Quadratic Equations

Quadratic Polynomial:
y = ax2 + bx + c; a ≠ 0
a = leading coefficient
b = coefficient of linear term
c = absolute term
y = f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
In case

a = 0, b ≠ 0 ⇒ y = bx + c is linear polynomial
a = c = 0, b ≠ 0 ⇒ y = bx is odd linear polynomial

Cubic Polynomial:
y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d; a ≠ 0
a = leading coefficient
d = absolute term
ax2 + bx + c = 0
Roots of quadratic equation: b
Sum of roots = −
y = ax2 + bx + c = 0 a
−b ± b2 − 4ac c
x= Product of roots =
2a a
Where D = b2 – 4ac is called discriminant. D = b2 – 4ac

Different graphs of Quadratic Expression

(i) Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c; (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R)
when a > 0, D < 0

a > 0 ⇒ Mouth facing upward x

D < 0 ⇒ Parabola neither touch nor cut
y
x– axis (no real root)
y > 0, ∀ x ∈ R Parabola

Q. Plot y = x2 + 2x + 2
2
Sol y = x2 + 2x + 2 = (x + 1)2 + 1
D = 22 – 8 = –4 < 0 -1 0 x
For x = –1, y is minimum
Quadratic Equations

x 0 1 2 3 4 –1 –2 –3 –4 –5 ∞ -∞

y 2 5 10 17 26 1 2 5 10 17 ∞ ∞

1.
 (ii) Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c; (a 0, a, b, c, ∈ R) when a > 0, D = 0

a > 0 ⇒ Mouth facing upward,

D = 0 ⇒ Parabola touches the x–axis (one real root)

x
y = 0 for only one value of x (root)
y > 0, x R – {root} y
a>0
Q. Plot y = x2 – 4x + 4 D=0
Sol. y = x2 – 4x + 4 = (x–2)2

(0,4)
D = 0 ⇒ y ≥ 0, x ∈ R
Leading coefficient > 0

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 –1 –2 ∞ -∞
x
y 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 9 16 ∞ ∞ (2,0)

(iii) Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c; (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R)

when a > 0 and D > 0

a > 0 ⇒ Mouth facing upward parabola.

D > 0 ⇒ Parabola cuts the x–axis at 2 x
distinct points (two distinct real roots)

Q. Plot y = x2 – 3x + 2 y
Sol. D = 32 – 4(2) = 1 > 0

x 0 1 2 3 4 3/2 ∞ –∞
a>0
y 2 0 0 2 6 – 1/4 ∞ ∞

y > 0 ⇒ x ∈ (– ∞ , 1) ∪ (2, ∞ ) 2
x
y < 0 ⇒ x ∈ (1, 2) O 1 2

y = 0 ⇒ x ∈ {1, 2}
(iv) Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c; (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R) x
Quadratic Equations

when a < 0 and D < 0

a < 0 ⇒ Mouth facing downward

D < 0 ⇒ No real root
y < 0, ∀ x ∈ R

2.
Q. Plot y = –x2 – 2x – 2 y
Sol. y = – (x + 1)2 – 1 –1
x
D<0

-1
Leading coefficient < 0

x 0 1 2 3 –1 –2 –3 ∞ –∞

y –2 –5 –10 –17 –1 –2 –5 –∞ –∞ •-2

(v) Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c; (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R)

when a < 0 and D = 0 x

a < 0 ⇒ Mouth facing downward

D = 0 ⇒ Equal roots, i.e., parabola touches x–axis
y ≤ 0, ∀ x ∈ R
y
Q. Plot y = – x2 + 4x – 4
Sol. 2
= – (x – 2)2 x
0
D=0
Leading coefficient < 0

x 0 1 2 3 4 –1 ∞ –∞ -4

y –4 –1 0 –1 –4 –9 –∞ –∞

(vi) Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c; (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R)

when a < 0 and D > 0

a < 0 ⇒ Mouth facing downward x

D > 0 ⇒ Two distinct real roots parabola

cuts x– axis at two distinct points
Quadratic Equations

3.
 Q. Plot y = –x2 + 3x – 2 y
Sol. y = – (x – 1) (x – 2)
D>0

Leading coefficient < 0 0 1 2 x

x 0 1 2 3 4 –1 –2 ∞ –∞
-2

y –2 0 0 –2 –6 –6 –12 –∞ –∞

Co–ordinate of vertex: y = ax2 + bx + c (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R)

y

b
x  =  −
2a

D
y  =  −
4a

0 x
 −b• −D 
P , 
 2a 4a 
Nature of roots
y = ax2 + bx + c, (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R)

D>0 ⇔ roots are real and distinct (unequal)

D=0 ⇔ roots are real and coincident (equal)

D<0 ⇔ roots are imaginary

If p + iq is one root of a quadratic equation then the other root must be

the conjugate p –iq and vice versa (p, q ∈ R and i = −1 ) provided
coefficients are real.
Quadratic Equations

4.
 Nature of roots
Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c ∈ Q and
a ≠ 0 then

y If D is perfect square, then roots are rational.

y If α = p + q is one root in this case (where p is rational and q is a surd)
then other root will be p − q .

Examples:
Q. Both the roots of the equation (x – b) (x – c) + (x – c) (x – a) + (x – a)
(x – b) = 0 are always
(A) Positive     (B) Negative     (C) Real    (D) None of these
Ans. C
Sol. Given equation is
3x2 – 2 (a+ b+ c)x + (ab + bc + ca) = 0
Now D = 4 (a + b + c)2–4 × 3 (ab + bc + ca)
= 2 {(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2}
Clearly, D ≥ 0 ⇒ both roots are always real.
Q. The number of real solutions of the equation |x|2 – 3|x| + 2 = 0 is:
(A) 4  (B) 1  (C) 3    (D) 2
Ans. A
Sol. Let |x| = t
∴ given equation is t2 – 3t + 2 = 0
(t – 1) (t – 2) = 0
t = 1, t=2
|x| = 1, |x| = 2
x = ± 1 , x=±2
Q. Let f(x) be a quadratic expression which is positive for all real values of x.
If g(x) = f(x) + f’(x) + f”(x) then for any real x :
(A) g(x) < 0    (B) g(x) > 0    (C) g(x) = 0    (D) g(x) ≥  0

Ans. B
Sol. Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R)
Also, f(x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ a > 0 and D < 0
Hence b2 – 4ac < 0 …(i)
Now g(x) = (ax2 + bx + c) + (2ax + b) + 2a = ax2 + (b + 2a)x + (b + c + 2a)
D = (b + 2a)2 – 4a (b + c + 2a)
= b2 + 4a2 + 4ab – 4ab – 4ac – 8a2
= b2 – 4a2 – 4ac
Quadratic Equations

= (b2 – 4ac) – 4a2 < 0 {from (i)}

Hence for g(x); D < 0, a > 0
⇒ g(x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R

5.
 Q. Let α , β be the roots of the equation (x – a) (x – b) = c, c ≠ 0. Then the
roots of the equation (x – α ) (x – β) + c = 0 are
(A) a, c     (B) b, c     (C) a, b     (D) a + c, b + c
Ans. C
Sol. As α, β are roots of equation (x – a) (x – b) – c =0
hence (x – a) (x – b) – c = (x – α) (x – β)
⇒ (x – a) (x – b) = (x – α) (x – β) + c
Clearly, roots of equation (x – α) (x – β) + c = 0 are a, b

True/False
Q. If a < b < c < d then the roots of the equation (x – a) (x – c) + 2(x – b)
(x – d) = 0 are real and distinct
Ans. True
Sol. Let f(x) = (x – a) (x – c) + 2(x – b) (x – d) f(x)
Now f(a) = 2(a – b) (a – d) > 0
f(b) = (b – a) (b – c) < 0 b c d
f(c) = 2(c – b) (c – d) < 0 a x
f(d) = (d – a) (d – c) > 0
Also, graph of f(x) is upward parabola.
Clearly, both roots of f(x) = 0 are real and distinct.
Q. T he number of points of intersection of two curves y = 2sinx and y =
5x2 + 2x + 3 is
(A) 0 (B) 1      (C) 2      (D) ∞
Ans. A
Sol. y = 5x2 + 2x + 3
D = 22 – 4(5) (3) = – 56 < 0
a = 5 > 0 ⇒ y > 0 ∀ x ∈R
 −b −D   −1 14 
Vertex  , = , 
 2a 4a   5 5 
14
Clearly, y = 5x2 + 2x + 3 ≥ and y = 2sinx ≤ 2
5
Hence, both curves do not intersect at any point.
Q. For all x; x2 + 2ax + 10 – 3a > 0 then interval in which a lies is:
(A) a < – 5     (B) – 5 < a < 2     (C) a > 5     (D) 2 < a < 5
Ans. B
Sol. D < 0
(2a)2 – 4 (10 – 3a) < 0
4(a2 – 10 + 3a) < 0
Quadratic Equations

a2 + 5a – 2a – 10 < 0
a(a + 5) – 2(a + 5) < 0
(a – 2) (a + 5) < 0
⇒ a ∈ (–5, 2)

6.
Q. If b > a then the equation (x – a) (x– b) – 1 = 0 has
(A) Both roots in (a, b) (B) Both roots in (– ∞ , a)
(C) both roots in (b, ∞ ) (D) one root in (– ∞ ,a) and the other in (b, ∞ )
Ans. D
Sol. Let f(x) = (x – a) (x – b) – 1
Now f(a) = – 1
f(b) = –1 x
a b
As f(x) is a upward parabola
Clearly, f(x) = 0 have one root in (–∞, a) and
other in (b, ∞ )

Q. If a, b, c ∈ odd integers then prove that ax2 + bx + c = 0 can’t have

rational roots.
Sol. Let D = b2 – 4ac = m2 (m ∈ odd integer)
⇒ b2 – m2 = 4ac
⇒ (2k2 +1)2 – (2k+1)2 = 4ac
⇒ (2k2 + 2k + 2) (2k2 – 2k) = 4ac
⇒ 4 (k2 + k + 1) (k2 – k) = 4ac
Clearly, LHS is multiple of 8 while RHS is not a multiple of 8
hence, D cannot be m2, so roots cannot be rational.
Q. Prove that x8 – 24x7 – 18x5 + 39x2 + 1155 = 0 doesn’t have integral roots.
Sol. (x8 + 39x2) – 6(4x7 + 3x5) +1155 = 0 …(i)
For x ∈ I
x8 + 39x2 ⇒ even
6(4x7 + 3x5) ⇒ even
∴ equation (i) cannot be true.

Q. If the equation sin4x – (K+2) sin2x – (K+3) = 0 has a solution then K
must lie in the interval
(A) (–4, –2)    (B) [–3, 2)    (C) (–4, –3)    (D) [–3, –2]
Ans. D
2
(K + 2) ± (K + 2) + 4 (K + 3 )
Sol. sin2x =  
2
(K + 2) ± (K2 + 8K + 16

=
2
(K + 2) ± (K + 4)

=
Quadratic Equations

2

K + 3, – 1
Clearly sin2x ≠ – 1 hence the equation to have a solution sin2x = K + 3
0 ≤ K + 3 ≤ 1
– 3 ≤ K ≤  – 2

7.
 Q. If a, b ∈ R, a ≠ 0 and the quadratic equation ax2 – bx + 1 = 0 has
imaginary roots then a + b+ 1 is
(A) Positive (B) Negative
(C) zero (D) Depends on sign of b
Ans. A
Sol. ∵ roots are imaginary of given equation.
∴ D < 0 ⇒ b2 – 4a < 0
f(x)
Now let f(x) = ax2 – bx + 1 for which D < 0, f(0) = 1 > 0
Hence graph of f(x) is
⇒ f(x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ R
∴ f(– 1) > 0
a+b+1>0 (x
)
Multiple Objective Type
Q. The graph of the quadratic polynomial; y = ax2 + bx + c is as shown in
the figure then:
(A) b2 – 4ac > 0     (B) b < 0     (C) a > 0      (D) c < 0
Ans. ABCD
Sol.  Graph cuts x –axis at two distinct point y
∴ D > 0 ⇒ b2 – 4ac > 0
Graph is upward parabola
⇒ a>0
Graph cuts negative y– axis
⇒ f(0) = c < 0
Also, vertex lies in IV quadrant
−b
⇒ >0
2a x

b
⇒ < 0
2a
⇒ b<0

Relation between roots and coefficient of QE

ax2 + bx + c = 0; a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R
⇒ ax2 + bx + c = a (x– α ) (x– β ) = 0
−b c
⇒ α + β = and αβ =
a a
Quadratic Equations

b c
x2 +   x +   = (x – α ) (x – β )
a a

8.
Formation of QE
x2– (sum of roots)x + (product of roots) = 0
Q. F orm a quadratic equation with rational coefficients whose one root is
tan75°
Sol.  one root α = tan 75° = 2 + 3
∴ other root β = 2 – 3 as coefficients are rational.

