COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT 5

AIR FLOW RIG

BY

THORPE BABATUNDE OSAN

17CF022384

SUBMITTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENTS

FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1
(CHE 322)
22TH OF JULY,2020.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page…………………………………………………………………………..(1)
TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………………………………………………..(2)
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………..(3)
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………..(5)
1.1: Aims and objectives of the report
1.2Applications of reactor
1.3: Limitations of reactors

CHAPTER 2: THEORY/LITERATURE
REVIEW…………………………………………………………………………..(6)
2.1: Conductivity

2.2: Arrhenius equation 

2.3 Activation energy

2.4 Reactors
CHAPTER 3:
METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………………………..(8)

3.1: EQUIPMENTS USED

3.2: EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS…………………………………………………………………………..(13)
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION OF
RESULT…………………………………………………………………………..(18)
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS……………………………………………………….(19)
BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES
APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………………………(21)

ABSTRACT
The airflow rig is an experimental setup for measuring and evaluating the properties
of air flow across a pipe or section. One type of equipment that regulates the airflow
in ducts is called a damper. The damper can be used to increase, decrease or
completely stop the flow of air. A more complex device that can not only regulate
the airflow but also has the ability to generate and condition airflow is an air handler.
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

There are two distinct uses for nozzles and orifice plates. The first is to restrict flow where high
accuracy is generally not important and the second is flow measurement where calculation
accuracy is critical. For the purpose of flow restriction an orifice plate is typically used and it is
generally acceptable to use typical values of the discharge coefficient. For the purpose of flow
measurement either an orifice or nozzles may be used and the accuracy of the discharge
coefficient will vary depending on the location of the pressure tapings.
1.1 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT

EXPERIMENT A: To determine the discharge coefficient experimentally for

an orifice plate meter fitted in an air flow pipe. Also using the static pressure
tapings provided, to determine the pressure distribution along the pipe
downstream of the orifice plate.
EXPERIMENT B: To compare the performance of the two nozzles provided
by checking them against a recalibrated orifice plate meter.
EXPERIMENT C: To determine and compare the pressure drop across the
bends and elbows supplied and to examine the static pressure distribution along
the downstream pipe.

1.2 APPLICATION OF EXPERIMENT

Orifice plate is used to measure flowrate in a pipe.
Orifice plate is used to create a back pressure in cases where it is not possible to
apply back pressure
Orifice flow meter is easy to setup
Nozzles can be used to measure flowrate of fluid that has suspended solid particle
Nozzles are used in high pressure and temperature steam flows

1.3 LIMITATION OF EXPERIMENT

Flow recovery is slow in a nozzle
Maintenance is high
Nozzle are hard to install
Orifice plates have high permanent pressure drop
In an orifice plate the fluid used must be homogeneous and in single phase
 CHAPTER 2: THEORY

EXPERIMENT A

An orifice plate meter forms an accurate and inexpensive device for measuring
the discharge for the flow of liquids or gases through a pipe. The multi-tube
manometer provided is used to measure the pressure drop across the orifice and
this is related to the discharge determined independently.

TYPES OF ORIFICE PLATE

Concentric orifice plate
Eccentric orifice plate
Segmental orifice plate
Quadrant edge orifice plate

Concentric orifice plate: - A concentric sharp-edged orifice plate is the simplest

