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Raising a new Generation of Leaders

GEC 10
ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS III
FOURIER SERIES

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Lecturer: Mrs Oni
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 Outline 2
• Complex Fourier Series
• Fourier Transforms

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 Mathematical Background of Complex
Number
• A complex number in Cartesian form is written as:

• Complex conjugate
Where a = real part b= imaginary part

• where a and b are real numbers and j2 = -1, can be written

in polar form as

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The exponential form of a complex number and its
relationship with the polar form is written as

z=

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Magnitude Phase representation
Magnitude

phase

Magnitude Phase representation

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• Any normal periodic function can be expressed as Fourier
series.

• The period T and fundamental frequency wo satisfy T=1/f

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A periodic signal with period T can be represented in the
following forms

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 Euler's Relationship
We can find the Complex exponential form of the
trigonometric function by adding/subtracting the two
equations.

Adding the equations gives

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 Euler's Relationship
from which,

similarly if we subtract the equations

from which,

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Euler's Properties

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 Complex Fourier Series
Therefore, from Fourier series f(x) over any range L

may be written as

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 Complex Fourier Series
Multiplying numerator and denominator of the bn term by –j
gives: ( j2 =-1)

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 Complex Fourier Series
Rearrange f(x)

The Fourier coefficients ao, an and bn may be replaced by

complex coefficients co, cn and c-n such that

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 Complex Fourier Series
Where c-n represents the complex conjugate of cn.

f(x) can be rewritten as

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 Complex Fourier Series
Since e0 =1, the cn term can be absorbed into the summation
of cn term when n=0. Therefore,

The c-n term may be rewritten by changing the limits n=1 to

n= ∞ to n=-1 to n=- ∞.Since n has been made negative , the
exponential term becomes and c-n becomes cn

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 Complex Fourier Series
Therefore,

Since the summation now extends from -∞ to -1 and from 0 to

+∞, then the complex form of Fourier series f(x) can be
written as:

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 Complex Fourier Coefficients
The complex coefficient cn has been defined as

an and bn are defined by:

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 Complex Coefficients
Substitute an and bn into cn becomes

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 Complex Coefficients
Write the cosine and sine part in complex form

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 Complex Coefficients
Therefore cn ,

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 Key Note
To Calculate the complex coefficients

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 Examples
1. Find the Fourier coefficient of the signal
x(t)=sinwot
sin(0t )  21j e j0t  21j e  j0t

a1 = 1/2j, a-1 = -1/2j x(t)

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 Examples
2. Evaluate the Fourier coefficients of the signal below with
fundamental frequency w0
x(t )  1  sin 0t  2 cos0t  cos20t  4 
j 0 t  j 0 t j 0 t  j 0 t j ( 20t  4 )  j ( 20t  4 )
x(t )  1  ( e
1
2j e )  (e e )  (e 1
2 e )
j 0 t  j 0 t j 4 j 2 0 t  j 4  j 20t
 1  (1  ) e
1
2j  (1  ) e 1
2j  e e
1
2  e e 1
2

j 4  
a0  1 a1  (1  12 j ) a1  (1  12 j ) a2  12 e a 2  e1 j 4
2

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 Examples
3. Find the Fourier coefficients of

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 Examples
4.Find the Fourier coefficients of

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 Class Exercises
1. Find Fourier Series Coefficients for x (t )  cos(ot )

2. Find the Fourier coefficients of x(t) = 3 +2sinwot +coswot

+cos(2wot +π/4)

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 Examples
6. Determine the complex Fourier series for the function
defined by:

The function is periodic outside the range of period 4

The complex Fourier Series and cn are given by:

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 Examples
Sketch the graph

L=4

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Examples

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 Examples
Cn can be rewritten as:

The complex form of Fourier series is given as

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 Examples
Therefore the f(x) becomes
f(x)=

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Examples

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 Examples
Similarly for n negative values

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 Examples
The complex Fourier series representation f(x) becomes

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 Examples
Collect Like terms together f(x) becomes
f(x)=

However

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Examples

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 Examples
f(x)=

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 Examples
7. Show that the complex Fourier series for the function f(t) =t
in the range t=0 to t =1 , and of period 1 may be expressed as

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 Examples

when L=1 , f(t) =t

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 Examples
Integrate by part
=

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 Examples
However cos2πn =1 and sin2πn =0 for all positive and
negative integer values of n

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 Examples
Find c0

The complex Fourier Series expression

f(t)= =

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 Class Exercise
8. Show that the exponential form of Fourier series of
waveform described by

and has period of 8, is given by

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 FOURIER TRANSFORM
A signal x(t) and its Fourier transform X(j) are related by the
Fourier transform synthesis and analysis equations

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 Why FT is Useful
Easier to remove undesirable frequencies in the frequency
domain.
Faster to perform certain operations in the frequency
domain than time domain.

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 Examples
1. Find the Fourier Transform for x(t )  e  at u (t ) a0

 
X ( j )   e u (t )e dt   e
 at  jt  ( a  j ) t
dt
 0

 1
1  ( a  j ) t 
 e ( a  j )
( a  j )
0

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Examples

 at
x(t )  e u (t ) a0
1
X ( j ) 
(a  j )

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 Examples
2. Find the Fourier Transform for the following function

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Examples


X a ( ) 

 j t
xa (t )e dt

1
 j t


1
 jt
 e dt 
e
e
 j (1)
e
 j ( 1)

 j 
1 1
 j
j  j
 e  e   
j  j
2
  e e 
  sin()
2
 2 sin()
j    j2   
 2sinc()
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Examples

 X a ()  2sinc()

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 Examples
3. Find the Fourier Transform for the following function

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Examples

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 Examples
4. Derive the Fourier transform of a single rectangular pulse
of width and height A as shown

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Examples

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 Parseval’s Theorem
Parseval’s theorem states that the average power in a periodic
signal is the sum of the average power in its dc component
and the average powers in its harmonics.

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 Parsevals Identity
Assuming that Fourier series corresponding to f(x) converges
uniformly to f(x)in (-L,L)

If

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 Parsevals Identity
Multiply both sides by f(x) and integrate the term from-L to L

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 Parseval’s identity
Parseval identity in the interval (c, c+2l)

Parseval identity in the interval (c, c+2π)

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 Example
5. Find the half range cosine series for the function
in 0< x <π , using parseval identity deduce

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 Example
Half range cosine series

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Example

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 Example
Find an

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Example

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 Example
Fourier series expansion f(x)

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 Example
Parseval Identity for half range cosine series is

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Example

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Example

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Example

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