( 3)
2
Now α + β = 4, αβ = 22 − = 1 required equation is
x – ( α  + β ) x + αβ = 0
2

x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
Q. F orm a quadratic equation with rational coefficients whose one root is
cos 36°

Sol.  one root α = cos 36° =

1+ 5
 
( )
4

∴ other root β =
(
1− 5 )
as coefficients are rational
4

( )
2
1 12 − 5 1
Now α  + β = , αβ
  = =−
2 16 4
Required equation is:
x2 – ( α  + β ) x + αβ  =0
1 1
x2 − x − = 0
2 4
⇒ 4x2– 2x– 1=0

Q. Form a quadratic equation with rational coefficients whose one root is

π
tan
8
π
Sol.  one root α = tan = ( −1) + 2
8
∴ other root β = ( ) − 2 as coefficient are rational
−1

( 2)
2
Now α + β = – 2, αβ = ( −1) −
2
= −1
Required equation is:
x2 − ( α + β ) x + αβ = 0
Quadratic Equations

x2 + 2x – 1 = 0

9.
 Q. If α, β are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 2x + 5 = 0 then form
a quadratic equation whose roots are α + α − α + 22 and
3 2

β3 + 4β2 − 7β + 35

Sol. α2 − 2α + 5 = 0 , β − 2β + 5 = 0
2

(
α3 + α2 − α + 22 = α2 − 2α + 5 ( α + 3 ) + 7 = 7 )
β + 4β − 7β + 35 = β − 2β + 5 ( β + 6 ) + 5 = 5
3 2
( 2
)
 equation with roots 7, 5 is x2 – 12x + 35 = 0
n+ 2 n− 2
x2 – 17x– 6=0, has roots α and β . Let an = α + β
Q.  find the value of
a 10 − 6a8
a9

( ( )
Sol. a 10 − 6a8 = α + β − 6 α + β
12 8 10 6
)
= ( α − 6α ) + ( β − 6β )
12 10 8 6

a − 6a = α ( α − 6 ) + β ( β − 6 ) …(i)
10 8
10 2 6 2

 α2 − 17α − 6 = 0 ⇒ α2 − 6 = 17α
Similarly, β − 6 = 17β
2

From (i) a 10 − 6a8 = α ( 17α ) + β ( 17β )
10 6

= 17 α + β = 17a9
11 7
( )
a10 − 6a8
Hence = 17
a9

Q. x2 – ax + b = 0, α, β are its roots. Vn = αn + βn then show that

Vn+1 =aVn– b vn– 1
Sol.  α2 − aα + b = 0
n− 1
Multiply by α then αn+ 1 = aαn − bαn− 1 … (i)
Similarly βn+ 1 = aβn − bβn− 1 … (ii)
(i) + (ii)
(α n+ 1
) (
+ βn+ 1 = a αn + βn − b αn− 1 + βn− 1 ) ( )
Vn+ 1 = a Vn − b Vn−1
Quadratic Equations

Q. Find monic cubic polynomial with f(1) =1, f(2) =4, f(3) = 9
Sol. f(1) = 12, f(2) = 22, f(3) = 32
Then cubic is f(x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) + x2

10.
Q. Solve (x – 7) (x – 3) (x + 5) (x + 1) = 1680
Sol. (x – 7) (x + 5) (x – 3) (x + 1) = 1680
(x2 – 2x – 35) (x2 – 2x – 3) = 1680
Let x2 – 2x – 3 = α

Then ( α − 32 ) α = 1680

α2 – 32α – 1680 = 0
(α – 60) (α + 28) = 0
α – 60 = 0, α + 28 = 0
x2 – 2x – 63 = 0 x2 – 2x + 25 = 0
(x – 9) (x + 7) = 0 D<0
x = – 7, 9

( ) ( )
x2 − 3 x2 − 3
Q. Solve 5 + 2 6 + 5−2 6 = 10

( )(
Sol. 5 + 2 6 5 − 2 6 = 1 )
1
( )
x2 − 3
∴ 5+2 6 = = t (let)
(5 − 2 6 )
x2 − 3

1
Now equation t + = 10 ⇒ t2 – 10t + 1 = 0
t
10 ± 96
t= =5±2 6
2
t = 5±2 6 ,

( ) ( )( ) ( )
x2 − 3 x2 − 3 −1
5+2 6 = 5+2 6 , 5+2 6 = 5+2 6

x2 – 3 = 1, x2 – 3 = – 1
x = ± 2; x=± 2
x = {±√2, ± 2}
Quadratic Equations

11.
 Inequalities
Rule:
1. Adding positive number both sides inequality remains same.
Ex. 2 > 1 ⇒ 3 > 2

2. Subtracting both sides by positive number inequality remains same.

Ex. 2 > 1 ⇒ 1 > 0

3. M
 ultiply and divide by positive number doesn’t affect inequality but
multiplying or dividing inequality with negative number changes sign of
inequality.
Ex. 4 > 2 ⇒ – 2 < – 1

Type – 1: Expression which can not be factorized

1. x2 + x + 1 > 0
Sol.  D = 12– 4 (1) (1) < 0 and a=1>0
∴ x + x + 1 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
2

∴x∈R

2. x2 – 3x + 4 < 0
Sol. D = (– 3)2 – 4 (1) (4) < 0 and a = 1 > 0
∴ x2 – 3x + 4 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
∴ x∈ϕ

3. 3x2 – 7x + 6 > 0
Sol. D = (–7)2 – 4(3)(6) < 0 and a=3>0
∴ 3x2 – 7x + 6 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
∴x∈R

4. – x2 – 2x – 4 > 0
Sol. D = (–2)2 – 4 (–1) (–4) < 0 and a = – 1 < 0
∴ – x2 – 2x – 4 < 0, ∀ x ∈ R
∴x∈ϕ

Type–2: Expression which can be factorized:

Steps:
(i) Factorize in linear as much as possible.
Quadratic Equations

(ii) M
 ake coefficient of x as 1 in all linear by multiplying and dividing by
appropriate number.

(iii) Mark zeroes of linear on number line.

(iv) Give sign to respective area on number line.

12.
Q. (1– x) (4 + 2x) (x– 2) (x– 7) > 0
Sol. (x– 1) 2(x + 2) (x– 2) (x– 7) < 0 + • − •
+ • − • +
−2 1 2 7 x
(x– 1) (x + 2) (x– 2) (x– 7) < 0
x ∈ (–2, 1) ∪ (2, 7)

Q. (x2 – x – 6) (x2 + 6x) > 0 + − + − +

Sol. (x – 3) (x + 2) x(x + 6) > 0 −6
•
−2
•
0
•
3
•
x
x ∈ (– ∞, – 6) ∪ (– 2, 0) ∪ (3, ∞)

Q. (x + 1) (x – 3) (x – 2)3(x + 7/3) < 0 + • − •

+ • − • +
Sol. (x + 1) (x – 3) (x – 2)(x + 7/3) < 0 −7 −1 2 3 x
 7  3
x ∈  − , −1  ∪ ( 2, 3)
 3 
Type– 3:
Q. (x2 – 5x + 6) (x2 – 6x + 5) ≤ 0
+ − + +
Sol. (x– 2) (x– 3)(x– 1)(x– 5) ≤ 0 • • • − •
x
1 2 3 5
x ∈ [1, 2] ∪ [3, 5]

Q. 2– x– x2 ≥ 0
Sol. x2 + x – 2 ≤ 0 + − +
• •
(x + 2) (x – 1) ≤ 0 −2 1 x
x ∈ [–2, 1]
Q. 3x2 – 7x + 4 ≥ 0
+ − +
Sol. 3x2 – 3x – 4x + 4 ≥ 0 • •
1 4 x
3x(x – 1) – 4 (x – 1) ≥ 0 3

(3x – 4) (x – 1) ≥ 0
4 
x ∈ ( −∞, 1] ∪  , ∞ 
3 

Type–4: Repeated Linear factor

Rules:
(i) Factors with even power doesn’t affect sign.
(ii) Factors with odd power affect sign as linear.

Q. (x + 1) (x – 3) (x – 2)2 > 0 + − − +
• • •
Sol. x ∈ (– ∞, – 1) ∪ (3, ∞) −1 2 3 x
Quadratic Equations

Q. x(x+6) (x +2)2 (x– 3)>0

− + + − +
Sol: x ∈ (– 6, – 2) ∪ (– 2, 0) ∪ (3, ∞) • • • •
x
−6 −2 0 3

13.
 Q. (x– 1)2 (x+1)3 (x– 4) < 0
Sol: x ∈ (– 1, 1) ∪ (1, 4) + • − • − •
+
−1 1 4 x
Type–5: Rational Inequality
( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 )
Q. <0
( x − 4) ( x − 5) − • + • − • + • − • +
1 2 3 4 5 x
Sol. x ∈ ( −∞, 1) ∪ ( 2, 3) ∪ ( 4, 5 )

2x − 3
Q. <0
3x − 7
2 ( x − 3 / 2) + • − •
+
Sol. <0 3 7 x
3 ( x − 7 / 3)
2 3
( x − 3 / 2)
<0
( x − 7 / 3)
3 7
x∈ , 
2 3

2x − 3
Q. ≥0 + − +
3x − 7 • •
x
3 7
 3
2x −  2 3
2
Sol.   ≥0
 7
3x − 
 3
( x − 3 / 2)
≥0
( x − 7 / 3)
 3  7 
x ∈  −∞,  ∪  , ∞ 
 2  3 

2 6
x3 ( 2x − 3) ( x − 4 ) −
Q. 3 4
≤ 0  + • − • − • •
+
•
+
( x − 3) ( 3x − 8) 0 3 8 3 4 x
2 3
 8 8 
Sol. x ∈ 0,  ∪  , 3  ∪ {4}
 3 3 

x2 − 5x + 12
Q. >3
Quadratic Equations

x2 − 4x + 5
Sol. For x2 – 4x +5
D = 16 – 4(5) < 0, a = 1 > 0 ⇒ always positive
+ − +
Hence By cross multiplication • •
x
1 3
x2 – 5x + 12 > 3x2 – 12x + 15
2

14.
 2x2 – 7x + 3 < 0 ⇒ 2x2 – 6x – x + 3 < 0
(2x – 1) (x – 3) < 0
1 
x ∈  , 3
2 

x2 − 5x + 6
Q. < 0 
x2 + x + 1
+ − +
Sol. For x2 + x + 1 • •
x
2 3
D = 12 – 4.1.1 < 0, a > 0 ⇒ always positive.
Hence given inequality reduces to x2 – 5x + 6 < 0
(x – 2) (x – 3) < 0
X ∈ (2, 3)
2 3
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
Q. <0 +
x4 ( x − 2) • − • − • − • +
0 x
−1 1 2
Sol. x ∈ (– 1, 0) ∪ (0, 1) ∪ (1, 2)

x+1 x+5
Q. ≥
x−1 x+1
x+1 x+5 − + − +
Sol. − ≥ 0  • •
1
•
3 x
x−1 x+1 −1
2
( x + 1) − ( x − 1) ( x + 5 )
⇒ ≥ 0 
( x − 1) ( x + 1)

⇒
(x 2
+ 2x + 1) − ( x2 + 4x − 5 )
≥0
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
−2x + 6
⇒ ≥0
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
−2 ( x − 3 )
⇒ ≥0
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
( x − 3)
⇒ ≤0
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
x ∈ (-∞, –1) ∪ (1,3]

2 ( x − 4) 1
Quadratic Equations

Q. ≥
( x − 1) ( x − 7 ) ( x − 2)
2 ( x − 4) 1
Sol. − ≥0
( x − 1) ( x − 7 ) ( x − 2 ) − • + • − • +
1 2 7 x

15.
 2 ( x − 4 ) ( x − 2 ) − ( x − 1) ( x − 7 )
⇒ ≥0
( x − 1) ( x − 7 ) ( x − 2 )
 x2  –  4x +  9
⇒ ≥0
(x − 1) (x − 7) (x − 2)
Consider ( x − 4x + 9) : 2

D = 16 – 4(9) < 0, a = 1 > 0 ⇒ Always positive.

Hence inequality becomes
1
≥0
( x − 1) ( x − 7 ) ( x − 2 )
x ∈ (1, 2) ∪ (7, ∞)

x2 + 6x − 7
Q. <0
x+4
+ • − •+
Sol. Clearly x + 4 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R − {−4} −7 x
1
Hence the inequality becomes
x2 + 6x − 7 < 0, x ≠ −4
( x + 7 ) ( x − 1) < 0, x ≠ −4
x ∈ (–7, 1) – {–4}

( x + 1) ( x − 3 )
Q. Let y = , Find the real values of x for which y takes real
( x − 2)
values. + +
− −
( x + 1) ( x − 3 ) •
−1 2
• •
3 x
Sol. y to be real ≥0
( x − 2)
x ∈ [–1, 2) ∪ [3, ∞)

Q. Find the set of all x for which

2x 1
≥
2x2 + 5x + 2 x + 1 + • − • + • − • +
2x 1 −2 −1 −2 −1 x
Sol. 2 − ≥0 3 2
2x + 5x + 2 x + 1
2x ( x + 1) − ( 2x2 + 5x + 2 )
⇒ ≥0
(2x + 5x + 2 ) ( x + 1)
Quadratic Equations

( 3x + 2)
⇒ ≤0
(2x + 1) ( x + 2) ( x + 1)
 −2 −1 
x ∈ ( −2, −1) ∪  , 
3 2
16.
Q. Solve x2 + 4x + 3 + 2x + 5 = 0

+ − +
Sol. Consider x2 + 4x + 3 = ( x + 1) ( x + 3 )   • •
−3 −1 x
Case– I:
Let x2 + 4x + 3 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, −3] ∪ [ −1, ∞ )
So, given equation becomes x2 + 4x + 3 + 2x + 5 = 0
x2 + 6x + 8 = 0
(x + 2) (x + 4) = 0
⇒ x = –2, x = –4 but x ∈ (–∞, –3] ∪ [–1, ∞)
⇒ x = –4 …(i)
Case– II:
Let x2 + 4x + 3 < 0 ⇒ x ∈ ( −3, −1)
then equation becomes − ( x2 + 4x + 3 ) + 2x + 5 = 0

−2 ± 4 + 4 ( 2)
x= = −1 ± 3
2

x = −1 + 3 , x = −1 − 3 but x ∈ ( −3, −1)

(
⇒ x = −1 − 3 …(ii) )
Now, (i) U (ii)
{
So, x = −4, −1 − 3  }
Q. (x 2
+ 3x + 1) ( x2 + 3x − 3) ≥ 5
Sol. Let x2 + 3x = α
+ − + − +
( α + 1)( α − 3) − 5 ≥ 0 ⇒ α 2
− 2α − 8 ≥ 0
•
−4
•
−2
•
−1
•
1 x

⇒ (α - 4) (α + 2) ≥ 0
⇒ ( x2 + 3x − 4 ) ( x2 + 3x + 2 ) ≥ 0
⇒ (x + 4) (x –1) (x + 1) (x + 2) ≥ 0
x ∈ (–∞, –4] ∪ [–2, –1] ∪ [1, ∞)

3x2 − 7x + 8
Q. 1 < ≤2
x2 + 1
Sol.  x2 + 1 > 0 ∀ x ∈ R
Quadratic Equations

∴ given inequality is
x2 + 1 < 3x2 − 7x + 8 ≤ 2x2 + 2
⇒ x2 + 1 < 3x2 − 7x + 8 and 3x2 − 7x + 8 ≤ 2x2 + 2

17.
 2x2 − 7x + 7 > 0 and x2 − 7x + 6 ≤ 0
2x2 − 7x + 7 > 0 and ( x − 1) ( x − 6 ) ≤ 0
(For 2x2–7x + 7 > 0; D < 0, a > 0)
∴ x ∈ R ∙ x ∈ [1,6]
x ∈ [1, 6]