and least expensive of the head meters. It is usually made of stainless steel
Eccentric orifice plate: - It is similar to concentric orifice plate except for the
offset hole which is bored tangential to a circle. It is used for measuring fluids
with suspended particles. The eccentric orifice is less accurate and has a high
number of uncertainty when compared to concentric orifice plate.
Segmental orifice plate: - This is used for the same type of services as an
eccentric orifice plate. It has a hole which is a segment of a circle. It is used with
fluid containing more solid particles in it. They are more expensive than the
eccentric orifice plate.
Quadrant edge orifice plate: - This type is used for flaws of defense liquid such
as crude, slurries and viscous flows its edges are rounded to form a quarter circle
EXPERIMENT B
A nozzle is a tool that is designed to control the characteristics or direction of
flow of fluid to improve the velocity as it enters into an enclosed pipe or chamber.
It is a tube with a distinct cross-sectional area used to modify or direct the fluid
flow. It is a tube with a distinct cross-sectional area used to modify or direct the
fluid flow. It is used commonly in controlling the speed, mass, direction, pressure,
shape and rate of flow of the current that rises from them. A nozzle is used to
enhance the kinetic energy of a fluid which is flowing at the expense of inertial
and pressure energy.
EXPERIMENT C
The design of any pipe system must be based on accurate prediction of head
losses in all its components, including the secondary energy losses in bends and
other fittings. In this experimental rig a range of bends and elbows are provide
which may be fitted to the pipe inlet, in conjunction with the standard entry
nozzle provided. The static pressure tapping points in the pipe wall, when
connected to the multi-tube manometer, will enable the pressure pattern
downstream of the elbow or bend fitted to be determined. The inlet pressure can
be taken as standard and will be indicated by the manometer tube connected to the
nozzle tapping point. The term “minor losses” is sometimes used for energy
losses in bends and other pipe fittings but this is something of a misnomer, unless
very long pipes are involved, because these losses often exceed the normal pipe
friction losses in tortuous or complicated systems.

It is usual to express the head loss in a bend or other pipe fitting as the kinetic
energy head of the flow in the pipe multiplied by a suitable factor (k), i.e.
 METHODOLOGY
APPARATUS USED:
  MANOMETER BOARD: Manometer is a scientific instrument used to measure gas
pressures. Open manometers measure gas pressure relative to atmospheric
pressure. ... Before use, the column is calibrated so that markings to indicate height
correspond to known pressures.
 FAN CONICAL INLET: The main purpose of an inlet cone is to slow the flow of
air from supersonic flight speed to a subsonic speed before it enters the engine.
 RING CLAMP: An iron ring or ring clamp is an item of laboratory equipment
which comprises a conjoined metal ring and radially-extending rod. In some cases,
the rod terminates in a screw clamp for attachment to a retort stand or other support;
in others, the rod may be attached to a stand by means of a laboratory clamp holder.
PROCEDURE FOR A
 The orifice plate was inserted into the suction pipe at the flanged joint approximately
half way along its length.
  All the static pressure tapping points were connected to the manometer tubes
ensuring that one manometer tube remains unconnected to record room air pressure
and that one is attached to the standard inlet nozzle which should be fitted.
 The fan was turned on with low air flow (damper plate almost closed) and all
manometer tubes readings were read including any opened to the air.
 The air flow was increased and repeated.
 Continue in steps until damper is fully open or until manometer tube lengths prove
inadequate.
PROCEDURE FOR B
 The value of hi was obtained from the difference between the levels in the
manometer tube connected to the nozzle tapping and the one open to atmospheric
pressure.
 The discharge coefficient CD for the 80 mm nozzle was assumed to have a constant
value of 0.97.
 Using the standard 80 mm nozzle and the orifice plate meter, the orifice plate meter
was first calibrated as set out in experiment 1.
 The standard nozzle was changed for the 50 mm one and the calibration was repeated
this time using the orifice plate meter as the standard.
 The values of the discharge coefficient was determined for the small nozzle in this
way.
 The values of CD was plotted against the nozzle Reynolds number.

SAFETY PRECATIONS
 It is important to drain the air from the apparatus when not in use.
 The apparatus should be handled properly to prevent damage.
 The apparatus should not be exposed to any shock and stresses.
 Always run the experiment after fully understand the unit and procedures.

An orifice plate meter forms an accurate and inexpensive device for measuring the discharge
for the flow of liquids or gases through a pipe. The multi-tube manometer provided is used to
measure the pressure drop across the orifice and this is related to the discharge determined
independently.

