y − y 1 )( y + f ) = 0
Proof :
For circumcircle of ∆PAB
 ∠OAP = 90°
Hence OP will be diameter of the circle
Now equation is
( )( ) (
x − x1 x + g + y − y 1 y + f = 0 )( )
Circle

38.
Example :

Q1 Tangents PA and PB are drawn from P(4, 3) to circle x2 + y2 = 32. Find

(a) PA

Sol. PA = S1

  = 42 + 32 − 32 = 4
⇒ L = PA = 4

(b) Area of quadrilateral PAOB

Sol. Area = rL
= 3 × 4 = 12 sq. units.

(c) AB

2rL ( )( )
2 3 4
Sol. AB =
2
r +L 2
32 + 42
=

24
= sq. unit.
5

(d) area of ∆PAB

( )
3
rL3 3 4 192
Sol. (
ar ∆PAB = ) r +L2 2
=
9 + 16
=
25
sq. unit

(e) ∠APB

 2rL 
Sol. 2θ = tan−1  2 2 
L − r 

2 3 4
= tan−1 
( )( )  = tan−1  24 
 
 16 − 9
 ( )   7 
Circle

39.
 (f) equation of circumcircle of ∆PAB

Sol. endpoints of diameter are P(4, 3), O(0,0)

Equation: (x–4) (x–0) + (y–3) (y–0) = 0
x2 + y2 – 4x – 3y = 0

Q2 Find the length of the tangent from any point on the circle x2 + y2 = 25 to the
circle x2 + y2 = 16.

Sol. Let point on first circle be P(x1, y1)

hence x21 + y 21 = 25 …(1)

Length of tangent = S2

= x21 + y 21 − 16

= 25 − 16   =  3 unit

Alternative method :  = r12 − r22

 = 25 − 16 = 3 unit

Q3 Find the range of ‘p’ for which the power of a point P(2, 5) is negative w.r.t. a
circle x2 + y2 – 8x – 12y + p = 0 and the circle neither touches nor intersects
the co-ordinate axis.

Sol. Centre C(4, 6), radius r = 16 + 36 − p

r = 52 − p
∵ P point lies inside the circle
∵ S1 < 0
22 + 52 – 16 – 60 + p < 0
⇒ p < 47 ...(1)
also circle neither intersects nor touches co-ordinate axis hence
r<4
52 − p < 4 ⇒ 52 − p < 16
p > 36 ...(2)
by (1) ∩ (2),
36 < p < 47
Circle

40.
 Q4 Find the locus of a point, the tangents from which to the circle
4x2 + 4y2 – 9 = 0 and 9x2 + 9y2 – 16 = 0 are in the ratio 3 : 4.

Sol. Let the point be P(h, k)

Equations of circles:
9
S1 : x 2 + y 2 =
4
16
S2 : x2 + y 2 =
9
1 3
= ⇒  1 = 3α,  2 = 4α
2 4
In ∆PMO,
9
21 = OP2 − r12 = OP2 −
...(1)
4
In ∆PNO,
16
22 = OP2 − r22 = OP2 −
...(2)
9
Dividing (1) by (2),
9
OP2 −
9
4 =
16 16
OP2 −
9
16OP2 − 36 = 9OP2 − 16

20
7OP2 = 20 ⇒ h2 + k2 =

7
20
locus: x2 + y 2 =
7
Director Circle :
Locus of intersection of two mutually
perpendicular tangents.

( x − α ) + ( y − β)
2 2
= 2r2
Proof :
PACB is a square
PC = r 2

( )
2
(h − α ) + (k − β )
2 2
= r 2

( ) + ( y − β)
2 2
locus : x − α = 2r2
Circle

41.
 Example :

Q1 Find the range of ‘a’ such that the angle ‘θ’ between the pair of tangents
π
drawn from the point (a, 0) to the circle x2 + y2 = 4 satisfies <θ<π
2

π
Sol. for θ =
2
, P lies on director circle

⇒ OP = 2 2
also for θ = π
OP = 2
hence 2 < OP < 2 2
2< a <2 2

( ) (
⇒ a ∈ −2 2,   − 2 ∪ 2,  2 2 )

Chord in terms of Mid-Point

T = S1

Examples :

Q1 Find mid points of chord 2x – 5y + 18 = 0 of the circle x2 + y2 – 6x + 2y – 54 = 0

Sol. Centre C(3, –1)

Midpoint will be foot of perpendicular from
centre on chord hence,

x−3 y+1
= = −1 
( ) ( )
 2 3  −  5 −1  +  18 

2 −5  4 +  25 
x−3 y+1
= = −1 ⇒ x = 1, y = 4
2 −5
midpoint M(1, 4)
Circle

42.
 Q2 Locus of the middle point of the chords of the circles x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
which passes through a fixed point (a, b) lying outside the circle.

