2021

Assignment # 1

ENCH 607 / ENPE 625

ARASH OSTOVAR
Sep 2021 / ENCH607 ENEP625 / Assignment # 1 / Lecture 01-Introduction and equations of state

Assignment 01- Lecture 01-Introduction and equations of state

1. A tank contains 2,3-dimethyl-butane gas (MW = 86.18 Kg/Kmol) at 600 K and 5.65
MPa. The gas has a critical temperature of 500 K, a critical pressure of 31 atm and an
acentricity (ꞷ) of 0.247. Determine the followings:

a. Calculate the molar volume that the gas would occupy by using:
i. The Ideal gas law? (2 marks)

From GPSA Fig. 1-4 value of the gas constant R= 8.3145 m3.kPa/K.kmol

𝑅𝑇 8.3145 × 600 𝑚3
𝑃𝑉𝑚 = 𝑅𝑇 ⇒ 𝑉𝑚 = = ⟹ 𝑉𝑚 = 0.883
𝑃 5650 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

ii. The generalized compressibility chart? (3 marks)

𝑇 600
𝑇𝑟 = = = 1.2
𝑇𝑐 500

𝑃 5650
𝑃𝑟 = = = 1.8
𝑃𝐶 3141.1

With known Tr and Pr and from Fig 23-4, compressibility factor is about 0.595

𝑍𝑅𝑇 0.595 × 8.3145 × 600 𝑚3

𝑉𝑚 = = ⇒ 𝑉𝑚 = 0.5254
𝑃 5650 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

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Sep 2021 / ENCH607 ENEP625 / Assignment # 1 / Lecture 01-Introduction and equations of state

pg. 2
Sep 2021 / ENCH607 ENEP625 / Assignment # 1 / Lecture 01-Introduction and equations of state

iii. The Pitzer-Curl Tables? (3 marks)

𝑍 = 𝑍 (0) (𝑇𝑟 , 𝑃𝑟 ) + 𝜔𝑍 (1) (𝑇𝑟 , 𝑃𝑟 )

From table C-1 and with Tr=1.2 and Pr=1.8, Z(0)=0.598

From table C-2 and with Tr=1.2 and Pr=1.8, Z(1)=0.17

𝑍 = 𝑍 (0) (𝑇𝑟 , 𝑃𝑟 ) + 𝜔𝑍 (1) (𝑇𝑟 , 𝑃𝑟 ) = 0.598 + 0.247 × 0.17 ⟹ 𝑍 = 0.6326

𝑍𝑅𝑇 0.6326 × 8.3145 × 600 𝑚3

𝑉𝑚 = = ⇒ 𝑉𝑚 = 0.5586
𝑃 5650 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

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Sep 2021 / ENCH607 ENEP625 / Assignment # 1 / Lecture 01-Introduction and equations of state

iv. The Peng Robinson equation of state? (6 marks)

𝜅 = 0.37464 + 1.5422𝜔 − 0.26992𝜔2 = 0.739

2 2
𝛼(𝜔, 𝑇𝑟 ) = (1 + 𝜅(1 − √𝑇𝑟 )) = (1 + 0.739(1 − √1.2)) = 0.864

0.45724𝑅 2 𝑇𝑐2 0.45724 × 8.31452 × 5002

𝑎= = = 2515.8
𝑃𝑐 3141.1

0.07780𝑅𝑇𝑐 0.07780 × 8.3145 × 500

𝑏= = = 0.103
𝑃𝑐 3141.1

𝑅𝑇 𝑎𝛼
𝑃= −
𝑉𝑚 − 𝑏 𝑉𝑚 (𝑉𝑚 + 𝑏) + 𝑏(𝑉𝑚 − 𝑏)

8.3145 × 600 2515.8 × 0.864

⟹ 5650 = −
𝑉𝑚 − 0.103 𝑉𝑚 (𝑉𝑚 + 0.103) + 0.103(𝑉𝑚 − 0.103)

𝑚3
⟹ 𝑉𝑚 = 0.5696
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

b. Using the van der Waals equation, estimate the pressure (kPa) that 40.6 kg of
the gas would exert in a volume of 6 m3 at 630 K? (6 marks)

27𝑅 2 𝑇𝑐2 27 × (8.3145)2 (500)2

𝑎= = = 2321.21
64𝑃𝑐 64 × 3141.1

𝑅𝑇𝑐 8.3145 × 500

𝑏= = = 0.16544
8𝑃𝑐 8 × 3141.1

𝑉 𝑉 6 𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑉𝑚 = = 𝑚 = = 12.736
𝑛 40.6𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑊 𝑘𝑔
86.18
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑅𝑇 𝑎 8.3145 × 630 2321.21
𝑃= − 2= − = 402.4𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑉𝑚 − 𝑏 𝑉𝑚 12.736 − 0.16544 12.7362