The orifice plate meter forms a jet which expands to fill the whole pipe, some diameters
distance downstream. The pressure difference between the two sides of the plate is related to the
jet velocity, and therefore the discharge, by the energy equation:

Q = AjVj= AoCcVj = AoCcCv √2gh (1)

Where Q = discharge (volume/time) ,Aj = Jet cross-section area at minimum contraction (vena
contracta) ,A0 = orifice cross section area (πd2 /4: d = orifice diameter) ,Vj = jet velocity at minimum
contraction (vena contracta) ,Cc = coefficient of contraction of jet ,Cv = coefficient of velocity of jet g
= gravitational acceleration, h = pressure difference ‘head’ across orifice (in terms of the flowing
fluid, air) These two coefficients are normally combined to give a single
coefficient of discharge:
CD = CCCv

Equation (1) now becomes

Q= CDA0√2gh (2)

If Q can be determined independently then the discharge coefficient can be determined as follows:

CD= Q/Ao√2gh (3)

Values of Qi can be determined if the standard nozzle with known CD is fitted at the pipe inlet. If hi =
drop in pressure head across the nozzle inlet , the discharge

Qi = AiC’D √2ghi (4)

in which Ai = nozzle cross-sectional area and CD is assumed to be 0.97

Values of hi are obtained from the difference between manometer tube levels connected to the pipe
inlet pressure tapping and that open to the atmosphere. Note that the manometer tubes can be
inclined to increase the sensitivity of the readings. If the manometer is inclined at an angle of θ from
the vertical then the equivalent vertical separation of liquid levels in the manometer tubes is given
by

Δh = (X1 – X2) Cos θ (m of kerosene)

If required, the measured head difference using kerosene can be converted to an equivalent head of
water (or any other fluid) as follows:

Δh =(ρk /ρw ) (X1 – X2) Cos θ (m of water)

Where ρk andρw are density of kerosene and water respectively. When air flows through the pipe
ρA, density of air is used instead of water. Assuming a density of 787 kg/m3 for kerosene.

In experiment B 80 mm nozzle used in experiment 1 provides a very convenient standard for

discharge measurement. The effect of the nozzle scale can be explored by carrying out tests using
both the standard 80 mm nozzle and also the reduced size 50 mm nozzle.

In experiment C The design of any pipe system must be based on accurate prediction of head
losses in all its components, including the secondary energy losses in bends and other fittings. In this
experimental rig a range of bends and elbows are provide which may be fitted to the pipe inlet, in
conjunction with the standard entry nozzle provided. The static pressure tapping points in the pipe
wall, when connected to the multi-tube manometer, will enable the pressure pattern downstream of
the elbow or bend fitted to be determined. The inlet pressure can be taken as standard and will be
indicated by the manometer tube connected to the nozzle tapping point. The term “minor losses” is
sometimes used for energy losses in bends and other pipe fittings but this is something of a
misnomer, unless very long pipes are involved, because these losses often exceed the normal pipe
friction losses in tortuous or complicated systems. It is usual to express the head loss in a bend or
other pipe fitting as the kinetic energy head of the flow in the pipe multiplied by a suitable factor (k),
i.e.

Hl= ku2/2g

Where hL = pressure loss in bend expressed as “pressure head” of fluid, u = pipe mean velocity
(Q/A),A = pipe cross – section area (πd2 /4)
 CHAPTER 4: RESULT
FOR 80mm NOZZLE
C H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 H12 H13 H14
(c (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm) (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm)
m) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
2 132 138 140 140 142 162 144 200 176 182 186 186 150 150
4 130 142 144 144 164 148 246 198 204 208 212 212 146 144
6 126 138 140 140 162 144 262 204 212 216 224 224 146 144
8 120 132 134 134 160 140 266 204 210 216 224 224 140 136
10 120 134 136 136 160 140 272 206 212 220 226 226 140 136