Q. Find the set of values of ‘a’ for which the quadratic polynomials
(i)  ( a + 4 ) x2 − 2ax + 2a − 6 < 0, ∀x ∈ R

(ii) ( a − 1) x2 − ( a + 1) x + ( a + 1) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R

Sol. (i) Case–I: a + 4 ≠ 0

D < 0 and (a + 4) < 0
4a − 4 ( a + 4 ) 2 ( a − 3 ) < 0 and a < –4
2

a2 − 2 ( a2 + a − 12) < 0
a2 + 2a − 24 > 0
(a + 6) (a – 4) > 0
a ∈ (–∞, –6) ∪ (4, ∞)
Also, a < – 4
Hence a ∈ (–∞, –6) …(i)
Case– II:a + 4 = 0 ⇒ a = –4
then given inequality becomes
(0) x2 + 8x − 14 < 0,  ∀  x ∈ R
Which is not possible ⇒ a ∈ ϕ …(ii)
(i) U (ii)
∴ a ∈ (–∞, –6)
(ii) Case–I: a – 1 ≠ 0
then D < 0 and a – 1 > 0
(a + 1)2 – 4(a – 1) (a + 1) < 0 and  a > 1
(a + 1) {(a + 1) – 4(a – 1)} < 0
(a + 1) (5 – 3a) < 0
(a + 1) (3a – 5) > 0
5 
a ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪  , ∞ 
3 

5 
Also, a > 1 ∴ a ∈  ,  ∞        …(i)
Quadratic Equations

3 
Case–II: a – 1 = 0 ⇒ a = 1
given inequality becomes
(0)x2 – 2x + 2 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R

18.
 which is not possible  ⇒ a ∈ ϕ     …(ii)
(i) ∪ (iii)
5 
∴  a ∈  , ∞   
3 

Q. F
 ind the least integer value of ‘m’ for which the angle between the two
  ˆ is acute for every
vectors v 1 = x2ˆi − 4ˆj + ( 3m + 1) k̂ and v 2 = m î − xĵ + k 

x∈R
   
Sol. If there is the acute angle between v 1  and   v 2 then v 1 .v 2 > 0
mx2 + 4x + (3m + 1) > 0 ∀ x ∈ R
Case–1: If m ≠ 0
then D < 0 and m > 0
16 – 4m (3m + 1) < 0 and m > 0
4 - 3m2 – m < 0 and m > 0
3m + m – 4 > 0
2
and m > 0
(3m + 4) (m – 1) > 0 and m > 0
 −4 
m ∈  −∞,  ∪ ( 1, ∞ ) and m > 0
 3 
∴ m ∈ (1, ∞) … (i)
Case–II: If m = 0
then given inequality become
(0)x2 + 4x + 1 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
which is not possible
hence m cannot be zero ⇒ m ∈ ϕ     … (ii)
(i) ∪ (ii)
∴ m ∈ (1, ∞)

Q. T
 he set of values of ‘a’ for which the inequality (x–3a) (x–a–3) < 0 is
satisfied for all x ∈ [1, 3] is
1   1
(A)  , 3      (B)  0,      (C) (–2, 0)    (D) (–2, 3)
3   3
Ans. B
Sol: Let f(x) = (x – 3a) (x – a – 3)
f(x) < 0, ∀ x ∈ [1, 3]
f(1) < 0 and f(3) < 0
(1 – 3a) (1 – a – 3) < 0 and (3 – 3a) (3 – a – 3) < 0
Quadratic Equations

(3a – 1) (a + 2) < 0 and 3(a – 1) a < 0

 1 
a ∈  −2,  and a ∈ (0, 1)
 3

19.
 𝑎𝑎 ∈ (−2,1/3) & 𝑎𝑎 ∈ (0,1)

a ∈(0,1/3)

TRUE / FALSE
y

(i) For given graph of y = ax2 + bx + c we have a > 0

x
Ans. False
Sol. Clearly, for downward parabola, a < 0
y

(ii) For given graph of y = ax2 + bx + c we have c > 0

Ans. True
y

(0,c)
Sol Clearly, y-intercept > 0 ⇒ c > 0
x

(iii) For given graph of y = ax2 + bx + c we have D > 0

x
Quadratic Equations

Ans. True
Sol. Distinct real roots ⇒ D > 0

20.
 y

b
(iv) For given graph of y = ax2 + bx + c, we have − >0
a
x

Ans True
y (–b/2a, –D/4a)

−b −b
Sol.  >0⇒ >0
2a a
x

c
(v) For given graph of y = ax2 + bx + c , we have >0
a
x

Ans False
Sol. ∵ c > 0 and a<0
y

Q. For given graph of y = ax2 + bx + c, we have b > 0

Ans. True
−b b
Sol.  >0⇒ <0
a a
y

D
Quadratic Equations

Q. For given graph of y = ax2 + bx + c, we have >0

4a
x

Ans. False

21.
 D D
Sol. Ordinate of vertex = − >0⇒ <0
4a 4a

Q. Quadratic Equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has no real roots then show that c ( a + b + c ) > 0
Sol: let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
now given D = b2 – 4ac < 0 ∵ roots of f(x) = 0 are imaginary
hence f(x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R or f(x) < 0, ∀ x ∈ R
∴ f(0).(1) > 0
c(a + b + c) > 0

Q. L et a and b be the roots of equation x2 – 10cx – 11d = 0 and those of x2–10ax–

11b=0 are c, d Then find the value of a + b + c + d when a ≠ b ≠ c ≠ d.
Sol: ∵ a + b = 10c …(i)
and c + d = 10a …(ii)
(i) + (ii)
⇒ a + b + c + d = 10 (a + c) …(iii)
(i)–(ii)
⇒ (a – c) + (b – d) = 10(c – a)
⇒ (b – d) = 11(c – a) …(iv)
Now ∵ a is root of first equation,
a2 –10ac – 11d = 0 …(v)
Also, c is root of second equation,
c2 – 10ac – 11b = 0 …(vi)
(vi)–(v) gives
c2– a2 = 11b – 11d
(c – a) (c + a) = 11(b – d)
(c – a) (c + a) = 11 × 11 (c – a) [from (iv)]
⇒ (c + a) = 121
Put in (iii)
a + b + c + d = 10(121) = 1210

α
Q. Let α, β be the roots of the equation x2 – px + r = 0 and , 2β be the roots of the
2
equation x2 − qx + r = 0 . then the value of r is
2 2
(A) (p − q) ( 2q − p ) (B) ( q − p ) ( 2p − q)
9 9
2 2
(C) (q − 2p) (2q − p) (D) ( 2p − q)( 2q − p)
9 9
Ans. D
Quadratic Equations

Sol: x2 – px + r = 0 ...(1);
x2 − qx + r = 0 ...(2)

α + β = p, αβ = r  (from equation 1)
α
+ 2β = q (from equation 2)
2
22.
 ( 2p − q) = 32α 2
3
( 2p − q)
⇒ α=

( 2q − p) = 3β ⇒ β = 31 ( 2q − p)
now αβ = r
2 1
hence ( 2p − q) . ( 2q − p ) = r
3 3
Fill in the blank
Q. If 2 + i 3 is a root of the equation x2+px+q=0, where p and q are real then
(p, q)….
Ans. (-4, 7)
Sol. If coefficients are real then complex roots are in conjugate pair
∴ roots α = 2 + i 3 and β = 2 − i 3
α + β = –p ⇒ p = –4
( )
2 2
α.β = q ⇒ q = (2) − i 3 = 4+3= 7
(p, q) = (–4, 7)

Q. If the product of real roots of the equation x2 − 3kx + 2e2logk − 1 = 0 is 7, then
k=…
Ans. 2
2
Sol. Product of roots = 2elogk − 1 = 7
⇒ 2k2 = 8 ⇒ k = ± 2
but for k = –2, log k is not defined
Now, for k = 2 equation is x2 – 6x + 7 = 0 ⇒ D ≥ 0.
So, k = 2

Q. If x, y and z a re real and different and u = x2 + 4y 2 + 9z2 − 6yz − 3zx − 2xy ,
then u is always
(A) non-negative   (B) Zero   (C)non-positive    (D) positive
Ans. A
2 2
Sol: u = x2 + ( 2y ) + ( 3z ) − ( 2y ) ( 3z ) − ( x ) ( 3z ) − ( 2y ) ( x )
1
u=
2
{( x − 2y )
2 2
+ ( 2y − 3z ) + ( 3z − x )
2
}
u > 0 ⇒ u is positive as x, y, z are different.
x = 6, y = 3, z = 2 for these values u = 0
Quadratic Equations

Q. If one root is square of the other root of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 then
the relation between p and q is
(A) p3 − (3p − 1) q + q2 = 0 (B) p3 − q (3p + 1)  + q2 = 0

(C) p3 + q (3p − 1) + q2 = 0 (D) p3 + q (3p + 1) + q2 = 0

23.
 Ans. A
Sol: Let root α, α2
α + α2 = −p, α.α2 = q ⇒ α3 = q

( α + α ) = (–p)
3 3
2

⇒ α3 + α6 + 3α. α2 α + α2 = −p3 ( )
⇒ q + q2 + 3q ( −p ) = −p3

⇒ p3  –  q ( 3p − 1) + q2 = 0

Q. The sum of the all the values of ‘m’ for which the roots x1 and x2 of the quadratic
equation x2 – 2mx + m = 0 satisfy the condition x31 + x23 = x21 + x22 , is
3 9 5
(A)   (B) 1 (C) (D)
4 4 4
Ans. D
Sol: x1 + x2 = 2m, x1x2 = m
 x31 + x23 = x21 + x22
∴ (x1 + x2)3 – 3x1x2 (x1 + x2) = (x1 + x2)2 – 2x1x2
⇒ 8m3–3m(2m) = 4m2 – 2m
⇒ 8m3–10m2 + 2m = 0
⇒ 2m(4m2 – 5m + 1) = 0
⇒ 2m(4m2 – 4m – m + 1) = 0
⇒ 2m(4m – 1) (m – 1) = 0
1 1 5
m = 0 , , 1 ⇒ sum = 0 + + 1 =
4 4 4

Q. If α, β are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then the sum of the roots of the
( ) ( )
equation a2 x2 + b2 − 2ac x + b2 − 4ac = 0 in terms of α and β is given by
( )   (B)  ( α + β) ( )
2
− 2αβ   (C)  α β + β α − 4αβ   (D)  − α2 + β2
2 2 2 2
(A) − α − β

Ans. D
−b c
Sol: α + β = , αβ =
a a
 b2 − 2ac 
Sum of roots of second equation = −  
 a2 
Quadratic Equations

2
 −b  c
= −  + 2 
a
  a

= − ( α + β ) + 2αβ = − α2 + β2 ( )
2

24.
 ( )
Q. If α and β are the roots of a x − 1 + 2bx = 0 then, which one of the following are the
2

roots of the same equation?

1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) α + β, α − β (B) 2α + , 2β + (C) α + , β + (D)  α + ,β −
β α β α 2β 2α
Ans. B
Sol: Given equation ax2 + 2bx − a = 0
2b
α+β = − , αβ = −1
a
 1  1 α+β
 2α +  +  2β +  = 2 ( α + β ) + = 2 ( α + β) − ( α + β) = α + β
 β  α αβ
 1 1 1
 2α +   2β +  = 4αβ + 2 + 2 +
 β α αβ
= – 4 + 2 + 2 – 1 = –1

Q. If x = 3 + 5 then find the value of x4 − 12x3 + 44x2 − 48x + 17

Sol: x = 3 + 5 ⇒ x − 3 = 5
2
( x − 3) = 5 ⇒ x2 − 6x + 4 = 0
Now, x4 – 12x3 + 44x2 – 48x + 17
= (x2 – 6x + 4) (x2 – 6x + 4) + 1
=0×0+1=1
2 1 1
Q. If p(q – r)x2 + q(r – p)x + r(p – q) = 0 has equal roots. Show that = +
q p r
Sol: Clearly x = 1 satisfies the given eqn then other root is also 1
r ( p − q)
Now, Product of roots = 1 =
p (q − r )

p(q – r) = r(p – q) ⇒ pq – pr = pr – qr
⇒ 2pr = pq + qr
divide by pqr
2 1 1
= +
q r p

MULTIPLE C0RRECT QUESTION

1
Quadratic Equations

Q. If x2 + 2 = 14; x > 0 then

x

(A) x3 + x −3 = 62  (B)  x3 + x −3 = 52  (C)  x5 + x −5 = 624  (D)  x5 + x −5 = 724

Ans. BD

25.
 2

Sol:  x + 1  = x2 + 1 + 2 = 16
 x x2
 1
⇒  x +  = 4  (∵ x > 0)
 x
3

1  1  1
x + 3 = x +  − 3x + 
3

x  x  x
= 64 – 3(4) = 52
1  1  1   1
now x5 + 5 =  x3 + 3   x2 + 2  −  x + 
x  x  x   x
= 52 × 14 – 4 = 724

Q. If ,m are real  ≠ m then the roots of the equation

(  − m) x 2
− 5 (  + m) x − 2 (  − m) = 0 are

(A) Real and equal (B) Complex     (C) Real and unequal    (D) None of these
Ans. C
Sol: D = 25 (  + m)2 + 4 (  − m)  . 2 (  − m)
2 2
= 25 (  + m) + 8 (  − m) > 0

∴ roots real and unequal

Q. Let a, b, c be real numbers with a ≠ 0 and let α, β be the roots of the equations
ax2 + bx + c = 0 . Express the roots of a3 x2 + abcx + c3 = 0 in terms of α, β
−b c
Sol: α + β = , αβ =
a a
for second equation
abc bc  b   c 
Sum of roots = − 3 = − 2 =  −    = ( α + β ) .αβ = α β + αβ …(i)
2 2

a a  a a
 

3
c3  c 
= ( αβ ) = α2β . αβ2    …(ii)
3
Product of roots = 3 =  
a a
Clearly from (i) and (ii)
roots are α β, αβ
2 2

Quadratic Equations

Q. If α and β are the roots of x2 + px + q = 0 and γ, δ are the roots of x2 + rx + s = 0 then
evaluate (α-γ) (β-γ) (α-δ) (β-δ) in terms of p, q, r and s.
Sol: α + β = –p, αβ = q
γ + δ = – r, γδ = s
now (α-γ) (β-γ) (α-δ) (β-δ)

26.
 ( ) ( αβ − ( α + β) δ + δ )
= αβ − ( α + β ) γ + γ 2 2

= ( q + pγ + γ )( q + pδ + δ )
2 2

= (q + pγ – s – rγ) (q + pδ – s – rδ)
= {(q – s) + (p – r) γ} {(q – s) + (p – r)δ}
2 2
= ( q − s ) − r (p − r ) ( q − s ) + s (p − r )

Identity:

If ax2 + bx + c = 0 is identity, then number of roots are infinite and

a=b=c=0

Note:
3 distinct real roots of quadratic
⇒ Infinite roots

Q. Find the value of p for which the equation

(p + 2) (p − 1) x2 + (p − 1) (2p + 1) + x (p2 − 1) = 0 has infinite roots.
Sol: It must be an identity
hence (p + 2 ) (p − 1) = 0 and (p − 1) ( 2p + 1) = 0 & (p2 − 1) = 0
1
p = –2, 1 and p = 1, − and p = 1, –1
2
∴ common value is p = 1

Q. Let a, b, c be different real numbers then prove that

( x − a ) ( x − b) ( x − b) ( x − c ) ( x − c ) ( x − a )
+ + = 1 is an identity.
( c − a ) ( c − b ) ( a − b ) ( a − c ) (b − c ) (b − a )
(a − b) (a − c )
Sol: put x = a 0 + +0= 1 true
(a − b) (a − c )
(b − c ) (b − a )
put x = b 0 + 0 + = 1 true
(b − c ) (b − a )
(c − a ) (c − b)
put x = c +0+0 = 1 true
Quadratic Equations

(c − a ) (c − b)

 three values x = a,b, c satisfies above two degree equation has 3 roots
⇒ It is an identity.