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Sep 2021 / ENCH607 ENEP625 / Assignment # 1 / Lecture 01-Introduction and equations of state

2. N-octane (MW =114 kg/kmol) has a critical temperature of 568.8 K, a critical pressure
of 24.5 atm, and an acentricity (w) of 0.394. N-butane (MW = 58.12 kg/kmol) has a
critical temperature of 425.2 K, a critical pressure of 37.5 atm, and an acentricity (ꞷ)
of 0.1995. Calculate the molar volume (m3/kmol) of a mixture of 30% n-octane and
70% n-butane (molar) held at 370°C and 6.128 MPa by using the followings:

a. The Ideal gas law? (2 marks)

From GPSA Fig. 1-4 value of the gas constant R= 8.3145 m3.kPa/K.kmol

𝑅𝑇 8.3145 × (273.15 + 370) 𝑚3

𝑃𝑉𝑚 = 𝑅𝑇 ⇒ 𝑉𝑚 = = ⟹ 𝑉𝑚 = 0.87263
𝑃 6128 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

b. Generalized compressibility chart? (4 marks)

The Kay’s pseudo-critical method

𝑃𝑐′ = ∑𝑦𝑖 𝑃𝑐𝑖 = 0.3 × 2482.46 + 0.7 × 3799.69 = 3404.521𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑃 6128
𝑃𝑟 ′ = ′
= = 1.8
𝑃𝑐 3404.521

𝑇𝑐′ = ∑𝑦𝑖 𝑇𝑐𝑖 = 0.3 × 568.8 + 0.7 × 425.2 = 468.28𝐾

𝑇 (273.15 + 370)
𝑇𝑟 ′ = = = 1.37
𝑇𝑐′ 468.28

With known 𝑇𝑟 ′ and 𝑃𝑟 ′ and from Fig 23-4, compressibility factor is about 0.73

𝑍𝑅𝑇 0.73 × 8.3145 × (370 + 273.15) 𝑚3

𝑉𝑚 = = ⇒ 𝑉𝑚 = 0.63702
𝑃 6128 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

c. Pitzer-Curl Tables? (4 marks)

𝜔′ = ∑𝑦𝑖 𝜔𝑖 = 0.3 × 0.394 + 0.7 × 0.1995 = 0.25785

𝑍 = 𝑍 (0) (𝑇𝑟 , 𝑃𝑟 ) + 𝜔𝑍 (1) (𝑇𝑟 , 𝑃𝑟 )

From table C-1 and with 𝑇𝑟 ′ = 1.37 and 𝑃𝑟 ′ = 1.8, Z(0)=0.7722

From table C-2 and with 𝑇𝑟 ′ = 1.37 and 𝑃𝑟 ′ = 1.8, Z(1)=0.18

𝑍 = 𝑍 (0) (𝑇𝑟 ′ , 𝑃𝑟 ′ ) + 𝜔′ 𝑍 (1) (𝑇𝑟 ′ , 𝑃𝑟 ′ ) = 0.7722 + 0.25785 × 0.18 ⟹ 𝑍 = 0.818613

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Sep 2021 / ENCH607 ENEP625 / Assignment # 1 / Lecture 01-Introduction and equations of state

𝑍𝑅𝑇 0.818613 × 8.3145 × 643.15 𝑚3

𝑉𝑚 = = ⇒ 𝑉𝑚 = 0.7143
𝑃 6128 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

d. Van der Waals equation of state? (4 marks)

27𝑅 2 𝑇𝑐2 27 × (8.3145)2 (468.28)2

𝑎= = = 1878.5
64𝑃𝑐 64 × 3404.521

𝑅𝑇𝑐 8.3145 × 468.28

𝑏= = = 0.143
8𝑃𝑐 8 × 3404.521

𝑅𝑇 2 𝑎 𝑎𝑏 𝑚3
𝑉𝑚3 − (𝑏 + ) 𝑉𝑚 + 𝑉𝑚 − = 0 ⟹ 𝑉𝑚 = 0.6461
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

e. Peng-Robinson equation of state? (6 marks)

𝜅 = 0.37464 + 1.5422𝜔 − 0.26992𝜔2 = 0.7544

2 2
𝛼(𝜔, 𝑇𝑟 ) = (1 + 𝜅(1 − √𝑇𝑟 )) = (1 + 0.7544(1 − √1.37343)) = 0.75742

0.45724𝑅 2 𝑇𝑐2 0.45724 × 8.31452 × 468.282

𝑎= = = 2035.971
𝑃𝑐 3404.521

0.07780𝑅𝑇𝑐 0.07780 × 8.3145 × 468.28

𝑏= = = 0.089
𝑃𝑐 3404.521

𝑅𝑇 𝑎𝛼
𝑃= −
𝑉𝑚 − 𝑏 𝑉𝑚 (𝑉𝑚 + 𝑏) + 𝑏(𝑉𝑚 − 𝑏)