Sol. Let mid point be M(h, k)

equation of chord : T = S1
( ) ( )
xh + yk + g x + h + f y + k + c = h2 + k2 + 2gh + 2fk + c

Also this chord passes through (a, b) hence

ah + bk + g(a + h) + f(b + k) = h2 + k2 + 2gh + 2fy
locus : ax + by + ag + fb = x2 + y2 + gx + fy

Q3 Find the equation to the locus of the middle point of the chord of the circle
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 which subtends right angle at a given point (a, b).

Sol. for ∆AMN

P is circumcentre
⇒ AP = r
and CM2 = CP2 + MP2
R2 = CP2 + r2

( ) + (k + f ) + (h − a ) + (k − b )
2 2 2 2
g 2 + f2 − c = h + g
locus:
( ) + ( y + f ) + ( x − a ) + ( y − b)
2 2 2 2
g 2 + f2 − c = x + g

Q4 Tangents are drawn to a unit circle with centre at origin from every point on
the line 2x + y = 4. Prove that
(i) chord of contact passes through a fixed point

Sol. Circle S : x2 + y2 = 1
let point on given line P(h, k)
⇒ 2h + k = 4 ….(1)
equation of chord of contact w.r.t. P
xh + yk = 1 …..(2)
by (1) and (2)
x y 1  1 1

2
(
= = ⇒ x, y ≡  , 
1 4
)
2 4
 1 1
∴ chord of contact passes through fixed point  , 
2 4
Circle

43.
 (ii) Equation to the locus of middle point of chord of contact.

Sol.
Let mid point be P(h, k)
hence equation T = S1
xh + yk – 1 = h2 + k2 – 1
hx + ky = h2 + k2 ... (1)
from above result if it is chord of contact
from a point on given line then it passes
 1 1
through  ,  hence in (1)
2 4
h k
+ = h2 + k2
2 4
locus : 4x2 + 4y2 = 2x + y

Q5 Chord of contact of the tangent drawn from a point on the circle x2 + y2 = a2

to the circle x2 + y2 = b2 touches the circle x2 + y2 = c2. Prove that a, b, c are
in G.P.

Sol. OA = a
OB = b
OM = c
AB = a2 − b2 …(1)
in ∆OBM
BM = b2 − c2
Now area of ∆OAB
1 1
OA ⋅ BM = OB ⋅ AB
2 2
a b2 − c2 = b a2 − b2
( ) (
a2 b2 − c2 = b2 a2 − b2 )
⇒ a2c2 = b4
⇒ b2 = ac
⇒ a, b, c in G.P.
Circle

44.
 Q6 If the chord of contact of tangents drawn from P to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 sub-
tends a right angle at the centre, find the locus of P.

Sol. Let P(h,k) and chord of contact is AB

given ∠ACB = 90°
hence ACBP is square.
PC = a2 + a2 = 2a
PC2 = 2a2
h2 + k2 = 2a2
locus : x2 + y2 =2a2

Pair of Tangents :
SS1 = T2
where S ≡ x2 + y 2 − a 2
S1 ≡ x21 + y 21 − a2

T ≡ xx 1 + yy 1 − a2

Examples :

Q1 Show that the equation to the pair of tangents drawn from the origin to the
(
circle x2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is gx + fy )
2
( )
= c x2 + y 2 .

Sol. SS1 = T2
( x + y + 2gx + 2fy + c) (c) = {x (0) + y (0) + g ( x + 0) + f ( y + 0) + c)}
2 2 2

( x + y + 2gx + 2fy + c) c = {( gx + fy ) + c}
2
2 2

c ( x + y ) + 2gcx + 2fcy + c = ( gx + fy ) + c + 2c ( gx + fy )
2 2 2 2 2

c ( x + y ) = ( gx + fy ) Hence proved.
2 2 2

Circle

45.
 Q2 Tangents are drawn to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 from two points on the axis of x
equidistant from the point (α, 0). Show that the locus of their intersection is
αy 2 = a2 α − x . ( )

Sol.
Let point of intersection be P(h, k)
equation of pair of tangents from P
SS1 = T2

(x )( ) ( )
2
2
+ y 2 − a2 h2 + k2 − a2 = hx + ky − a2

for points A and B put y = 0

(x )( ) ( )
2
2
− a2 h2 + k2 − a2 = hx − a2

= h2 x2 + a4 − 2a2hx x1

(k 2
−a 2
)x 2
+ 2a hx − a h + k
2 2
( 2 2
) = 0 
x2
−2a2h
x 1 + x2 =
k2 − a2
∴ mid point of AB is (α, 0)
x 1 + x2
⇒ =α
2

−a2h
=α
k2 − a2
⇒ αk 2 = a 2 α − h ( )
Locus : αy2 = a2(α–x)
Hence proved.