27.
 Some Points to remember:
(i) Quadratic with one roots zero ⇔ c = 0
ax2 + bx + c = 0
c
Product of roots   = = 0
a
⇒c=0

(ii) Quadratic with both roots zero ⇔ b = 0, c = 0

ax2 + bx + c = 0
Sum of roots=Product of roots = 0
⇒ b = 0, c = 0

(iii) Quadratic with exactly one root infinite ⇔ a = 0, b, c ≠ 0

(iv) Quadratic with both roots infinite ⇔ a = 0, b = 0, c ≠ 0

Q. If ( 2p − q) x2 + (p − 1) x + 5 = 0 has both roots infinite. Find p & q

Sol. 2p – q = 0 and p–1=0
q = 2p p=1
hence p = 1, q = 2

Symmetric function

If f(α, β) = f(β, α) ∀ α, β
Then f(α, β) is called symmetric function of α, β

Q. Check if f ( α, β ) is symmetric or not

(i) f(α, β) = α2β + αβ2 (ii) f (α, β) = cos(α – β)

(iii) f(α, β) = sin(α – β) (iv) f (α, β) = (α2 – β)
Sol. (i) f(β, α) = β2α + βα2
     = f(α, β) Yes
(ii) f(β, α) = cos(β – α)
     = cos(α – β)
     = f(α, β) Yes
(iii) f(β, α) = sin(β – α)
     = –sin(α – β)
     ≠ f(α, β) No
Quadratic Equations

(iv) f(β, α) = (β2 – α)

     ≠ α2 – β
     ≠ f(α, β) No

28.
Condition of common roots:
(I) Condition for both roots common:
a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0
a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0
a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2

(II) Condition for one root common:

a 2 c 1 − a 1 c 2 b 1 c 2 − b2 c 1
=
a 1b2 − a 2b1 a 2 c1 − a 1c2

Q. F
 ind k for which equations x2 –3x + 2 = 0 and 3x2 + 4kx + 2 = 0 have a common root.
 5 7
Ans. − , − 
 4 4 
Sol. x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 ⇒ (x – 1) (x – 2) = 0
x = 1, 2
If x = 1 is common root then
3(1)2 + 4k (1) + 2 = 0
5 + 4k = 0
⇒ k = – 5/4
If x = 2 is common root then
3(2)2 + 4k(2) + 2 = 0
14 + 8k = 0
⇒ k = – 7/4

Q. F ind p and q if px2 + 5x + 2 = 0 and 3x2 + 10x + q = 0 have both roots in common
p 5 2
Sol. = =
3 10 q

3
⇒p= ,q = 4
2

Q. F ind the value of a and b if x2 – 4x + 5 = 0, x2 + ax + b = 0 have a common root where

a, b ∈ R
Sol. x2 – 4x + 5 = 0
D = 16 – 4(5) < 0 ⇒ Imaginary roots.
Also, coefficients of second equation are real hence only one root cannot be common
1 a b
⇒ = =
1 −4 5
Quadratic Equations

⇒ a = –4, b = 5

Q. Let a, b, c be distinct real numbers. If 4x2sin2 θ − ( 4sinθ ) x + 1 = 0 and

a (b − c ) x + b ( c − a
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
) x + c (a
2 2
−b
2
)=0 have a common root and the second
equation has equal roots then find possible value of θ where θ ∈ ( 0, π )

29.
 Sol. Clearly, x = 1 satisfies second equation
hence, second equation has both roots 1.
⇒ 1 is common root of both equations,
Now 4 ( 1) sin θ − ( 4sinθ ) 1 + 1 = 0
2 2

⇒ ( 2sinθ − 1) = 0
2

⇒ 2sinθ − 1 = 0
1
⇒ sinθ =
2
π 5π
⇒ θ= ,
6 6

Q. If the quadratic equation x2 + bx + c = 0 and x2 + cx + b = 0 , b ≠ c have a common root

then prove that their uncommon roots are roots of the equation x2 + x + bc = 0
Sol. Let common root be α
x2 + bx + c = 0 (α, β are its roots)
x2 + cx + b = 0 (α, γ are its roots)
now α + β = −b, αβ = c
α + γ = −c, αγ = b
 α is common root
∴ α2 + bα + c = 0 …(i)
_ α 2 + cα + b = 0 …(ii)
– –
0 + (b − c ) α + ( c − b ) = 0 ⇒ (b − c ) α = (b − c ) ⇒ α = 1

1.β = c ⇒ β = c 
now    uncommon roots
1.γ = b ⇒ γ = b 
required equation, x2 – (b + c)x + bc = 0
x2 – (–1)x + bc = 0 {put α = 1 in (i)}
x2 + x + bc = 0 H.P.

x2 + ax + 12 = 0, x2 + bx + 15 = 0 and x2 + ( a + b ) x + 36 = 0 have a common positive root.

Q. 
Find a, b & common root of equation.
Sol. Let α be the common root.
Quadratic Equations

α2 + aα + 12 = 0 ...(i)
α + bα + 15 = 0
2
...(ii)
α + ( a + b ) α + 36 = 0
2
...(iii)

30.
 (i) + (ii) – (iii)
α2 − 9 = 0 ⇒ α = 3 ( α > 0)
from (i): 9 + 3a + 12 = 0 ⇒ a = −7 
from (ii): 9 + 3b + 15 = 0 ⇒ b = −8

Q. If one root of quadratic equation x2 − x + 3a = 0 is double of one root

of the equation x2 − x + a = 0 then find a
Sol. x2 – x + a = 0 (α, β are its roots) ⇒ α2 – α + a = 0      … (i)
x2 – x + 3a = 0 (2α, γ are its roots) ⇒ 4α2 – 2α + 3a = 0    … (ii)
(ii) – 4 × (i):
a
2α –a = 0 ⇒ α =
2
a 2
a
from (i): − +a =0
4 2
⇒ a2 − 2a + 4a = 0 ⇒ a(a + 2) = 0
⇒ a = 0, –2

Q. If Q1 ( x ) = x2 + (k − 29) x − k
Q2 ( x ) = 2x2 + ( 2k − 43) x + k
both are factors of a cubic polynomial then find k.
Sol. Q1(x) = 0 and Q2(x) = 0 have atleast one common root but both roots
cannot be common (  coeff. are not in proportion)
hence
x2 + (k – 29)x – k = 0
2x2 + (2k – 43)x + k=0 have only one common root (let α)
∴ α2 + (k – 29)α – k = 0 …(i)
2α2 + (2k – 43)α + k = 0 …(ii)
(ii) – 2 × (i)
−k
15α + 3k =0 ⇒ α =  
5
from (i)
k2 k2 29k
− + −k = 0
25 5 5
4 2 24
⇒ k = k ⇒ k = 0, 30
25 5
Quadratic Equations

Q. If x2 + abx + c = 0 & x2 + acx + b=0 have only one common root then
show that quadratic equation with roots as their other uncommon
roots is a(b + c)x2 +(b + c)x – abc = 0

31.
 Sol. Let common root = α
x2 + abx + c = 0 (α, β are its roots)
x2 + acx + b = 0 (α, γ are its roots)
now α + β=– ab, αβ = c
α + γ = – ac, αγ = b
∵ α is common root
∴ α2 + abα + c = 0 …(i)
α2 + acα + b = 0 …(ii)
(i) – (ii)
1
0 + a(b – c)α +(c – b) = 0 ⇒ a(b– c)α = (b – c) ⇒ α =  
a
1 
 . β = c  ⇒ β   = ac 
a 
Now  uncommon roots
1
 .  γ = b ⇒ γ = ab
a 

required equation x2 – a(b + c)x + a2bc = 0

1 2
x − (b + c ) x + abc = 0 …(iii)
a

1
put α = in (i)
a
1 1
+ b + c = 0 ⇒ = −a (b + c )
a2 a
⇒  a (b + c ) x2 + (b + c ) x − abc = 0 H.P.

Q. A value of b for which the equations x2 + bx – 1 = 0, x2 + x + b = 0 have

one root in common, is
(A) − 2      (B) −i 3       (C) i 5      (D) 2

Ans. B
Sol. Let α be the common root then
α2 + bα − 1 = 0  …(i)
α2 + α + b = 0 …(ii)
(i) – (ii)
(b − 1) α = ( 1 + b) ⇒ α = bb +− 11
Quadratic Equations

2
b + 1 b + 1
from (2)   + +b = 0
 b − 1  b − 1
2 2
(b + 1 ) + (b + 1 ) (b − 1 ) + b (b − 1 ) = 0

32.
 ⇒ ( 2b2 + 2b ) + (b3 − 2b2 + b ) = 0
⇒ b3 + 3b = 0
⇒ b = 0, ± 3i

Fill in the blank:

Q. If the quadratic equations x2 + ax + b = 0 and x2 + bx + a = 0 (a ≠ b)
have a common root, then the numerical value of a + b is …
Ans. –1
Sol. Let common root be α
x2 + ax + b = 0 (α, β are its roots)
x2 + bx + a = 0 (α, γ are its roots)
now α + β = −a, αβ = b 
α + γ = −b, αγ = a
 α is common root
∴ α2 + aα + b = 0 …(i)
α2 + bα + a = 0 …(ii)
(i) – (ii)
0 + (a – b)α + (b – a) = 0 ⇒ (a – b)α = (a – b)⇒ α = 1
put α = 1 in (i) gives.
a+b=–1
Q. If every solution of the equation 3cos2 x − cosx − 1 = 0 is a solution of
the equation acos2 2x + bcos2x − 1 = 0 . Then the value of (a + b) is
equal to
(A) 5 (B) 9 (C) 13 (D) 14
Ans. C
Sol. ∵ 3cos2 x − 1 = cosx
∴ ( 3cos2 x − 1) = cos2 x
2

2
 ( 1 + cos2x )  1 + cos2x
⇒ 3 − 1 =
 2  2
2
( 3cos2x + 1) 1 + cos2x
⇒ =
4 2

⇒ 9cos2 2x + 6cos2x + 1 = 2 ( 1 + cos2x )

Quadratic Equations

⇒ 9cos2 2x + 4cos2x − 1 = 0
from comparison of given equation, we get
a = 9, b = 4 ⇒ a + b = 13

33.
 Q. If x2 + 3x + 5 = 0 and ax2 + bx + c = 0 have common root/roots and a,
b, c ∈ N then find minimum value of a + b + c
Sol. x2 + 3x + 5 = 0
D = 9 – 4(5) < 0 ⇒ imaginary roots also coefficient of equation are real
hence only one root cannot be common
∴ both roots will be common
a b c
⇒ = =
1 3 5
for minimum a = 1, b = 3, c = 5
∴ (a + b + c)min = 9

Q. D etermine the value of m for which the equation 3x2 + 4mx + 2 = 0 and
2x2 – 3x –2 = 0 may have a common root.
1
Sol. 2x2 − 3x − 2 = 0 ⇒ ( 2x + 1) ( x − 2 ) = 0   x = − , 2
2
1
If x = − is common root, then
2
2
 1  1
3  −  + 4m  −  + 2 = 0
 2  2
11
–8m + 11 = 0 ⇒ m =
8
If x = 2 is common root, then
7
14 + 8m = 0 ⇒ m = −
4
 11 −7 
⇒ m= , 
8 4 

Q. For what value of a is the difference between the roots of the equation
(a − 2) x2 − (a − 4) x − 2 = 0 equal to 3?
Sol. Let roots α,β
a−4 −2
α+β = , αβ =
a−2 a−2
now α − β = 3

⇒ ( α − β ) = ( α + β ) − 4αβ = 9
2 2

2
(a − 4) 8
Quadratic Equations

⇒ + =9
(a − 2)
2
(a − 2)
2 2
⇒ 9 (a − 2) − 8 (a − 2) − (a − 4) = 0
⇒ 8a2 − 36a + 36 = 0

34.
 ⇒ 4 ( 2a2 − 9a + 9) = 0
⇒ 2a2 − 6a − 3a + 9 = 0
⇒ ( 2a − 3) ( a − 3) = 0
3
⇒ a= ,a = 3
2

Q. Find all values of a for which the sum of the roots of the equation
x2 − 2a ( x − 1) − 1 = 0 is equal to the sum of squares of its roots.