FOR 50 NOZZLE
C H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 H12 H13 H14
(c (mm (mm (mm (mm (m (mm (mm (mm) (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm)
m) ) ) ) ) m) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
2 198 138 134 122 152 124 178 148 156 160 162 164 130 116
4 96 156 150 130 152 132 212 166 176 182 186 188 138 114
6 96 164 156 134 152 136 226 174 186 190 196 198 140 112
8 96 166 158 134 148 138 230 176 190 194 200 202 140 112
10 96 168 160 136 148 138 236 178 190 198 202 204 142 112

BEND

C H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 H12 H13

(cm (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
2 94 132 128 118 138 120 120 140 150 154 136 158 126
4 92 148 142 124 140 128 204 156 170 176 180 182 132
6 92 156 130 128 140 132 220 164 180 186 192 194 134
8 92 160 182 130 140 132 224 166 184 190 194 196 136
10 92 162 154 130 140 134 230 170 186 192 198 200 136

ELBOW
C H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 H12 H13
(cm (mm (mm) (mm (mm (mm (mm) (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
2 96 102 104 106 132 110 170 140 146 148 152 134 114
4 96 106 106 108 134 112 210 138 168 174 178 180 112
6 94 106 108 108 134 114 232 168 180 186 192 194 112
8 94 106 108 110 134 114 234 170 184 190 194 196 112
10 94 106 108 110 134 114 242 170 186 192 196 200 112

80mm  
Cd Re
0.751 45664.8
1.148 64625.9
1.045 64625.9
1.01 64625.9
1.058 69791.2
Tapping position 2cm 4cm 6cm 8cm 10cm
1 132 130 126 120 120
2 138 142 138 132 134
3 140 142 138 132 134
4 140 144 140 134 136
5 142 164 162 160 160
6 162 148 144 140 140
7 144 246 262 266 272
 8 200 198 204 204 206
9 176 204 212 210 212
10 182 208 216 216 220
11 186 210 222 222 226
12 186 212 224 224 226
13 150 146 146 140 140
14 150 144 144 136 136

Graph of Cd against Re for 80mm nozzle

Discharge Coefficient,Cd

1.5

0.5

0
40000 45000 50000 55000 60000 65000 70000 75000
Reynolds number,Re

Longitudinal pressure profiles against Tapping positions for 80mm nozzle

Longitudinal pressure profiles

300
250
200
(mm of kerosene)

150
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Tapping positions

2cm opening 4cm opening 6cm opening 8cm opening 10cm opening

Tapping position 2cm 4cm 6cm 8cm 10cm

1 198 96 96 96 94
2 138 156 164 166 168
3 134 150 156 158 160
4 122 130 134 134 136
5 152 152 152 148 148
6 124 132 136 138 138
7 178 212 226 230 236
50mm   8 148 166 174 176 178
Cd Re 9 156 176 186 190 190
1.036 118049.4 10 160 182 190 194 198
1.025 144531 11 162 186 196 200 202
1.024 153632.6 12 164 188 198 202 204
1.021 156112.4 13 130 138 140 140 142
1.013 160525.1 14 116 114 112 112 112
 Graph of Cd against Re for 50mm nozzle
Discharge Coefficient, Cd
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01
1
100000 110000 120000 130000 140000 150000 160000 170000
Reynolds number, Re

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Elbow  
k
Tapping Re
position 2cm 4cm 6cm 8cm 10cm
5.316 145664.8 96 96 94 94 94
5.536 258913.7 102 106 106 106 106
5.662 364625.9 104 106 108 108 108
5.662 464625.9 106 108 108 110 110
6.193 564625.9 132 134 134 134 134
6 110 112 114 114 114
7 170 210 232 234 242
8 140 158 168 170 172
9 146 168 180 184 186
10 148 174 186 190 192
11 152 178 192 194 196
12 154 180 194 196 200
13 114 112 112 112 112
14 112 110 110 110 110
 Graph of K against Re for Elbow Fitting
6.4
6.2
6
5.8
5.6
K

5.4
5.2
5
4.8
40000 45000 50000 55000 60000 65000 70000
Reynolds number, Re

Longitudinal pressure profiles against Tapping positions for

Elbow Fitting
Longitudinal pressure profiles

300
250
200
(mm of kerosene)