Family of Circles :
Type–1 :
Equation of the family of circles which passes
through the points of intersection of two
circles.
S1 = 0 and S2 = 0 is S1 + λS2 = 0; λ ≠ –1
Circle

46.
 Example :

Q1 Find the equation of a circle which passes through the point of intersection of
S1 = 0 and S2 = 0
S1 ≡ x2 + y 2 − 4x + 6y − 3 = 0

S2 ≡ x2 + y 2 + 4x − 6y − 12 = 0
(i) Which passes through (0,0)

Sol. Let circle be S1 + λS2 = 0

(x 2
) ( )
+ y 2 − 4x + 6y − 3 + λ x2 + y 2 + 4x − 6y − 12 = 0 …(1)

on satisfying (0,0)
(−3) + λ (−12) = 0 ⇒ −41 = λ
Put l into (1)
(x 2 1 2
)
+ y 2 − 4x + 6y − 3 −
4
(
x + y 2 + 4x − 6y − 12 = 0 )
3x2 + 3y2 – 20x + 30y = 0

(ii) Centre lies on x-axis or centre lies on y-axis.

Sol. From (1)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 + λ x2 + 1 + λ y 2 + 4 λ − 1 x − 6 λ − 1 y − 3 1 + 4λ = 1 )
If centre lies on x-axis then
( )
−6 λ − 1 = 0 ⇒ λ = 1
equation: 2x2 + 2y2 – 15 = 0
15
x2 + y 2 = (same for centre on y-axis)
2

Type–2 :
Equation of the family of circles passes
through the point of intersection of circles
S=0 and a line L = 0 is given by S + λL = 0
Circle

47.
 Modifying Type-1 using Type-2

(
S1 + λ S2 − S1 = 0 )

Examples :

Q1 Find the equation of a circle drawn on the chord x cos α + y sin α = p of the
circle x2 + y2 = a2 as its diameter.

Sol. Equation of circles is

(x2 + y 2 − a2 ) + λ(x cos α + y sin α − p) = 0
x2 + y 2 + λ cos α ⋅ x + λ sin α ⋅ y − (λp + a2 ) = 0
∵ line L is diameter of this circle hence
centre lies on this line
 −λ −λ 
Centre :  cosα, sinα 
 2 2 
on satisfying the given line
 −λ   −λ 
 cos α  cos α +  sin α  sin α = p
 2   2 
λ
− (1) = p ⇒ λ = −2p
2
Equation : x2 + y 2 − 2pcosα ⋅ x − 2psinα ⋅ y + 2p2 − a2 = 0

Q2 Show that the equation x2 + y 2 − 2x + λy − 8 = 0 represents for different values

of λ, a system of circles passing through two fixed points A and B on the x-axis,
and also find the equation of that circle of the system the tangent to which at
A and B meet on the line x + 2y + 5 = 0.

Sol. Given equation of circle is (x 2

) ()
+ y 2 − 2x − 8 + λ y = 0

which is of the form S + λL = 0

S : x2 + y2 – 2x – 8 = 0
Circle

48.
 L:y=0
which always passes through point of intersection of S = 0 and L = 0
now intersection x2 + 02 – 2x – 8 = 0
(x – 4)(x + 2) = 0 ⇒x = –2, 4
points A(–2, 0) and B(4, 0)
Let P(x1, y1)
hence x1 + 2y1 + 5 = 0 ……(2)
now equation of chord of contact AB from P
λ
(
xx 1 + yy 1 − x + x 1 + ) 2
( )
y + y1 − 8 = 0

 
( x1 − 1) x +  y 1 + λ2  y − x1 + λ2 y 1 − 8 = 0
 
on comparing it with y = 0
λ
x 1 = 1,    x 1 − y +8=0
2 1
λ 18
9= y1 ⇒ y1 =
2 λ
in (2),
 18  −36
1 + 2  + 5 = 0 ⇒ 6 = ⇒ λ = −6
 λ  λ
2 2
equation of circle :  x + y − 2x − 6y − 8 = 0

Q3 Find the equation of a circle which passes through the point of contact of the
tangents drawn from the origin to the circle x2 + y2 –11x + 13y + 17 = 0.

Sol. Equation of chord of contact from origin

x + 0  y + 0
( )
L : x 0 + y 0 − 11 ( )  + 13   + 17 = 0
 2   2 

−11x 13y
L: + + 17 = 0
2 2
L : 11x – 13y –34 = 0
required family of circle is S + λL = 0

(x 2
) ( )
+ y 2 − 11x + 13y + 17 + λ 11x − 13y − 34 = 0
Circle

49.
 Type-3 :
Equation of the family of circles passes
through two given points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2)

Equation of circle passing through

(x1, y1), (x2, y2) in diametrical form :
S + λL = 0

(
S ≡ x − x1 )( x − x2 ) + ( y − y 1 )( y − y2 ) = 0
L ≡ line in two point form

Example :