Sol. x2 – 2ax + 2a – 1 = 0 (α, β are its roots)

α + β = 2a, αβ = 2a − 1
2 2
given α + β = α + β
α + β = ( α + β ) − 2αβ
2

⇒ 2a = 4a2 − 2 ( 2a − 1)
⇒ 2a = 4a2 − 4a + 2
⇒ 4a2 − 6a + 2 = 0
⇒ 2a2 − 3a + 1 = 0
⇒ ( a – 1) (2a – 1) = 0
1
⇒ a = 1,
2

Q. F or what values of ‘a’ equations x2 + ax + 1 = 0 and x2 + x + a = 0 have

a root in common.
Sol. Let α be the common root then
α2 + aα + 1 = 0 …(i)
α2 + α + a = 0 …(ii)
(i) – (ii):
(a − 1) α = (a − 1) ⇒ a = 1, α = 1
if α = 1 , then from (ii):
1 + 1 + a = 0 ⇒ a = −2
hence, a = 1, – 2
Quadratic Equations

35.
 Maximum and minimum value of Quadratic Expression:

b
y = ax2 + bx + c attains its maximum or minimum at point where x = −
2a
as a < 0 or a > 0, respectively.
Maximum and Minimum value can be obtained by making a perfect
square.

p ( x ) = ax2 + bx + 8 is quadratic. If the minimum value of p(x) is 6 when

Q. 
x = 2. Find a and b
1
Ans. b = –2, a =
2
−b
Sol. Clearly = 2 ⇒ b = −4a
2a
now, p ( 2) = 6 ⇒ 4a + 2b + 8 = 6

−b + 2b + 8 = 6 ⇒ b = −2
−b 2 1
a= = =
4 4 2

Q. y = 2x2 − 3x + 1 , find minimum value of y

−b − ( −3) 3
Sol. = =
2a 2 (2) 4
3
y is minimum if x =
4
2
3 3
hence ymin = 2   − 3   + 1
4 4
9 9 −1
= 2⋅ − +1=
16 4 8

Q. y = 7 + 5x − 2x2 , find maximum value of y

−b −5 5
Sol. = =
2a 2 ( −2) 4
5
y is max. if x =
Quadratic Equations

4
2
5 5
hence ymax = 7 + 5   − 2  
4
  4
25 25 81
=7+ − =
4 8 8

36.
Q. For x ≥ 2 smallest possible value of log 10 ( x3 − 4x2 + x + 26 ) − log 10 ( x + 2 )

Sol. x3 − 4x2 + x + 26 = ( x + 2 ) ( x2 − 6x + 13 )

hence, given expression is

log 10 ( x + 2 ) + log 10 ( x2 − 6x + 13 ) − log 10 ( x + 2 )

= log 10 ( x2 − 6x + 13 ) = y (let )

now ymin = log 10 ( x2 − 6x + 13 )

min
= log 10 {( x − 3)
2
}
+4

ymin = log 10 4

Range of Linear
y = ax + b; a ≠ 0 is y ∈ R

Q. y = f(x) = x + 1
Sol. ∵ f(x) is linear
∴y∈R

linear ax + b a 
Range of : y = is R −  
linear cx + d c 

2x + 3
Q. y= , Find range of y
x+1
Linear
Sol. ∵ y =
Linear
hence, y ∈ R – {2}

1
Q. y= ,Find range of y
3x − 1
( 0) x + 1
Sol. y =
3x − 1
0 
y ∈ R −   ⇒ y ∈ R − {0}
3
( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 )
Q. y = , Find range of y
( x − 2) ( x − 3)
Quadratic Equations

Sol. y = ( x − 1) ; x ≠ 2, 3
At x = 2, x − 1 = 1
At x = 3, x − 1 = 2
Hence, y ∈ R − {1, 2}

37.
 Linear Quadratic Quadratic
, ,
Quadratic Quadratic Linear

Type 1: If common factors are there

Linear

If common factors are there then solve by range of by taking
Linear
care of domain

Type 2: If common factors are not there

Step I: Cross multiply and make quadratic in x
Step II: Apply D ≥ 0 (since x is real)
Step III: Solve inequality in y and hence find the range
Note: Always Cross check for coefficient of x2 equal to zero.

x2 − x + 1
Q. Find range of
x2 + x + 1
x2 − x + 1
Sol. let y = 2
x +x+1

y ( x2 + x + 1 ) = x2 − x + 1
( y − 1) x2 + ( y + 1) x + ( y − 1) = 0 …(1)
Case–I: y − 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ y ≠ 1
(1) is a quadratic and x ∈ R
⇒ it has real roots
∴ D ≥ 0
( y + 1 + 2y − 2 ) ( y + 1 − 2y + 2 ) ≥ 0

( 3y − 1) ( 3 − y ) ≥ 0 ⇒ ( 3y − 1) ( y − 3 ) ≤ 0
1 
y ∈  , 3  ∩ y ≠ 1
3 
1 
Hence, y ∈  , 3 − {1} …(2)
3 
Case–II: y – 1 = 0 ⇒y=1
in (1) put y=1
( 0) x2 + 2x + 0 = 0 ⇒ x = 0, which is real

∴ y can be 1 …(3)
Quadratic Equations

(2) ∪ (3)
1 
y ∈  , 3
3 

38.
 x2 + 2x − 11
Q. Find range of
2 ( x − 3)
x2 + 2x − 11
Sol. Let y =
2 ( x − 3)
⇒ 2yx – 6y = x2 + 2x – 11
⇒x2 + 2(1 – y)x + (6y – 11) = 0
∵x∈R
∴ roots of above equation are real hence D ≥ 0
2
4 ( 1 − y ) − 4 (6y − 11) ≥ 0
⇒ 4 {y 2 − 8y + 12} ≥ 0
⇒ (y 2
− 8y + 12 ) ≥ 0
⇒ ( y − 6) ( y − 2) ≥ 0
hence y ∈ ( −∞, 2] ∪ [6, ∞ )

x2 − 3x + 4
Q. Find range of following
x2 + 3x + 4
x2 − 3x + 4
Sol: Let y =
x2 + 3x + 4
⇒ ( y − 1) x2 + 3 ( y + 1) x + 4 ( y − 1) = 0 …(a)

Case–I: y – 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ y ≠ 1
then D ≥ 0
9(y + 1)2 – 4 ×(y – 1) × 4(y – 1) ≥ 0
⇒ ( 3y + 3 + 4y − 4 ) ( 3y + 3 − 4y + 4 ) ≥ 0

⇒ ( 7y − 1) ( 7 − y ) ≥ 0

⇒ ( 7y − 1) ( y − 7 ) ≤ 0
1 
⇒ y ∈  , 7  ∩ y ≠ 1
7 

1 
hence y ∈  , 7  − {1} …(1)
7 
Case–II: y − 1 = 0 ⇒ y = 1
Quadratic Equations

Put in (a)
(0)x2 + 6x + 0 = 0 ⇒x = 0 ∈ R
hence y can be 1 …(2)
(1) ∪ (2)
1 
y ∈  , 7 
7 
39.
 ( x + 1) ( x − 2 )
Q. Find range of
x ( x + 3)
x2 − x − 2
Sol. Let y =
x2 + 3x
⇒ ( y − 1) x2 + ( 3y + 1) x + 2 = 0 …(a)

Case–I: y − 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ y ≠ 1
then D ≥ 0
2
( 3y + 1) − 8 ( y − 1) ≥ 0

⇒ ( 9y 2 + 6y + 1) − 8y + 8 ≥ 0

⇒ 9y 2 − 2y + 9 ≥ 0 (a > 0, D < 0)

⇒ y ∈ R − {1} … (1)

Case–II: If y – 1 = 0 ⇒ y=1
from (a)
−1
( 0) x2 + 4x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x =
∈R
2
∴ y can be 1 …(2)
(1) ∪ (2)
y ∈ R

x2 + 2x − 2
Q. Find range of
x2 + 2x + 1
x2 + 2x − 2
Sol. Let y =
x2 + 2x + 1
⇒ ( y − 1) x2 + 2 ( y − 1) x + ( y + 2) = 0 …(a)

Case–I: ( y − 1) ≠ 0 ⇒ y ≠ 1

then D ≥ 0
2
4 ( y − 1) − 4 ( y − 1) ( y + 2 ) ≥ 0

⇒ 4 ( y − 1) {( y − 1) − ( y + 2 )} ≥ 0

⇒ ( y − 1) ≤ 0
Quadratic Equations

⇒ y ∈ (– ∞, 1) …(1)
Case–II : If y – 1 = 0 ⇒ y = 1
from (a)
(0) x2 + (0) x + 3 = 0 (not possible)
∴ y cannot be 1 …(2)
hence, y ∈ (– ∞, 1)

40.
 x2 + 14x + 9
Q. Find range of following
x2 + 2x + 3
x2 + 14x + 9
Sol: Let y =
x2 + 2x + 3
⇒ ( y − 1) x2 + 2 ( y − 7 ) x + 3 ( y − 3 ) = 0 …(a)

Case–I: y − 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ y ≠ 1
then D ≥ 0
2
4 ( y − 7 ) − 4 ( y − 1) .3 ( y − 3 ) ≥ 0
⇒ 4 {y 2 − 14y + 49 − 3y 2 + 12y − 9} ≥ 0
⇒ 2y 2 + 2y − 40 ≤ 0
⇒ y 2 + y − 20 ≤ 0 ⇒ ( y + 5 ) ( y − 4 ) ≤ 0
⇒ y ∈ [–5,4] ∩ y ≠ 1
⇒ y ∈ [–5,4] – {1} … (1)
Case–II: y – 1 = 0 ⇒ y = 1
Put in (a)
(0)x2 – 12x – 6 = 0 ⇒ x = – ½ ∈ R
hence, y can be 1 …(2)
(1)∪(2)
y∈[– 5, 4]

x2 − 5x + 6
Q. Find range of
x2 − 4x + 3
( x − 2) ( x − 3)
Sol. y =
( x − 3 ) ( x − 1)
x−2
= ,x ≠ 3
x−1
Range = R – {1, y(3)}
 1
Range = R – 1, 
 2

6x2 − 22x + 21
Q. Find the least value of = y ∀ x ∈ R
5x2  − 18x + 17
Sol: ( 5y − 6 ) x2 + 2 ( 11 − 9y ) x + ( 17y − 21) = 0 …(a)
Quadratic Equations

Case–I:  5y − 6 ≠ 0 ⇒ y ≠ 6 / 5
then D ≥ 0
2
4 ( 11 − 9y ) − 4 ( 5y − 6 ) ( 17y − 21) ≥ 0

41.
 ⇒ {121 + 81y 2 − 198y − 85y 2 + 207y − 126} ≥ 0
⇒ 4y 2 − 9y + 5  ≤ 0
⇒  ( 4y − 5 ) ( y − 1) ≤ 0
 5
⇒ y ∈ 1,  ∩ y ≠ 6 / 5
 4

 5  6 
⇒ y ∈ 1,  −   …(1)
 4  5 

Case–II: 5y – 6 = 0 ⇒ y = 6/5
Put in (a) we get
 54  102
2  11 − x + − 21 = 0
 5  5
2x 3
⇒ − =0
5 5
3
⇒ x = ∈ R
2

∴ y can be 6/5 …(2)

(1)∪(2)
 5
y ∈ 1, 
 4
hence ymin = 1
ax2 − 7x + 5
Q. Find all possible values of ‘a’ for which the expression may be capable
5x2 − 7x + a
of taking all values where x being any real quantity.
ax2 − 7x + 5
Sol: Let y = 2
5x − 7x + a
⇒ ( 5y − a ) x2 − 7 ( y − 1) x + ( ay − 5 ) = 0
∵x∈R ⇒D≥0
49(y – 1)2 – 4(5y – a)(ay – 5) ≥ 0 ∀ y ∈ R
49y2 – 98y + 49 – 20ay2 + 100y + 4a2y – 20a ≥ 0 ∀ y ∈ R
⇒ (49 – 20a)y2 + 2(2a2 + 1)y + (49 – 20a) ≥ 0 ∀ y∈ R
Which implies
Quadratic Equations

D ≤ 0 and 49 – 20a >0

49
4(2a2 + 1)2 – 4(49 – 20a)2 ≤ 0 and a < 
20
49
(2a + 1 + 49 − 20a ) (2a + 1 − 49 + 20a ) ≤ 0 and a < 20
2 2

42.
 49
(2a
− 20a + 50) ( 2a2 + 20a − 48) ≤ 0 and a < 
2

20
+ • − • + •
+
−12 2 5
49
(a2 − 10a + 25) (a2 + 10a − 24) ≤ 0 and a < 20
2 49
(a − 5) (a + 12) (a − 2) ≤ 0 and a < 
20
49
a∈[– 12, 2] ∪ {5} and a < 
20
a∈[– 12, 2]
but for a=– 12 and a=2, Nr and Dr have common factors which implies y  ∉ R
hence, a∈(– 12, 2)

Q. Find the domain and Range of f ( x ) = x2 − 3x + 2

Sol. Domain:
x2 − 3x + 2 ≥ 0
( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) ≥ 0
x ∈ ( −∞, 1 ]∪[ 2, ∞ ) = Df
Range:
−D
(x 2
− 3x + 2 )
min
=
4a
− 9 − 4 ( 2 )  −1
= =
4 4
 1 
∴ x2 – 3x + 2 ∈  − , ∞ 
 4 

hence, x2 − 3x + 2 ∈ [0, ∞ ) = Range

General second degree in x and y

f(x, y )=ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c

Condition of general second degree in x & y to be resolved into two linear factors

abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0

Quadratic Equations

Steps for factorization:

Step 1: Factorize second degree homogeneous part.
Step 2: Add constant to both the linear.
Step 3: Compare coefficient of x & coefficient of y & absolute term if needed.

43.
 Q. P rove that expression 2x2 + 3xy + y2 + 2y + 3x + 1 can be factorized into two linear
factors & find them
Sol. a = 2, 2h = 3, b = 1, 2g = 3, 2f = 2, c = 1
 Condition for factorization, abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2
2 2
 3  3  3  3 9 9 9
= 2 ( 1) ( 1) + 2 ( 1)     − 2 ( 1) − 1   − 1   = 2 + − 2 − −
2

 2  2  2  2 2 4 4
= 0 H.P.
For factorization, 2x2 + 3xy + y2 = (2x + y)(x + y)
(2x + y + a)(x + y + b) = 2x2 + 3xy + y2 + 2y + 3x + 1
comparing coefficient of x ⇒ a + 2b = 3
→a=b=1
comparing coefficient of y ⇒ a + b = 2 
Factors are 2x + y + 1, x + y + 1

Q. P rove that the expression x2–3xy+2y2–2x–3y–35 can be factorized into two linear factors
& find them
Sol. a = 1, 2h = – 3, b = 2, 2g = – 2, 2f = – 3, c = – 35
Condition for factorization, abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2
2 2
 3  3  3  3
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
= 1( =1(2) –35 + 2  −   −1  −  − 1  −  − 2 −1 – −35  − 
 2  2  2  2

9 9 315 27 315
= −70 − − −2+ = −72 − +
2 4 4 4 4
= 0 H.P
For factorization, x2 – 3xy + 2y2 = (x – 2y)(x – y)
(x – 2y + a)(x – y + b) = x2 – 3xy + 2y2 – 2x – 3y – 35
comparing coefficient of x ⇒ a + b = – 2 
   → b = 5, a = −7
 comparing coefficient of y ⇒ −a − 2b = −3

Factors are x − 2y − 7,  x − y + 5

Q. If the equation x2 + 16y 2 − 3x + 2 = 0 is satisfied by real values of x and y then show that
 1 1
x ∈ [1, 2] and y ∈  − , 
 8 8
Sol: Given equation can be expressed as
x2 − 3x + ( 16y 2 + 2 ) = 0
Quadratic Equations

∵x∈R⇒D≥0
9 − 4 × ( 16y 2 + 2 ) ≥ 0

(9 − 64y 2
− 8) ≥ 0
⇒  64y 2 − 1 ≤ 0

44.
 1 1
(8y + 1) (8y − 1) ≤ 0 ⇒ y ∈  − ,
 8 8 
Now, given equation,
16y 2 = − ( x2 − 3x + 2 )

∵ LHS ≥ 0 ⇒ − ( x2 − 3x + 2 ) ≥ 0
x − 3x + 2 ≤ 0
( x − 1) ( x − 2) ≤ 0 ⇒ x ∈ [1, 2] H.P.