150
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Tapping positions

2cm opening 4cm opening 6cm opening

8cm opening 10cm opening

Tapping position 2cm 4cm 6cm 8cm 10cm

  Bend
1 94 92 92 92 92
k Re
2 132 148 156 160 162
0.835 115244.8
3 128 142 150 152 154
0.905 140015.5
4 118 124 128 130 130
0.937 148635.1
5 138 140 140 140 140
0.903 154017
6 120 128 132 132 134
0.909 156171.9
7 170 204 220 224 230
8 140 156 164 166 170
9 150 170 180 184 186
10 154 176 186 190 192
11 156 180 192 194 198
12 158 182 194 196 200
13 126 132 134 136 136
14 112 110 108 108 108
 Graph of K against Re for Bend Fitting
0.95
0.9
0.85
K

0.8
0.75
100000 110000 120000 130000 140000 150000 160000
Reynolds number, Re

Longitudinal pressure profiles against Tapping positions for Bend

Fitting
250

200
Longitudinal pressure profiles

150
(mm of kerosene)

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Tapping positions

2cm opening 4cm opening 6cm opening

8cm opening 10cm opening

CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION OF RESULT

Figures 4.2 and 4.4 shows plots of longitudinal pressure profiles for the pipe at selected
discharges at 80mm nozzle and 50mm nozzle. While figures 4.6 and 4.8 shows graph plots of
longitudinal pressure profiles (mm of kerosene) for the pipe at selected discharges (tapping
positions along test pipe) at elbow and bend fittings.
Result data obtained from these plots indicates that these four figures all show similar trends,
with the peak longitudinal pressure profile being reached when the tapping position is set
between 6 and 8. However,
 Exception to this trend was only seen in figure 4.2 for the 2cm opening. For the trend
relating to the 2cm opening, it can be observed that there was a decrease in the longitudinal
pressure profile when the tapping position was set between 6 and 8.
. It was however noted that exception to the longitudinal pressure profile levelling off at a
tapping position of about 13 to 14 was seen in figures 4.4 and figure 4.8
Also, the results were obtained from The tests that have been conducted using the static
pressure tapings, to determine the pressure distribution along the pipe downstream of the
orifice plate for different levels of p, and the solid line interpolates the experimental data in
the kerosene liquid field, according to the formula that is reported in the graph.
figures 4.1 and 4.3 also shows the experimental results in the cavitation and hydraulic-flip
regimes. In general, Cd increases as Re increases for a liquid flow, and tends to an asymptotic
value, then abruptly decreases as Re increases in the cavitation regime, due to the presence of
cavitation choking, and finally remains constant because of hydraulic flip. The hydraulic-flip
behavior in figures 4.1 and 4.3 is consistent with what would be observed if a plot
to emphasize the relationship between Cd and CN was made. The critical Reynolds number
(Recr) at which the sudden reduction in Cd takes place, because of choking, is always within
the turbulent field, and can be determined for the different p2 values by considering the first
inflection point along the Cd versus Re curve (symbol contoured with a dashed circle for
each p in pressure distribution along the pipe downstream of the orifice plate) . Hydraulic flip
takes place at the second inflection point along this curve in figures 4.1 and 4.3. As can be
inferred, Recr depends on p2, and increases as p2 grows, because the tendency to cavitation is
counteracted by any augmentation in p2; Recr has also been shown to depend on the type of
liquid (in this case kerosene liquid was used.)

from the experiment subsections showing tables 4.1 to 4.4. it was possible to obtain an
estimation of the discharge coefficient for the nozzles at 80 and 50mm. Figures 4.5 and 4.7
show Plots of K against pipe Reynolds number for both elbow and bend fitting and
observations were made from the graphs