Q1 Find equation of circumcircle of ∆ whose vertices are (1, 0), (2, 0), (3, 1)

Sol.
Let A(1, 0), B(2, 0), C(3,1)
Equation of circle passing through A and B
(x–1) (x–2) + y2 + λ (y) = 0
which also passes through C hence.
(3–1) (3–2) + 12 + λ (1) = 0 ⇒ λ =–3
Equation: (x–1) (x–2) + y2 – 3y = 0
x2 + y2 – 3x – 3y + 2 = 0

Type–4 (Point circle)

Equation of family of circles touching a line
L = 0 at its fixed point (x1, y1) is

( x − x1 ) + ( y − y 1 )
2 2
+ λL = 0

Examples :

Q1 Find the equation of a circle which touches the line 2x–y=4 at the point (1, –2)
and passes through (3, 4).

( ) + ( y + 2) ( )
2 2
Sol. Equation: x − 1 + λ 2x − y − 4 = 0

also it passes through (3, 4) hence

(
22 + 62 + λ 6 − 4 − 4 = 0)
Circle

50.
 2λ = 40 ⇒ λ = 20

( ) + ( y + 2) ( )
2 2
equation : x − 1 + 20 2x − y − 4 = 0

x2 + y 2 + 38x − 16y − 75 = 0

Q2 Find the equation of the circle which passes through the point (-1, 2) and
touches the circle x2 + y2– 8x + 6y = 0 at origin.

Sol. Equation of tangent at (0,0)

x(0) + y(0) –4(x+0) + 3(y+0) = 0
L : 4x – 3y = 0
Equation of required circle:
( )
x2 + y 2 + λ 4x − 3y = 0 …(1)
which passes through (–1, 2)
1
( )
1 + 4 + λ −4 − 6 = 0 ⇒ λ =
2
3
Equation : x2 + y 2 + 2x − y=0
2

Q3 Find equation of circles to which line 4x + 3y = 10 is a common tangent at

(1, 2) and radius of each circle is 5.

( ) + ( y − 2) + λ ( 4x + 3y − 10) = 0
2 2
Sol. Equation is x − 1

⇒ x2 + y 2 + ( 4λ − 2) x + ( 3λ − 4 ) y + ( 5 − 10λ ) = 0
radius r = 5
r2 = 25
2 2
 4λ − 2   3λ − 4 

2
 + (
 − 5 − 10λ = 25 )
   2 
25λ2
= 25 ⇒ λ = ±2
4
λ = 2 ⇒ x2 + y2 + 6x + 2y – 15 = 0
λ = –2 ⇒ x2 + y2– 10x – 10y + 25 = 0
Circle

51.
 Q4 The line 2x – 3y + 1 = 0 is tangent to a circle S = 0 at (1, 1). If the radius of the
circle is 13 . Find the equation of the circle S.

Sol. Equation is
( x − 1) + ( y − 1) + λ ( 2x − 3y + 1) = 0
2 2

⇒ x2 + y 2 + ( 2λ − 2 ) x − ( 2 + 3λ ) y + ( λ + 2 ) = 0

r= 13 ⇒ r2 = 13
2 2
 2λ − 2   2 + 3λ 
  + (
 − λ + 2 = 13 )
 2   2 
13λ2 = 13 × 4 ⇒ λ = ±2
λ = 2 ⇒ x2 + y 2 + 2x − 8y + 4 = 0
λ = −2 ⇒ x2 + y 2 − 6x + 4y = 0

Type–5 :
Equation of circle passing through points of
intersection of lines
 1 = 0,  2 = 0,  3 = 0
(circumcircle of the triangle thus formed) is
given by
 1  2 + λ 2  3 + µ 3  1 = 0

Note :
To find λ and µ
coefficient of x2 = coefficient of y2 and
coefficient of xy = 0

Type–6 :
Equation of a circle circumscribing a
quadrilateral whose sides in order are
represented the line
 1 = 0;  2 = 0;  3 = 0;   4 = 0  is given by
 1 3 + λ  2  4 = 0
Circle

52.
Note :
To find λ
coefficient of x2 = coefficient of y2 and
coefficient of xy = 0

Pole and Polar

If through a point P in the plane of the circle,
there be drawn any straight line to meet the
circle in Q and R, the locus of the point of
intersection of the tangents at Q and R is
called the polar of the point P and Q is called
the pole of the polar.

The equation to the polar of a point P(x1, y1)

w.r.t. the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is given by
xx1 + yy1 = a2 and if the circle is general then
the equation to the polar becomes
( ) ( )
xx 1 + yy 1 + g x + x 1 + f y + y 1 + c = 0

Note :
(i) 
The point (x1, y1) be on the circle then the
chord of contact, tangent and polar will be
represented by same equation.
(ii) Pole of a given line Ax + By + c = 0 w.r.t. any
 −Aa2 −Ba2 
circle x2 + y2 = a2 is  , 
 c c 

(iii) If the polar of a point P pass through a point
Q, then the polar of Q passes through P.