Theory of Equation
Cubic:
ax + bx + cx + d = a ( x − α )( x − β )( x − γ )
3 2

−b
Sum of roots taken one at a time = α + β + γ =
a
−d
Product of roots = αβγ =
a
c
Sum of product of roots taken two at a time = αβ + βγ + γα =
a

Bi Quadratic:
ax + bx + cx + dx + e = a ( x − α )( x − β )( x − γ )( x − δ )
4 3 2

c
Sum of product of roots taken two at a time = αβ + αγ + αδ + βγ + βδ + γδ =
a
−d
Sum of product of roots taken three at a time = αβγ + αβδ + αγδ + βγδ =
a

In General: a1
∑ α1 = −
a0
If α 1 , α2 , α3 , … , αn are the roots of the equation:
a
∑ α 1α 2 = + 2
a0 xn + a1 xn−1 + a2 xn−2 + ... + an−1 x + an = 0 , where a0 ≠ 0 a0

2
Note:  ( a + b + c ) = ∑ a2 + 2 ∑ ab a
∑ α 1α 2 α 3 = − 3
a0
Quadratic Equations

 
an
α 1α2 α3  αn =  ( −1)
n

a0

45.
 Q. F
 ind sum of squares of roots and sum of cubes of roots of the cubic equation
x3 − px2 + qx − r = 0
Sol. Let roots are α, β, γ then
α+β+γ=p
αβ + βγ + γα = q, αβγ = r
sum of squares of roots = α + β + γ = ( α + β + γ ) − 2 ( αβ + βγ + γα ) = p2 − 2q
2 2 2 2

sum of cubes of roots
{
α3 + β3 + γ 3 = ( α + β + γ ) α2 + β2 + γ 2 − ( αβ + βγ + γα ) + 3αβγ }
{
= p (p2 − 2q) − q + 3r }
= p (p2 − 3q) + 3r

= p3 − 3pq + 3r

Q. Solve the cubic 4x3 + 16x2 − 9x − 36 = 0 where sum of two roots is zero.

Sol. Let roots α, −α, β

−16
now α + ( −α ) + β = ⇒ β = −4
4

also α ( −α )( β ) = −
( −36) ⇒ −α2 −4 = 9
4
( )
9 3
α2 = ⇒α=±
4 2
3 3
∴ roots = −4, − ,
2 2

1 1 1
Q. If a, b, c are roots of cubic x3 − x2 + 1 = 0 find + 2 + 2 
a 2
b c
Sol. a + b + c = 1
ab + bc + ca = 0, abc = −1
( ) − 2abc ∑ a
2
1 1 1 a2b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 ∑ ab
+ + = =
a2 b2 c2 (abc) (abc)
2 2

0 − 2 ( 1) ( −1)
Quadratic Equations

= 2
( −1)
=2

46.
 π 
Q. If α, β, γ, δ are roots of the equation tan  + x  = 3tan3x then find the value of
4 
tanα + tanβ + tanγ + tanδ

1 + tanx 3 ( 3tanx − tan x )

3

Sol. =
1 − tanx 1 − 3tan2 x
let tanx = t then
1 + t 9t − 3t3
=
1−t 1 − 3t2
⇒ 1 − 3t2 + t − 3t3 = 9t − 3t3 − 9t2 + 3t 4

⇒ 3t 4 − 6t2 + 8t − 1 = 0

above equation roots tanα, tanβ, tanγ, tanδ

⇒ sum of roots = 0

If roots of x3– 5x2 + 6x –3 = 0 are α, β, γ . Tell equation whose roots are

Q. 
α + 1, β + 1, γ + 1
Sol. Let α + 1 = x ⇒ α = x − 1
also α is root of given equation
∴ α3 − 5α2 + 6α − 3 = 0
3 2
⇒ ( x − 1) − 5 ( x − 1) + 6 ( x − 1) − 3 = 0
⇒ ( x3 − 3x2 + 3x − 1) − 5 ( x2 − 2x + 1) + 6 ( x − 1) − 3 = 0
⇒ x3 − 8x2 + 19x − 15 = 0
which is required equation.

Q. Find the cubic whose roots are cubes of the roots of x3 + 3x2 + 2 = 0
Sol. If roots of given equation α, β, γ then required equation will have roots α , β , γ
3 3 3

1
now let α3 = x ⇒ α = x 3
3 2
 1  1
⇒  x3  + 3  x3  + 2 = 0
   
2
⇒ −3x 3 = x + 2
Quadratic Equations

2 3
  3
⇒  −3x 3  = ( x + 2 )
 
2
⇒ −27x2 = x3 + 3x2 ( 2) + 3x ( 2) + 23
⇒ x3 + 33x2 + 12x + 8 = 0
which is required equation.
47.
 Q. The length of sides of a triangle are roots of the equation
x3 − 12x2 + 47x − 60 = 0 and ∆ is area of the triangle then find ∆2
Sol. Let sides of triangle are a, b, c
then a + b + c = 12
ab + bc + ca = 47
abc = 60
Now, ∆2 = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)
a +b+c
  = 6 (6 − a ) (6 − b ) (6 − c ) s= =6
2
{
  = 6 63 − 12 (6 ) + 47 (6 ) − 60
2
}
  = 6 ( 216 − 432 + 282 − 60)
  = 36

Location of roots:
Type–1: B
 oth roots of a quadratic equation are greater than a specified number, i.e.,
α, β > d
Step–1: Make leading coefficient positive
Step–2: Apply conditions

(i) D ≥ 0

−b or
(ii) > d
2a
(iii) f(d) > 0
  
α β
d d

Q. F ind the value of d for which both roots of the equation x2 − 6dx + 2 − 2d + 9d2 = 0
are greater than 3
Sol: Step–1: a > 0 =>  Let f ( x ) = x2 − 6dx + 2 − 2d + 9d2

Step–2:
(i) D ≥ 0⇒ 36d2 − 4 ( 2 − 2d + 9d2 ) ≥ 0 ⇒ 8d − 8 ≥ 0 ⇒ d ≥ 1
Quadratic Equations

−b 6d
(ii) > 3 ⇒ >3⇒d>1
2a 2
f ( 3) > 0 ⇒ 9 − 18d + 2 − 2d + 9d2 > 0 ⇒ 9d2 − 20d + 11 > 0
(iii)

48.
 ⇒ 9d2 − 9d − 11d + 11 > 0 ⇒ 9d ( d − 1) − 11 ( d − 1) > 0

 11 
⇒ ( 9d − 11) ( d − 1) > 0 ⇒ d ∈ ( −∞, 1) ∪  , ∞ 
9 
(i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii) gives
 11 
d ∈  , ∞
9 

Q. F ind all the values of ‘a’ for which both roots of the equation x2 + x + a = 0 exceed the
quantity ‘a’.
Sol: Step–1: A > 0 ⇒ Let f(x) = x2 + x + a
Step–2:
(i) D ≥ 0 ⇒ 12 – 4a ≥ 0 ⇒ 4a ≤ 1 ⇒ a∈ (– ∞, 1/4]
−B −1  −1 
(ii) > a ⇒ > a ⇒ a ∈  −∞, 
2A 2  2
(iii) f ( a ) > 0 ⇒ a2 + a + a > 0 ⇒ a2 + 2a > 0 ⇒ a ( a + 2) > 0 ⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, −2) ∪ ( 0, ∞ )
(i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii) gives
a ∈ ( −∞, −2 )

Q. Determine the values of ‘a’ for which both roots of the quadratic equation
(a2 + a − 2) x2 − (a + 5) x − 2 = 0 exceed the number minus one.
Sol: Step–1: Divide by ( a2 + a − 2 )

(a + 5) 2
A > 0 ⇒ Let f ( x ) = x2 − x−
(a + a − 2)
2
( a − 2)
a 2
+

Step–2:
( a + 5 ) + 8 ( a2 + a − 2 )
2 2
(a + 5) 8
(i) D ≥ 0 ⇒ + 2 ≥ 0     ≥0
(a 2
+ a − 2)
2
(a + a − 2) ( a2 + a − 2 )
2

2
9a2 + 18a + 9 9 ( a + 1)
⇒ 2 2
≥0⇒ 2 2
≥ 0 ⇒ a ∈ R– {– 2, 1}
( a − 1) ( a + 2 ) ( a − 1) ( a + 2 )
−B (a + 5) a+5
(ii) > −1 ⇒ > −1 ⇒ + 1 > 0
2A 2 (a + a − 2)
2
2 (a + a − 2)
2
Quadratic Equations

+ • − •
+ • − • +
2a2 + 3a + 1 (2a + 1) (a + 1) −2 −1 −1 1
⇒  > 0 ⇒ > 0 2
2 ( a + 2 ) ( a − 1) 2 ( a + 2 ) ( a − 1)

49.
  1
⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪  −1, −  ∪ ( 1, ∞ )
 2

(a + 5) 2
(iii) f ( −1) > 0 ⇒ 1 + − >0
(a 2
+ a − 2) (a + a − 2)
2

2
a2 + 2a + 1 ( a + 1)
⇒ 2 >0⇒ >0
a +a−2 ( a − 1) ( a + 2 )

⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ ( 1, ∞ )

Now, (i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii) gives

a ∈ (–∞, –2) ∪ (1, ∞)

Type–2: Both root lies on either side of a fixed number, say d, i.e., α < d < β
Step–1: Make leading coefficient positive
Step–2: Apply condition f(d) < 0

•
α β
d

Q. Find k for which one root of the equation x2 – (k + 1)x + k2 + k – 8 = 0 is greater than 2
and other is less than 2
Sol: Step–1: a > 0
Let f ( x ) = x2 − (k + 1) x + (k2 + k − 8)
Step–2:
f ( 2 ) < 0

⇒ 4 − (k + 1) 2 + (k2 + k − 8) < 0

⇒ k2 − 3k + 2k − 6 < 0
Quadratic Equations

⇒ k (k − 2 ) + 2 (k − 3 ) < 0

⇒ (k + 2 ) (k − 3 ) < 0
⇒ k ∈ ( −2, 3)

50.
Q. Find the set of values of ‘a’ for which zeros of the quadratic polynomial
(a2 + a + 1) x2 + (a − 1) x + a2 are located on either side of 3.
Sol: Step–1: Making leading coefficient positive

Let f (x ) = x2 +
(a − 1) x+
a2
a +a+1
2
a +a+1
2

Step–2:
f(3) < 0
3 ( a − 1) a2
⇒ 9 + 2 + 2 <0
a +a+1 a +a+1
9 ( a2 + a + 1) + 3 ( a − 1) + a2
⇒ <0
(a 2
+ a + 1)

10a2 + 12a + 6
⇒ <0
a2 + a + 1
2 ( 5a2 + 6a + 3 )
⇒ <0
(a 2
+ a + 1)
⇒ a ∈ ϕ

Q. Find a for which one root is positive and other root is negative for
−x2 − ( 3a − 2) x + a2 + 1 = 0
Sol. Step–1: Making leading coefficient positive
Let f ( x ) = x2 + ( 3a − 2) x − ( a2 + 1) then

Step–2:
f ( 0) < 0

⇒ − ( a2 + 1) < 0
⇒a∈R

Q. Find a for which both root lie on either side of – 1 of quadratic equation
(a2 − 5a + 6) x2 − (a − 3) x + 7 = 0
Sol. Step– 1: Making leading coefficient positive
(a − 3) x 7
Quadratic Equations

Let f ( x ) = x2 − 2 + 2
a − 5a + 6 a − 5a + 6
Step– 2:
f ( −1) < 0

51.
 (a − 3) 7
⇒ 1 + + <0
(a 2
− 5a + 6 ) (a − 5a + 6)
2

⇒
(a 2
− 5a + 6 ) + ( a − 3 ) + 7
<0
(a 2
− 5a + 6 )

⇒
(a 2
− 4a + 10)
<0
(a − 2) (a − 3)
⇒ a ∈ (2, 3)

Type–3: Both roots lies between two fixed number, i.e., d < α < β < e
Step–1: Make leading coefficient positive
Step–2: Apply conditions

(i) D ≥ 0
(ii) f(d) > 0
(iii) f(e) > 0 •
b α β
(iv) d < − < e  d e
2a
•
−b
2a

Q. If α, β∈(–6, 1) then find k for which x2 + 2 (k − 3 ) x + 9 = 0 has roots α, β.

Sol. Step–1: As leading coefficient is positive

Let f(x) = x2 + 2(k – 3)x + 9
2
(i) D ≥ 0 ⇒ 4 (k − 3 ) − 4 × 9 ≥ 0 ⇒ (k − 3 + 3 ) (k − 3 − 3 ) ≥ 0
⇒ k (k − 6 ) ≥ 0 ⇒ k ∈ ( −∞, 0 ]∪[ 6, ∞ )
 27 
f ( −6 ) > 0 ⇒ 36 − 12 (k − 3 ) + 9 > 0 ⇒ 81 − 12k > 0 ⇒ k ∈  −∞,
(ii) 
 4 
(iii) f(1) > 0 ⇒ 1 + 2(k – 3) + 9 > 0 ⇒ 2k + 4 > 0 ⇒ k > – 2
−2 (k − 3)
< 1 ⇒ −12− < 2 (k − 3) < 2 ⇒ 6 > (k − 3) > −1 ⇒ k ∈ (2,  9)
Quadratic Equations