8.3145 × 643.15 2035.971 × 0.75742

⟹ 6128 = −
𝑉𝑚 − 0.089 𝑉𝑚 (𝑉𝑚 + 0.089) + 0.089(𝑉𝑚 − 0.089)

𝑚3
⟹ 𝑉𝑚 = 0.7109
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

pg. 6
Sep 2021 / ENCH607 ENEP625 / Assignment # 1 / Lecture 01-Introduction and equations of state

3. Calculate the volume of 100 kg CO2 (MW = 44 g/mol, ꞷ = 0.225) at 4 MPa and 50°C
using the followings:

a. Ideal gas law? (2 marks)

From GPSA Fig. 1-4 value of the gas constant R= 8.3145 m3.kPa/K.kmol

𝑚𝑅𝑇 100 × 8.3145 × (273.15 + 50)

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 ⇒ 𝑉 = = ⟹ 𝑉 = 1.527 𝑚3
𝑃𝑀𝑊 4000 × 44

b. Generalized compressibility chart? (3 marks)

From GPSA Fig. 23-2 value of carbon dioxide Tc=304.13K and Pc=7377kPa

𝑇 273.15 + 50
𝑇𝑟 = = = 1.1
𝑇𝑐 304.13

𝑃 4000
𝑃𝑟 = = = 0.54
𝑃𝐶 7377

With known Tr and Pr and from Fig 23-4, compressibility factor is about 0.82

𝑍𝑚𝑅𝑇 0.82 × 100 × 8.3145 × (273.15 + 50)

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑍𝑛𝑅𝑇 ⇒ 𝑉 = = ⇒ 𝑉 = 1.252 𝑚3
𝑃𝑀𝑊 4000 × 44

c. Pitzer-Curl Tables? (4 marks)

𝑍 = 𝑍 (0) (𝑇𝑟 , 𝑃𝑟 ) + 𝜔𝑍 (1) (𝑇𝑟 , 𝑃𝑟 )

From table C-1 and with 𝑇𝑟 = 1.1 and 𝑃𝑟 = 0.54, Z(0)=0.851

From table C-2 and with 𝑇𝑟 = 1.1 and 𝑃𝑟 = 0.54, Z(1)=0.0136

𝑍 = 𝑍 (0) (𝑇𝑟 , 𝑃𝑟 ) + 𝜔𝑍 (1) (𝑇𝑟 , 𝑃𝑟 ) = 0.851 + 0.225 × 0.0136 ⟹ 𝑍 = 0.85406

𝑍𝑚𝑅𝑇 0.85406 × 100 × 8.3145 × (273.15 + 50)

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑍𝑛𝑅𝑇 ⇒ 𝑉 = =
𝑃𝑀𝑊 4000 × 44
⇒ 𝑉 = 1.4342 𝑚3

d. Van der Waals equation of state? (5 marks)

27𝑅 2 𝑇𝑐2 27 × (8.3145)2 (304.13)2

𝑎= = = 365.68
64𝑃𝑐 64 × 7377

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Sep 2021 / ENCH607 ENEP625 / Assignment # 1 / Lecture 01-Introduction and equations of state

𝑅𝑇𝑐 8.3145 × 304.13

𝑏= = = 0.0429
8𝑃𝑐 8 × 7377

𝑅𝑇 2 𝑎 𝑎𝑏 𝑚3
𝑉𝑚3 − (𝑏 + ) 𝑉𝑚 + 𝑉𝑚 − = 0 ⟹ 𝑉𝑚 = 0.565
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑚𝑉𝑚 100 × 0.565

𝑉= = = 1.2841𝑚3
𝑀𝑊 44

e. Peng-Robinson equation of state? (6 marks)

𝜅 = 0.37464 + 1.5422𝜔 − 0.26992𝜔2 = 0.708

2 2
𝛼(𝜔, 𝑇𝑟 ) = (1 + 𝜅(1 − √𝑇𝑟 )) = (1 + 0.708(1 − √1.1)) = 0.95687

0.45724𝑅 2 𝑇𝑐2 0.45724 × 8.31452 × 304.132

𝑎= = = 396.33
𝑃𝑐 7377

0.07780𝑅𝑇𝑐 0.07780 × 8.3145 × 304.13

𝑏= = = 0.0267
𝑃𝑐 7377

𝑅𝑇 𝑎𝛼
𝑃=𝑉 −𝑉(𝑉
𝑚 −𝑏 𝑚 𝑚 +𝑏)+𝑏(𝑉𝑚 −𝑏)