Examples :

Q1 Find the pole of a given line lx + my = n w.r.t. a circle x2 + y2 = a2.

Sol. Let Pole be (x1, y1) then polar

xx1 + yy1 = a2 ...(1)
also given equation of polar
lx + my = n ...(2)
comparison of (1) and (2)
x1 y a2  a2  a2m 


= 1 =
m n
( )
⇒ x1 , y 1 ≡ 
 n
, 
n 

Circle

53.
 Q2 Find the pole of the straight line 48x – 54y + 53 = 0 with respect to the circle
3x2 + 3y2 + 5x – 7y + 2 = 0.

 53 
Sol. A point on polar is A  0, 
 54 
now chord of contact w.r.t. A
 53  5 7 53 
( )
3x 0 + 3y  + (
x + 0 − y + ) +2=0
 54  2 2 54 
5 5 154
x− y− =0
2 9 108
270x – 60y – 154 = 0 ...(1)
 53 
another point on polar B  − , 0
 48 
equation of chord of contact
 −53  5 53  7
3x  ( )
 + 3y 0 +  x − − y+0 +2=0( )
 48  2 48  2
13 7 73
x+ y+ = 0 ⇒ 78x + 336y + 73 = 0 ...(2)
16 2 96
 1 −1 
On solving (1) and (2), pole:  , 
2 3 

Q3 Find the polar of the point (a, –b) with respect to the circle
x2 + y2 + 2ax – 2by + a2 – b2 = 0.

Sol. Polar is
x(a) + y(–b) + a(x + a) – b(y – b) + a2 – b2 = 0
2ax – 2by + 2a2 = 0
⇒ ax – by + a2 = 0

Q4 Prove that the polar of a given point with respect to any one of the circles
x2 + y2 –2kx + c2 = 0 where k is variable, always passes through a fixed point,
whatever be the value of k.

Sol. Let point be A(x1, y1)

( )
Equation of polar xx 1 + yy 1 − k x + x 1 + c2 = 0

(
xx + yy + c ) − k (x + x ) = 0
1
 
1
2
  1

L1 L2
Circle

which always passes through point of intersection of L1 and L2

54.
Conjugate Points
Two points P and Q are said to be conjugate
of each other w.r.t. the circle if polar of ‘P’
passes through ‘Q’ and vice-versa.

Conjugate Lines
Two lines  1 and  2 are conjugate of each
other if pole of one lies on other and vice-
versa.

Examples :

Q1 Find the value of ‘k’ for which the points (2, k) and (k, 3) are conjugate of each
other w.r.t. the circle x2 + y2 = 10.

Sol. Let P(2, k) and Q(k, 3)

polar of P : 2x + ky = 10
also Q lies on it
⇒ 2k + 3k = 10 ⇒ k = 2

Q2 Prove that if two lines at right angles are conjugate with respect to a circle,
one of them must pass through the centre.

Sol. Let circle be x2 + y2 = a2

let  1 : mx − y = c1
 2 : x + my = c2
for  1 , let pole P(x1, y1)
xx 1 + yy 1 = a2
mx – y = c1
x1 y a2  ma2 −a2 
= 1 = ⇒ P , 
m −1 c1  c c1 
 1

which lies on  2

ma2  −a2 
+ m  = c2 ⇒ c2 = 0
c1  c 
 1 
⇒  2 passes from centre (0, 0)
Circle

55.
 Common tangents
1. Direct common Tangent (DCT)
(External Common Tangent)
2. Transverse Common Tangent (TCT)
(Internal Common Tangent)

Direct Common Tangent

The centre of both the circles lie on the same
side of the tangent line.

Transverse Common Tangent

The centre of both the circles lie on the
opposite side of the tangent line.

Length of DCT/TCT

( )
2
Lext = d2 − r1 − r2

( )
2
Lint = d2 − r1 + r2

Equation of DCT/TCT Position of circles

(And Number of Common Tangents)
(1) If two circles are separated
then d > r1 + r2
2D  CT
4 common tangents = 
2 TCT

(2) If 2 circles touch externally

then d = r1 + r2
2D   CT
3 common tangents = 
 1 TCT
Circle

56.
(3) If 2 circles touches internally
then d = r1 − r2
One common tangent (DCT)

(4) If 2 circles intersect each other

then r1 − r2 < d < r1 + r2
Two common tangents (2 DCT)

(5) If one circle lies completely inside of another

circle then  d < r1 − r2
No common tangent.

Examples :

( ) + ( y − 3)
2 2
Q1 Find the range of ‘r’ so that the circles x − 1 = r2 and

( x − 4 ) + ( y − 1)
2 2
= 9 intersects at 2 distinct points.