The Minor Loss Co-efficient decreases with increase in Reynolds Number. An inverse
relation between Minor Loss Co-efficient and Reynolds Number is observed which is in
accordance with Ito’s formula for Minor Loss Co-efficient. flow. The experimental data
closely matches with the simulation data. The differences between simulation and
experimental data are due by many errors and limitation in both experiment and simulation
which are briefly discussed in Error Analysis.
This corollary inference from the results data concludes the study of the minor losses in lab
pipes with elbow and bend fittings. Minor loss coefficient in general shows a decreasing
trend with respect to Reynolds number for various pipe fittings and for a given bend angle
and pipe diameter. Essentially from the results obtained, it can be predicted that for a given
Pipe Diameter and Bend Radius, increase in bending angle increases Minor loss coefficient.
And also, for a given Bend angle, Minor loss coefficient increases with the ratio of Pipe
Diameter and Bend Radius until it reaches a maximum value, then it decreases.

Proper observation depicts that a large majority of the results such as the graphical results in
figure 4.2, 4.4, 4.6 and 4.8 presented in this laboratory report show the similar trends as they
theoretically should with the exception of the trend showing the 2cm opening in figure 4.2.
results shown in figure 4.1 and 4.3 also show good correlation to how it would be
theoretically except for some minor abnormalities in the trends which could’ve resulted from
the effect of losses and minor unavoidable experimental errors.
From the perspective of comparison and reliability, this experimental study also explains the
performance effect of the two nozzles provided by relating them to a recalibrated orifice plate
meter. Through the results attained from experimental investigation, bends or elbows in pipes
was suspected to have caused a reduction in the available pressure head at the discharge end
of the pipe. Pressure head reduction was also quite noticeable when dealing with results data
with the small diameter pipe. Essentially, for the fixed supply pressure head and pipe
configuration, the observed flow rate was seen to have caused the pressure losses to reach
equilibrium with the supply pressure.

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION /RECOMMENDATION

The airflow rig is an experimental setup for measuring and evaluating the properties
of air flow across a pipe or section. At the end of the experiments , the coefficient of
discharge and other important parameters concerning the airflow were found.

In general from the graph of Cd against the Reynolds number it can be seen that the
Coefficient of discharge generally increases at a steady rate as the Reynolds number
increases.

The longitudinal pressure pattern within pipes for air flow are similar regardless of the
aforementioned fittings used. However, they are affected by the rate of airflow
allowed via the damper opening and the position of the tapping outlet used for the
pressure reading device.

RECOMMENDATION

From the experiment concluded, to get improved efficiency, recommend;

 A venturi meter would be more suitable.

 Avoid Wear or damage because it will produce errors in the pressure reading

 No partial blockages occur upstream of the orifice that produce changes to

the flow profile and pressure gradient
 REFRENCES

Wikipedia contributors. (2020, August 17). Airflow. Wikipedia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airflow

Chegg Study. (2019, April 12). Chegg.com. Chegg.Com.

https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/coefficient-of-discharge-5

Sondalini, M. (2020, February 23). Orifice Plate Meter Flow Measurement. Accendo

Reliability.

https://accendoreliability.com/orifice-plate-meter-flow-measurement/

Neutrium contributors. (2015, February 11). Discharge Coefficient for Nozzles and

Orifices. Neutrium.

https://neutrium.net/fluid-flow/discharge-coefficient-for-nozzles-and-orifices/
APPENDIX

FORMULAS AND CONSTANT VALUES

Q = discharge (volume/time)

Aj = Jet cross-section area at minimum contraction (vena contracta)

A0 = orifice cross section area (πd2/4: d = orifice diameter)

Vj = jet velocity at minimum contraction (vena contracta)

Cc = coefficient of contraction of jet

Cv = coefficient of velocity of jet

g = gravitational acceleration

h = pressure difference ‘head’ across orifice (in terms of the flowing fluid, air)

These two coefficients are normally combined to give a single coefficient of

discharge:

CD = CCCv

Reynold number=

U=velocity

D= diameter

Q i = A i CD

Q = AjVj= AoCcVj = AoCcCv

17