(iv) −6 <
2
(i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii) ∩ (iv)
 27 
k ∈ 6, 
 4 

52.
Q. A t what value of ‘a’ do all the zeroes of the function ( a − 2 ) x2 + 2ax + a + 3 lies in the
interval (–2, 1)
Sol. Step–1: Making leading coefficient positive
2ax (a + 3)
Let f ( x ) = x2 + +
(a − 2) (a − 2)
Step–2:
4a2 4 (a + 3)
(i) D≥0⇒ − ≥0
(a − 2)
2
(a − 2)
a2 − ( a + 3 ) ( a − 2 ) − (a − 6)
2
≥0⇒ 2
≥ 0 ⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, 6] − {2}
(a − 2) (a − 2)
4a (a + 3)
(ii) f ( −2) > 0 ⇒ 4 − + >0
(a − 2) (a − 2)
4 ( a − 2 ) − 4a + ( a + 3 ) a−5
>0⇒ >0
(a − 2) a−2

⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, 2 ) ∪ ( 5, ∞ )

2a (a + 3)
f ( 1) > 0 ⇒ 1 +
(iii) + >0
(a − 2) (a − 2)
(a − 2) + 2a + (a + 3) 4a + 1
>0⇒ >0
(a − 2) a−2

 1
⇒ a ∈  −∞, −  ∪ ( 2, ∞ )
 4 
−2a −a
(iv)  − 2 < < 1 ⇒ −2 < <1
2 (a − 2) a−2
−a a a−4
−2 < ⇒ −2<0⇒ > 0 ∴ a ∈ ( −∞, 2 ) ∪ ( 4, ∞ )
a−2 a−2 a−2

−a
< 1⇒
a
+1>0⇒
2 a−1
> 0
( ) ∴  a ∈ ( −∞, 1) ∪ ( 2, ∞ )
a−2 a−2 a−2
Intersection of all conditions is x ∈ ( −∞ − 1 / 4 ) ∪ (5,6]
Quadratic Equations

53.
 Type–4: Both roots lies on either side of two fixed numbers, i.e., α < d < e < β

Step–1: Make leading coefficient positive

(i) f(d)<0

d e
(ii) f(e) < 0 α
• •
β x
 

Step–2: Apply conditions

Q. Find k for which one root of the equation (k − 5 ) x2 − 2kx + (k − 4 ) = 0 is smaller than 1
and the other root is greater than 2.
Sol. Step–1: Making leading coefficient positive.
2kx (k − 4 )
Let f ( x ) = x2 − +
(k − 5 ) (k − 5 )
Step–2:
(i) f (2) < 0
4k k−4 4 (k − 5 ) − 4k + (k − 4 )
4 − + <0⇒ <0
(k − 5 ) k − 5 (k − 5 )
k − 24
⇒ < 0 ⇒ k ∈ ( 5, 24 )
k−5
f ( 1) < 0
(ii)
2k k−4 (k − 5) − 2k + (k − 4)
1− + <0⇒ <0
k−5 k−5 (k − 5 )
−9
< 0 ⇒ k ∈ ( 5, ∞ )
k−5
(i) ∩ (ii)  
⇒ k ∈ (5, 24)

Types–5: Exactly one root lies in the interval (d, e)

Step–1: Make leading coefficient positive.
Quadratic Equations

Step–2: Apply condition f ( d) f ( e ) < 0 d

e

54.
Q. F
 ind the set of values of m for which exactly one root of the equation
x2 + mx + (m2 + 6m) = 0 lie in (– 2, 0)

Sol. Step–1: Making leading coefficient positive.

Let f ( x ) = x2 + mx + m2 + 6m
Step–2:
Case–I: When no root is – 2 or 0
f(–2) f(0) < 0
⇒ ( 4 − 2m + m2 + 6m) (m2 + 6m) < 0 ⇒ (m2 + 4m + 4 ) (m2 + 6m) < 0

2
⇒ (m + 2 ) m (m + 6 ) < 0 ⇒ m ∈ ( −6, 0) − {−2}

Case–II: When one of the root is – 2 or 0

(i) if f(–2) = 0 ⇒ 4 – 2m + m2 + 6m = 0
     ⇒ m2 + 4m + 4 = 0 ⇒ m = –2
For m= – 2 equation: x2 – 2x– 8=0 ⇒ x = 4, –2 ⇒ No root in (–2, 0)
(ii) If f ( 0) = 0 ⇒ m2 + 6m = 0 ⇒ m = 0, −6
For m = 0 equation: x2 = 0 ⇒x = 0,0 ⇒ No root in (–2, 0)
Hence, m∈(–6, 0) – {–2}

Q. Find a for which exactly one root of the equation x2 − ( a + 1) x + 2a = 0

lies in (0, 3)
Sol. Step–1: Making leading coefficient positive
Let f ( x ) = x2 − ( a + 1) x + 2a
Step–2:
Case–I: When no root is 0 or 3
f ( 0) .f ( 3 ) < 0
⇒ ( 2a ) ( 9 − 3 ( a + 1) + 2a ) < 0
⇒ 2a(6 – a)<0 ⇒a(a– 6)>0
a ∈ ( −∞, 0) ∪ (6, ∞ ) …(i)

Case– II: when one of the root is 0 or 3

(a) If f(0)=0⇒2a=0⇒a=0
For a=0 equation : x2– x=0 ⇒x = 0, 1 ⇒ one root in (0,3)
hence, a can be 0 …(ii)
(b) If f(3) = 0 ⇒ 9 – (a + 1)3 + 2a = 0 ⇒ a = 6
Quadratic Equations

For a = 6 equation: x2– 7x + 12 = 0 ⇒ x = 3, 4 ⇒ No root in (0,3)

(i) U (ii)
hence, a ∈ ( −∞, 0] ∪ (6, ∞ )

55.
 Note: If f(p) f(q) < 0, then

Exactly one root lies between (p, q)

p
q

Miscellaneous Examples
Q. If a < b < c < d show that quadratic (x – a)(x – c) + λ(x – b)(x – d) = 0
has real root for all real values of λ except –1.
Sol. Let f(x) = (x – a)(x – c) + λ(x – b)(x – d)
now
f ( a ) = λ ( a − b )( a − d)
f (b ) = (b − a ) (b − c ) < 0
f ( c ) = λ ( c − b )( c − d)

f ( d) = ( d − a ) ( d − c ) > 0
now f(b)f(d)<0⇒exactly one root in interval (b, d)
∵ coefficient real ⇒ other root must be real for ∀ λ ∈ R–{–1}

Q. Find p for which the expression x2 − 2px + 3p + 4 < 0 is satisfied for

atleast one real x.
Sol. Clearly D > 0
(–2p)2 – 4(3p + 4) >0
⇒ p2 – 3p – 4 > 0
⇒ (p – 4)(p + 1) > 0
⇒ p ∈ (– ∞, – 1) ∪ (4, ∞)

Q. F
 ind the value of m for which x2 − 4x + 3m + 1 > 0 is satisfied for all
positive x.
Sol. x2 − 4x + 4 > 3 − 3m
for x > 0, (x – 2)2 ∈ [0,∞)
hence 3 – 3m < 0 ⇒ m > 1

Q. Show that ( a2 + 3 ) x2 + ( a + 2 ) x − 5 < 0 is true for at least one negative

x for any real value of a .
Sol. Let f ( x ) = ( a2 + 3 ) x2 + ( a + 2 ) x − 5
Quadratic Equations

clearly f(x) is upward parabola and f(0) < 0

⇒ it is negative for atleast one negative x, ∀ a∈R

56.
Q. If f ( x ) = 4x2 + ax + ( a − 3 ) is negative for atleast one negative x, find all
values of a
Sol. f(x)=0 have atleast one root negative
Case–I: Both roots < 0 (distinct roots)
(i) D > 0
⇒ a2 − 16 ( a − 3 ) > 0  ⇒ a2 − 16a + 48 > 0 ⇒ ( a − 12) ( a − 4 ) > 0

⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, 4 ) ∪ ( 12, ∞ )
B
(ii)
− <0
2A
−a
⇒ <0⇒a>0
8

(iii) f(0) > 0

⇒ a – 3 > 0 ⇒a > 3
(i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii)
a ∈ ( 3, 4 ) ∪ ( 12, ∞ ) …(1)
Case–II: One root > 0 and other root < 0
f(0) < 0
⇒ a – 3 < 0 ⇒ a < 3 …(2)
Case–III: One root < 0 and other root = 0
f(0) = 0 ⇒ a = 3
for a = 3 equation is 4x2 + 3x = 0
3
x = 0,  x = − (negative)
4
∴ a = 3 …(3)
(1) ∪ (2) ∪ (3)
a ∈ ( −∞, 4 ) ∪ ( 12, ∞ )

Q. Find a for which x2 + 2 ( a − 1) x + a + 5 = 0 has at least one positive root.

Sol. Let f ( x ) = x2 + 2 ( a − 1) x + a + 5
Case–I: both roots > 0
(i) D ≥ 0
⇒ 4 ( a − 1) − 4 ( a + 5 ) ≥ 0 ⇒ ( a2 − 2a + 1) − ( a + 5 ) ≥ 0
2

⇒ ( a2 − 3a − 4 ) ≥ 0 ⇒ ( a − 4 ) ( a + 1) ≥ 0
Quadratic Equations

⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, −1 ]∪[ 4, ∞ )
−B
(ii)
  >0
2A

57.
 −2 ( a − 1)
⇒ >0⇒a−1<0⇒a <1
2
(iii) f(0)>0
a + 5 > 0 ⇒ a > −5
(i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii)
⇒ a ∈ (–5, –1) …(1)
Case–II: one root < 0, other root > 0
f(0) < 0
a + 5 < 0 ⇒ a < –5 …(2)
Case–III: one root=0, other root > 0
f(0)=0
a+5=0⇒a=–5
for a = – 5 equation is x2 – 12x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, x = 12 (positive)
∴a = – 5 …(3)
(1) ∪ (2) ∪ (3)
a ∈ (–∞, –1)

Q. Find p for which the least value of 4x2 − 4px + p2 − 2p + 2 for x ∈ [0, 2]
is equal to 3
Sol: Let f ( x ) = 4x2 − 4px + p2 − 2p + 2
b 4p
Case–I:  − ≤0⇒ ≤0⇒p≤0
2a 8
then f(0) is minimum in x ∈ [0, 2] , hence,
2± 8
⇒ f(0)=3⇒ p2– 2p– 1=0⇒p =
2

p = 1 − 2 , p = 1 + 2 (rejected, as p ≤ 0)

⇒ p = 1 − 2 ( ) … (1)

−b 4p
Case–II: 0 < <2⇒0< < 2 ⇒ p ∈ (0,4)
2a 8

In this case f(x) is minimum at vertex
−D
hence, =3
4a

{
− 16p2 − 16 (p2 − 2p + 2) }=3
16
Quadratic Equations

–2p + 2 = 3
1
⇒ p = − (rejected, as p ∈ (0,4))
2
⇒ p ∈ ϕ … (2)

58.
 −b 4p
Case–III:   ≥ 2 ⇒ ≥2⇒p≥4
2a 8
In this case f(x) is min at x=2 hence, f(2) = 3
⇒ 16 – 8p + p2 – 2p + 2 = 3 ⇒ p2 – 10p + 15 = 0
10 ± 100 − 60 10 ± 2 10
⇒ p = = = 5 ± 10
2 2
⇒ p = 5 + 10, p = 5 − 10 (rejected, as p ≥ 4)

⇒ p = 5 + 10 … (3)

(1) ∪ (2) ∪ (3)

{
hence, p = 1 − 2,  5 + 10 }
Q. Find k for which the equation x4 + x2 ( 1 − 2k ) + k2 − 1 = 0 has
(i) No real solution (ii) one real solution
(iii) Two real solutions (iv) Three real solutions
(v) Four real solutions.
Sol: Let f(x) = x4 + x2 ( 1 − 2k ) + k2 − 1 = 0 , x2 = t

Also, let g ( t ) = t2 + ( 1 − 2k ) t + (k2 − 1)

(i) For equation f(x) = 0 to have no real solution, equation g(t)=0
must have either both roots < 0 or imaginary roots.
Case–I: both roots < 0
D ≥ 0 ⇒ ( 1 − 2k ) − 4 (k2 − 1) ≥ 0
2
(i)

⇒ ( 4k2 − 4k + 1) − 4k2 + 4 ≥ 0
 5
⇒ 4k ≤ 5 ⇒ k ∈  −∞, 
 4

−b (2k − 1)  1
(ii) < 0 ⇒ < 0 ⇒ k ∈  −∞, 
2a 2  2
g ( 0) > 0 ⇒ k2 − 1 > 0 ⇒ k ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( 1, ∞ )
(iii)

(i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii)

⇒ k ∈ (– ∞, – 1) …(1)
Case–II: Imaginary roots
5 
Quadratic Equations

D < 0 ⇒ k ∈  , ∞  …(2)
4 
(1) ∪ (2)
5 
k ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪  , ∞ 
4 

59.
 (ii) For equation f ( x ) = 0 to have one real solution equation g(t) = 0
must have one root = 0 and other root < 0
hence, g(0) = 0 ⇒ k = ± 1
Put k = 1 in f(x) = 0: x2 [x2 – 1] = 0 giving three solutions so not possible
put k = –1 in f(x) = 0: x2[x2 + 3] = 0 giving one solution so possible.
k = {–1}

(iii) For equation f ( x ) = 0 to have two real solution equation g(t) = 0 can be
equal and positive roots or have one root > 0 and other root < 0
Case–I:
5
D=0⇒k=  
4
3 9
(x2)2 – x2 + =0
2 16
9 3
⇒ x2 = ⇒ x = ±   giving exactly 2 solutions.
16 4
5
⇒ k = … (1)
4
Case–II:
g(0)< 0
k2 – 1 < 0⇒ k∈(– 1, 1) … (2)
(1) ∪ (2)
5 
⇒ k ∈ (–1, 1) ∪  
4