Sol. ( )
C1 1,  3 , r1 = |r|

C2(4,1), r2 = 3
d = C1C2 = 9 + 4 = 13

r1 − r2 < d < r1 + r2

r −3 < 13 < r + 3

⇒ − 13 < r − 3 < 13 ⇒ 3 − 13 < r < 3 + 13

Circle

57.
 (
− 3 + 13 < r < 3 + 13 …(1) ) ( )
⇒ 13 < r + 3 ⇒ r > 13 − 3

r ∈ −∞, 3 − 13 ∪ ( ) ( )
13 − 3, ∞ …(2)

(1) ∩ (2)
((
r ∈ − 3 + 13 , 3 − 13 ∪ ) ) ( 13 − 3, 3 + 13 )
Q2 A circle is given by x2 + (y–1)2 = 1, another circle C touches it externally and
also the x-axis, then the locus of its centre is
(A) {( x, y )  : x 2
} {( x, y ) : y ≤ 0}
= 4y ∪ (B) {( )
x, y  : x2 + y – 1 ( )
2
}
=4 ∪{( x, y ) : y ≤ 0}
(C) {( x, y )  : x 2
= y} ∪ {( 0, y ) : y ≤ 0} (D) {( x, y )  : x 2
= 4y} ∪ {( 0, y ) : y ≤ 0}

Sol.
(D)
C1(0, 1), r1 = 1
Let C2(x, y), r2 = |y|
Now circles touch externally then
C1C2 = r1 + r2

( )
2
x2 + y − 1 = 1+ y

on squaring
x2 + y 2 − 2y + 1 = 1 + y 2 + 2 y

x2 − 2y = 2 y

for y > 0 ⇒ x2 = 4y
for y ≤ 0 ⇒ x2 – 2y = –2y ⇒ x = 0

( ) + ( y − 3)
2 2
Q3 Find common tangent to the circles x2 + y2 = 1 and x − 1 = 4.

Sol. C1 (0, 0) r1 = 1
C2 (1, 3) r2 = 2

C1C2 = 1+9 = 10 > r1 + r2

circles are separated ⇒ 4 common tangents
TCT :
∆C1MP  ∆C2NP
Circle

58.
 ∴ C1P : C2P = r1 : r2 = 1 : 2
 1 3 1 
P  ,  ≡ P  , 1
3 3 3 
Let tangent
 1
( )
y − 1 = mx − 
3

m
⇒ mx − y + 1 − = 0 ...(1)
3
now p = r1
m
1− 2

3 = 1 ⇒  1 − m  = m2 + 1
 
m2 + 1  3

m2 2m 8 −2m
1+ − = m2 + 1 ⇒ m2 =
9 3 9 3
−3
m = 0,m =
4
in (1), m = 0 ⇒ y = 1
−3 −3 1
m= ⇒ x − y + 1+ = 0
4 4 4
3x +4y = 5
DCT:
∆C1MQ ∼ ∆C1NQ
Q divides C1C2 in r1 : r2 externally
Q(–1, –3)
Let tangent be
( ) ( )
y + 3 = m x + 1 ⇒ mx − y + m − 3 = 0 …(2)
now p = r1
m−3
( )
2
= 1⇒ m−3 = m2 + 1
2
m +1
m2 – 6m + 9 = m2 + 1
4
⇒ m = ,    m = N.D.
3
equation (from 2)
4 4 4
for m = ⇒ x − y + − 3 = 0
3 3 3
4x – 3y – 5 = 0
for m = N.D. ⇒ x = –1
Circle

59.
 Radical Axis
Radical axis of 2 circles is the locus of a point
whose powers w.r.t. the two circles are equal.
The equation of radical axis of two circles
S1 = 0 and S2 = 0 is given by S1 – S2 = 0

Note :
(a) 
If two circles intersect, then the radical axis
is the common chord of the two circles.
(b) 
If two circles touch each other then the
radical axis is the common tangent of the
two circles at the common point of contact.
(c) 
Radical axis is always perpendicular to the
line joining the centres of the two circles.
(d) 
Radical axis need not always pass through
the mid point of the line joining the centres
of the two circles.
(e) 
Radical axis bisects a common tangent
between the two circles.
(f) 
If one circle is contained in another circle
when radical axis passes outside to both the
circles.
(g) 
Concentric circles do not have radical axis.
Circle

60.
 Examples :

Q1 Show that the equation of a straight line meeting the circle x2 + y2 = a2 in 2

points at equal distance ‘d’ from the point (x1, y1) on its circumference is
d2
xx 1 + yy 1 − a2 + =0
2

Sol. S1 : x 2 + y 2 = a 2

( ) + ( y − y1 )
2 2
S2 : x − x 1 = d2
Equation of line: S1 – S2 = 0
2xx 1 − x21 + 2yy 1 − y 21 = a2 − d2

(
2xx 1 + 2yy 1 = x21 + y 21 + a2 − d2)
2xx 1 + 2yy 1 = 2a2 − d2 ( x 2
1
+ y 21 = a2 )
d2
⇒ xx 1 + yy 1 − a2 + =0
2

Q2 Prove that the circle x2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 will bisect circumference of the
( ) (
circle x2 + y 2 + 2g'x + 2f'y + c' = 0 if 2g' g − g' + 2f' f − f' = c − c' )
Sol. Common chord of S1 = 0 and S2 = 0 will
be diameter of S2 = 0
Common chord, S1 – S2 = 0
( ) ( )
2 g − g' x + 2 f − f' y + c − c' = 0

(
Now put centre C2 −g', −f' in it )
2g' ( g − g' ) + 2f' ( f − f' ) = c − c'

Q3 Tangents are drawn to the circle x2 + y2 = 12 at the points where it is met by

the circle x2 + y2 –5x + 3y – 2 = 0. Find the point of intersection of tangents.

Sol. Let P(x1, y1)

AB is chord of contact from P on S1
Hence equation
xx 1 + yy 1 = 12 …(1)
Also AB is common chord
hence equation S1 − S2 = 0
Circle

61.
 5x – 3y = 10 …(2)
by (1) and (2)
x1 y 12  18 
= 1 = ⇒ P  6, − 
5 −3 10  5 

Q4 Find the equation of a circle which bisects the circumference of the circles
x2 + y2 = 1, x2 + y2 + 2x = 3 and x2 + y2 + 2y = 3.

Sol.
Let the circle is
S : x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
S and S1 have common chord as diameter of S1
⇒ S – S1 = 0
2gx + 2fy + c + 1 = 0
on satisfying, C1(0, 0) ⇒ c = –1 …(1)
S and S2 have common chord as diameter of S2
⇒ S – S2 = 0
2gx – 2x + 2fy + c + 3 = 0
( )
on satisfying C2 −1,  0 ⇒ –2g + 2 + 2 = 0
g = 2 …(2)
S and S3 have common chord as diameter of S3
⇒ S − S3 = 0
2gx + 2fy – 2y + c + 3 = 0
on satisfying, C1(0, –1) ⇒ –2f + 2 + 2 = 0
f = 2 …(3)
equation of circle
S : x2 + y2 + 4x + 4y – 1 = 0

Q5 Find the locus of the centre of circles which bisect the circumference of the
circles x2 + y2 = 4 and x2 + y2 – 2x + 6y + 1 = 0

Sol. Let centre be C(h, k)

equation S ≡ x2 + y 2 − 2hx − 2ky + c = 0
S – S1 = 0 ⇒ –2hx – 2ky + c + 4 = 0
it is diameter of S1 = 0 hence
c + 4 = 0 ⇒ c = −4
S – S2 = 0 ⇒ 2x – 2hx – 6y – 2ky + c – 1 = 0
it is diameter of S2 = 0 hence
2 – 2h + 18 + 6k – 5 = 0
2h – 6k = 15
locus : 2x – 6y = 15
Circle

62.
 Q6 Find the equation of the circle which bisects the circumference of the circle
x2 + y2 + 2y – 3 = 0 and touches the line x – y = 0 at origin.

Sol. Equation of circle is S + λL = 0

( )
S1 : x 2 + y 2 + λ x − y = 0
Also given circle S2 : x2 + y2 + 2y – 3 = 0
S1 – S2 = 0 ⇒ λx − λy − 2y + 3 = 0
which is diameter of S2 = 0 hence
( ) ( ) ( )
λ 0 − λ −1 − 2 −1 + 3 = 0
λ=–5
Equation : x2 + y2 –5x + 5y = 0

Radical centre :
Point of intersection of the radical axis of
3 circles taken 2 at a time is called Radical
Centre.

Note :
(i) Radical axis taken 2 at a time will be concurred
at a point.

(ii) Radical centre of three circles described on

sides of a ∆ as diameter is orthocentre of the
∆.

Coaxial system of circles :

Definition

A system of circles, every 2 of

which have the same radical
axis, is called coaxial system of
circles.
Circle

63.
 Examples :

Q1 Find the equation of the circle passes through (1, 1) belonging to the system of
coaxial circles which touches x2 + y2 = 8 at (2, 2).

Sol.

Equation of tangent of given circle at (2, 2) is
2x + 2y = 8 ⇒ x + y = 4
Now circle touching this line at (2, 2) is
( x − 2) + ( y − 2) ( )
2 2
+λ x+y−4 =0
on satisfying this by point (1, 1)
1 + 1 + λ(–2) = 0 ⇒ λ = 1
( ) + ( y − 2) + ( x + y − 4 ) = 0
2 2
circle : x − 2

x2 + y 2 − 3x − 3y + 4 = 0

Q2 From a point P tangents drawn to the circles

x2 + y 2 + x − 3 = 0
3x2 + 3y 2 − 5x + 3y = 0
and 4x2 + 4y 2 + 8x + 7y + 9 = 0
are of equal length. Find the equation of the circle which passes through P
and which touches the line x + y = 5 at (6, –1).