(iv) For equation f ( x ) = 0 to have 3 real solution equation g(t) = 0

must have one root = 0 and other root > 0
hence g ( 0) = 0 ⇒ k = ±1
if k=1 then equation: t2 − t = 0 ⇒ t = 0, 1 gives 3 solutions for f(x) = 0.
So, accepted
if k= – 1 then equation: t2 + 3t = 0 ⇒ t = 0, −3 gives only 1 solution for
f(x) = 0.
So, Rejected
Hence k=1

(v) For equation f ( x ) = 0 to have 4 real solution equation g(t) = 0

must have unequal and positive roots. Hence,
Quadratic Equations

(i) D > 0 ⇒ ( 1 − 2k ) − 4 (k2 − 1) > 0

2

⇒ ( 4k2 − 4k + 1) − 4k2 + 4 > 0

 5
⇒ 4k < 5 ⇒ k ∈  −∞, 
 4

60.
 (ii) g(0) > 0 ⇒k2– 1 > 0
⇒ k ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( 1, ∞ )

b 2k − 1 1
(iii) − >0⇒ >0⇒k >
2a 2 2
(i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii)
 5
⇒ k ∈  1, 
 4

Q. F
 ind all values of the parameter ‘a’ for which the inequality
4x − a.2x − a + 3 ≤ 0 which must be satisfied for atleast one real x.
Sol. Let f ( t ) = t2 − at − a + 3 , t > 0 then at least one root of f ( t ) = 0 must
be positive
Case–I: both roots > 0 (smaller can be 0)
(i) D ≥ 0 ⇒  a2 − 4 ( −a + 3 ) ≥ 0

a2 + 4a − 12 ≥ 0
(a + 6) (a − 2) ≥ 0 ⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, −6 ]∪[ 2, ∞ )
−B a
(ii)   > 0 ⇒ > 0 ⇒ a > 0
2A 2
(iii) f ( 0) ≥ 0 ⇒ ( −a + 3 ) ≥ 0 ⇒ a ≤ 3

(i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii)

a ∈ [2, 3] …(1)
Case– II: one root > 0, other root < 0
f(0) < 0 ⇒ a > 3 …(2)
(1) ∪ (2)
a ∈ [2, ∞)

Q. If ( x2 + x + 2 ) − ( a − 3 ) ( x2 + x + 1) ( x2 + x + 2 ) + ( a − 4 ) ( x2 + x + 1) = 0 has
2 2

atleast one real root, then find the complete set of value of a.
3 
Sol: Let x2 + x + 1 = t ∈  , ∞ 
4 
Given equation becomes:
t(2 – a + 3) + 1 = 0
Quadratic Equations

1 3
⇒ t= ≥
a−5 4
1 3
⇒ − ≥0
a−5 4

61.
 4 − 3a + 15
⇒ ≥0
4 (a − 5)
19 − 3a
⇒ ≥ 0
a−5
 19 
⇒ a ∈  5, 
 3
Modulus Inequality
For α, β > 0 
(i) x < α ⇒ x ∈ ( −α, α )
(ii) x > β ⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, −β ) ∪ ( β, ∞ )

Q. ( x − 1 − 3) ( x + 2 − 5) < 0
Sol. Case–I:
x − 1 − 3 < 0 and x + 2 − 5 > 0

x − 1 < 3 and x + 2 > 5

x − 1 ∈ ( −3, 3) and x + 2 ∈ ( −∞, −5 ) ∪ ( 5, ∞ )

x ∈ ( −2, 4 ) and x ∈ ( −∞, −7 ) ∪ ( 3, ∞ )
x ∈ (3,4) …(1)
Case–II:
x − 1 − 3 > 0 & x + 2 − 5 < 0

x − 1 > 3         & x + 2 < 5

x ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ ( 4, ∞ ) & x ∈ ( −7, 3 )

x ∈ ( −7, −2) …(2)

(1)∪(2) ⇒  x ∈ ( −7, −2 ) ∪ ( 3, 4 )

5x + 16
Q. x2 + 4x + 2 =
3
5x + 16
Sol. Case–I: ≥0
3
Quadratic Equations

5x + 16
x2 + 4x + 2 =
3
3x2 + 12x + 6 = 5x + 16,

62.
 3x2 + 7x − 10 = 0 
( 3x + 10) ( x − 1) = 0

−10 16
x = (rejected as x > − ), x = 1
3 5
x = 1 …(1)
5x + 16
Case–II: <0
3
(5x + 16)
x2 + 4x + 2 = −
3
3x2 + 12x + 6 = −5x − 16
3x2 + 17x + 22 = 0

( 3x + 11) ( x + 2 ) = 0
−11 16
x = , x = −2 (rejected as x < − ) …(2)
3 5
(1) ∪ (2)
 −11 
x = 1, 
 3 

Q. x − 5 > x2 − 5x + 9

Sol. Squaring both sides

> ( x2 − 5x + 9)
2 2
( x − 5)
⇒ ( x2 − 5x + 9 + x − 5 ) ( x2 − 5x + 9 − x + 5 ) < 0

⇒ ( x2 − 4x + 4 ) ( x2 − 6x + 14 ) < 0
2
⇒ ( x − 2) < 0

⇒ x∈φ

x2 − 5x + 4
Q. ≤1
x2 − 4

Sol: x2 − 5x + 4 ≤ x2 − 4 , ( x ≠ ±2 )
Quadratic Equations

(x − 5x + 4 ) ≤ ( x2 − 4 ) ( x ≠ ±2 )
2 2
2

(x 2
− 5x + 4 + x2 − 4 ) ( x2 − 5x + 4 − x2 + 4 ) ≤ 0, ( x ≠ ±2 )

⇒ ( 2x2 − 5x ) ( 8 − 5x ) ≤ 0, ( x ≠ ±2)

63.
 ⇒ x ( 2x − 5 ) ( 5x − 8) ≥ 0, x ≠ ±2
 8 5 
x ∈ 0,  ∪  , ∞ 
 5  2 

Q. | x2 − 3x − 1 |< 3 | x2 + x + 1 |

Sol: | x − 3x − 1 |< 3 | x + x + 1 |
2 2

Squaring both sides

(x − 3x − 1) < ( 3x2 + 3x + 3 )
2 2
2

⇒ ( 4x2 + 2 ) ( 2x2 + 6x + 4 ) > 0

⇒ 4 ( 2x2 + 1) ( x2 + 3x + 2 ) > 0
⇒ ( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) > 0
⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ ( −1, ∞ )

Q. x−1 −1 ≤1

Sol. −1 ≤ x − 1 − 1 ≤ 1
0≤ x−1 ≤2
⇒ −2 ≤ x − 1 ≤ 2
⇒ −1 ≤ x ≤ 3 ⇒ x ∈ [ −1, 3]

Q. x−1 −2 = 1

Sol. x − 1 − 2 = 1, −1

( x − 1) = 3, −3, 1, −1
x = 4, –2, 2, 0

Q. 3x − 9 + 2 > 2

Sol. 3x − 9 + 2 < −2 or 3x − 9 + 2 > 2

Quadratic Equations

⇒ 3x − 9 < −4 or 3x − 9 > 0

⇒ x ∈ φ or x ∈ R − {3}

⇒ x ∈ R − {3}

64.
Q. Find the set of solutions of the equation 2 y − 2y −1 − 1 = 2y −1 + 1

Sol. Zeroes of modulus:

(i) for y is y = 0

(ii) for 2y −1 − 1 = 0 is y = 1

Case–I: y ≥ 1 ⇒ y ∈ [1, ∞)
⇒ 2y − ( 2y −1 − 1) = 2y −1 + 1

⇒ y ∈ R
⇒ R ∩ [1, ∞ ) = [1, ∞ ) … (1)

Case–II:  0 ≤ y < 1

2y + ( 2y −1 − 1) = 2y −1 + 1

⇒ 2y = 2 ⇒ y = 1

⇒ y = 1 ∩y ∈ [0, 1)

⇒ y ∈ ϕ …(2)

Case–III:  y < 0

2− y + ( 2y −1 − 1) = 2y −1 + 1

2− y = 2

⇒ y = −1

y = – 1 ∩ (–∞ , 0)
⇒ y = – 1 …(3)
(1) ∪ (2) ∪ (3)
y ∈ [1, ∞ ) ∪ {−1}
Quadratic Equations

65.
 Log–Inequality

(i) log a x > log a y ⇒ x > y > 0 , If a > 1

(ii) log a x > log a y ⇒ 0 < x < y , If 0 < a < 1

 2x − 6 
Q. log 7  >0
 2x − 1 

 2x − 6 
Sol. log 7   > log 7 1
 2x − 1 
2x − 6 2x − 6
>1⇒ −1>0
2x − 1 2x − 1
−5
⇒ > 0 ⇒ 2x − 1 < 0
2x − 1
1
hence, x <
2

Q. log 3 ( 2x − 1) < 2
Sol. 0 < ( 2x − 1) < 32
0 < 2x − 1 < 9
1 
1 < 2x < 10 ⇒ x ∈  , 5 
2 

Q. log 3 2x − 1 > 2
Sol. 2x − 1 > 32
2x − 1 > 9
2x − 1 < −9 or 2x − 1 > 9
2x < −8 or 2x > 10
x< − 4 or x > 5
⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, −4 ) ∪ ( 5, ∞ )

x2 − 4x + 3
Q. log 3 ≥0
x2 + x − 5
Quadratic Equations

x2 − 4x + 3
Sol. ≥ 1 
x2 + x − 5

66.
 ⇒ x2 − 4x + 3 ≥ x2 + x − 5
zeroes of modulus are 0,  4 , 5

Case–I: x ≥ 5 …(i)
⇒ x – 4x + 3 ≥ x + x – 5
2 2

⇒ 5x ≤ 8
⇒ x ≤ 8/5 …(ii)
From (i) and (ii) x ∈ ϕ …(1)
Case–II: 4 ≤ x < 5 …(iii)
⇒ x2 – 4x + 3 ≥ x2 + 5 – x
⇒ 3x ≤ –2
⇒ x ≤ – 2/3 …(iv)
From (iii) and (iv) x ∈ ϕ …(2)
Case–III: 0 ≤ x < 4 …(v)
⇒ 4x – x2 + 3 ≥ x2 – x + 5
⇒ 2 x2 – 5x + 2 ≤ 0
⇒ (2x – 1) (x – 2) ≤ 0
1 
⇒ x ∈  , 2 …(vi)
2 
1 
From (v) and (vi) x ∈  , 2 …(3)
2 
Case–IV: x ≤ 0 …(vii)
⇒ x – 4x + 3 ≥ x – x + 5
2 2

⇒ 3x ≤ –2
⇒ x ≤ –2/3 …(viii)
 2
From (vii) and (viii) x ∈  −∞,  − …(4)
 3 
(1) ∪ (2) ∪ (3) ∪ (4)
 −2   1 
x ∈  −∞,  ∪  , 2
 3  2 

Q. log 0.2 ( x2 − x − 2 ) < log 0.2 ( −x2 + 2x + 3 )

Sol: 0 < −x2 + 2x + 3 < x2 − x − 2

⇒ −x2 + 2x + 3 > 0 and x2 − x − 2 > −x2 + 2x + 3
⇒ ( x + 1)  ( x − 3 ) < 0 and 2x2 − 3x − 5 > 0
Quadratic Equations

⇒ x ∈ (–1, 3) and (2x – 5) (x + 1) > 0

5
⇒ x ∈ (–1, 3) and ( −∞, −1) ∪  ,  ∞ 
2 
5 
⇒ x ∈  , 3
2 

67.
  3x +6 
log 1  log 2 2
Q. (0.3) 3
 x +2 

>1
 3x + 6 
Sol: log 1  log 2 2 <0
3  x +2
 3x + 6 
⇒ log 2  2 >1
x +2
3x + 6
⇒ > 2 ⇒ 3x + 6 > 2x2 + 4
x2 + 2
⇒ 2x2 − 3x − 2 < 0
⇒ ( x − 2 ) ( 2x + 1) < 0
 −1 
⇒ x ∈  , 2
2 

Q. (2 (log x ) 3
2
)
− 3log 3 x − 8 ( 2log 23 x − 3log 3 x − 6 ) ≥ 3

Sol: Let log 3 x = t , then

(2t 2
− 3t − 8) ( 2t2 − 3t − 6 ) ≥ 3

Again let 2t 2 − 3t = α
⇒ (α – 8)(α – 6) ≥ 3
⇒ α2 − 14α + 48 − 3 ≥ 0

⇒ α2 − 14α + 45 ≥ 0

⇒ ( α − 9)( α − 5 ) ≥ 0

⇒ α ≤ 5 or α≥9
⇒ 2t − 3t − 5 ≤ 0 or 2t2 − 3t − 9 ≥ 0
2

⇒ ( 2t − 5 ) ( t + 1) ≤ 0 or (2t + 3) ( t − 3) ≥ 0

 5  −3
⇒ t ∈  −1,  or t ∈  −∞, ]∪[ 3, ∞ 
 2  2 

 −3   5 
⇒ t ∈  −∞,  ∪  −1,  ∪ [3,  ∞ )
 2   2
Quadratic Equations

−3 5
   
⇒ x ∈  3−∞ , 3 2  ∪ 3−1 , 32  ∪ 33 , 3∞ )
   
 1  1 
hence, x ∈  0,  ∪  3 , 9 3  ∪ [27, ∞ )
 3 3   

68.
Q. log 2x + 3 x2 < log 2x + 3 ( 2x + 3)

Sol. Case–I: 2x + 3 > 1 ⇒ x > – 1

So, given equation: 0 < x2 < 2x + 3
0 < x2 & x2 < 2x + 3
x ≠ 0 & x2 – 2x – 3 < 0
x ≠ 0 & (x –3) (x + 1) < 0
x ≠ 0 & x ∈ (–1,3)
x ∈ (–1,0) ∪ (0,3)
Now, x ∈ (–1,0) ∪ (0,3) ∩ (–1, ∞)
x ∈ (–1,0) ∪ (0,3) …(1)
 −3 
Case–II: 0 < 2x + 3 < 1 ⇒ −3 < 2x < −2 ⇒ x ∈  , −1 
 2 
So, given equation: x2 > 2x + 3
x2 − 2x − 3 > 0
( x + 1) ( x − 3) > 0
⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( 3, ∞ )
 −3 
Now, x ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( 3, ∞ ) ∩  , −1 
 2 
 3 
⇒ x ∈  − , −1  …(2)
 2 
(1) ∪ (2)
 3 
x ∈  − , −1  ∪ ( −1, 0) ∪ ( 0, 3 )
 2 

Quadratic Equations

69.