Sol. P will be radical centre hence

S1 : x 2 + y 2 + x − 3 = 0
5
S2 : x2 + y 2 − x+y =0
3
7 9
S3 : x2 + y 2 + 2x + y+ =0
4 4
Now radical axis
8
S1 − S2 = 0 ⇒ x − y − 3 = 0
3
8x − 3y = 9 ...(1)
7 9
S1 − S3 = 0 ⇒ −x − y − 3 − =  0
4 4
4x + 7y + 21 = 0 …(2)
Circle

64.
 (2) × 2 – (1) ⇒ 17y + 51 ⇒ y = –3, x = 0 ⇒ P(0, –3)
equation of required circle:
( x − 6) + ( y + 1) ( )
2 2
+λ x+ y−5 = 0

which passes through P(0, –3)

⇒ 36 + 4 + λ(–8) = 0 ⇒ λ = 5
equation : x2 + y2 – 7x + 7y + 12 = 0

Orthogonality of two circles :

Two curves are said to be orthogonal if angle
between them is 90° at point of intersection.

Angle between two curves :

Angle between two curves is the angle between
the tangents at the point of intersection.

Note :
Line is tangent to itself.

Condition of orthogonality of two circles :

2g 1 g 2 + 2f1 f2 = C1 + C2

Proof:
Let circles
S1 : x2 + y 2 + 2g 1 x + 2f1 y + C1 = 0

S2 : x2 + y 2 + 2g 2 x + 2f2 y + C2 = 0

Now r12 + r22 = (C1C2 )

2

(g 2
1 ) ( ) (
+ f12 − c1 + g 22 + f22 − c2 = g 1 − g 2 ) + ( f1 − f2 )
2 2

⇒ 2g 1 g 2 + 2f1 f2 = C1 + C2
Circle

65.
 Examples :

Q1 If a circle intersects the circle x2 + y2 + 2x + 4y + 1 = 0 and lines x = 0, y = 0

orthogonally. Find the equation of circle.

Sol. Let circle be

S1 : x2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Now S1 and given circle S2 are orthogonal hence
2g(1) + 2f(2) = c + 1
2g + 4f = c + 1 ….(1)
Now S1 = 0 is orthogonal to x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 is diameter
S1 = 0 is orthogonal to y = 0 ⇒ y = 0 is diameter
⇒ centre: (0, 0)
hence g = f = 0
then c = –1
equation : x2 + y2 = 1

Q2 Find the equation of the circle which passes through the origin, meets the
x-axis orthogonally and cuts the circle x2 + y2 = a2 at an angle of 45°.
Sol. Clearly x-axis is a diameter
Let circle
( )
2
S: x−α + y 2 = α2

a2 + α2 − α2
±cos45° =
2aα
1 a2 a
± = ⇒α=±
2 2aα 2
equation : x2 + y2 – 2αx = 0
x2 + y 2 ± 2ax = 0

Q3 Prove that locus of the centre of a variable circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

which cuts the 2 given circles x2 + y2 + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2g2x +
2f2y + c2 = 0 orthogonally is the radical axis of 2 given circles.

Sol. First and second circle are orthogonal, hence

2gg 1 + 2ff1 = c + c1 …(1)
Also first and third circle are orthogonal hence
2gg 2 + 2ff2 = c + c2 ...(2)
Circle

66.
 Subtracting (2)from (1)
( ) ( )
2g g 1 − g 2 + 2f f1 − f2 = c1 − c2
for locus put g = –x, f = –y
⇒ –2x (g1 –g2) –2y(f1–f2) = c1–c2
( ) ( )
⇒ 2x g 1 − g 2 + 2y f1 − f2 + c1 − c2 = 0
which is radical axis of circles.

Q4 If the circles S1 : x2 + y 2 + 2x + 2ky + 6 = 0

and S2 : x2 + y 2 + 2kx + k = 0
intersects orthogonally then find k

Sol. 2g 1g 2 + 2f1f2 = c1 + c2
⇒ 2(k) + 2k(0) = 6 + k
⇒ k=6

Q5 Show that the locus of the centres of a circle which cuts two given circles or-
thogonally is a straight line and hence deduce the locus of the centres of the
circles which cut the circles x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y + 9 = 0 and x2 + y2 – 5x + 4y + 2=0
orthogonally. Interpret the locus.

Sol.
Clearly locus of centre will be radical axis of the two circles which we have
proved earlier.
For two given circles, locus of the centre of orthogonal circle is
S1 – S2 = 0
⇒ 9x – 10y + 7 = 0

Circle

67.