8.3145 × 323.15 396.33 × 0.95687

⟹ 4000 = −
𝑉𝑚 − 0.0267 𝑉𝑚 (𝑉𝑚 + 0.0267) + 0.0267(𝑉𝑚 − 0.0267)
𝑚3
⟹ 𝑉𝑚 = 0.5482
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑚𝑉𝑚 100 × 0.5482

𝑉= = = 1.246𝑚3
𝑀𝑊 44

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Sep 2021 / ENCH607 ENEP625 / Assignment # 1 / Lecture 01-Introduction and equations of state

4. A storage tank contains a gas mixture with compositions listed in the table below.
The tank held at a pressure of 10.19 MPa and a temperature of 271 K. Calculate:
a. The molar volume (m3/kmol) and the density (kg/m3) of the mixture using the
Kay’s rule and the Katz correlation? (5 marks)

From GPSA FIG. 23-2; Pc and Tc

Mole
Pc Tc
Component Fraction yi*Pci yi*Tci
(kPa0 (K)
(y)
N2 0.0050 3396.0 16.9800 126.19 0.6310
CO2 0.2250 7377.0 1659.8250 304.13 68.4293
H2S 0.1000 9008.0 900.8000 373.60 37.3600
C1 0.6610 4599.0 3039.9390 190.56 125.9602
C2 0.0070 4872.0 34.1040 305.33 2.1373
C3 0.0015 4244.0 6.3660 369.77 0.5547
i-C4 0.0003 3640.0 1.0920 407.82 0.1223
n-C4 0.0002 3798.0 0.7596 425.12 0.0850
5659.866 235.280

𝑃 10190
𝑃𝑐′ = ∑𝑦𝑖 𝑃𝑐𝑖 = 5659.866𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑟 ′ = 𝑃 = 5659.866 = 1.8
𝑐
′ 𝑇 271
𝑇𝑐′ = ∑𝑦𝑖 𝑇𝑐𝑖 = 235.28𝐾 𝑇𝑟 = 𝑇 = 235.28 = 1.152
𝑐

With known 𝑇𝑟 ′ and 𝑃𝑟 ′ and from Fig 23-4, compressibility factor is about 0.496
𝑃𝑉𝑚 𝑍𝑅𝑇 0.496 × 8.3145 × 271 𝑚3
𝑍= ⇒ 𝑉𝑚 = = = 0.10968
𝑅𝑇 𝑃 10190 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

Mole
Molar
Component Fraction yi*MWi
Mass
(y)
N2 0.0050 28.0135 0.1401
CO2 0.2250 44.0100 9.9023
H2S 0.1000 34.0820 3.4082
C1 0.6610 16.0420 10.6038
C2 0.0070 30.0690 0.2105
C3 0.0015 44.0960 0.0661
i-C4 0.0003 58.1220 0.0174
n-C4 0.0002 58.1220 0.0116
24.360

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Sep 2021 / ENCH607 ENEP625 / Assignment # 1 / Lecture 01-Introduction and equations of state

𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑊 ′ = ∑𝑦𝑖 𝑀𝑊𝑖 = 24.36
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑀𝑊 ′ 24.36 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 3
= 222.1 3
𝑉𝑚 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 0.10968 𝑚 𝑚

b. The molar volume (m3/kmol) and the density (kg/m3) of the mixture using the
approach of Wichert and Aziz to adjust for CO2 and H2S? (5 marks)

𝐴 = 𝑥𝐶𝑂2 + 𝑥𝐻2𝑆 = 0.325 , 𝐵 = 𝑥𝐻2𝑆 = 0.1

𝜀 = 66.67(𝐴0.9 − 𝐴1.6 ) + 8.33(𝐵0.5 − 𝐵 4 ) = 66.67(0.3250.9 − 0.3251.6 ) + 8.33(0.10.5 − 0.14 ) = 15.839

𝑇𝑐" = 𝑇𝑐′ − 𝜀 = 235.28 − 15.839 = 219.441𝐾

𝑃𝑐′ 𝑇𝑐" 5659.866 × 219.441

𝑃𝑐" = ′
= = 5247.05𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝑐 + 𝐵(1 − 𝐵)𝜀 235.28 + 0.1 × (1 − 0.1) × 15.839

𝑇 271
𝑇𝑟 " = = = 1.235
𝑇𝑐" 219.441

𝑃 10190
𝑃𝑟 " = "
= = 1.942
𝑃𝑐 5247.05

With known 𝑇𝑟 " and 𝑃𝑟 " and from Fig 23-4, compressibility factor is about 0.6

𝑃𝑉𝑚 𝑍𝑅𝑇 0.6 × 8.3145 × 271 𝑚3

𝑍= ⇒ 𝑉𝑚 = = = 0.1327
𝑅𝑇 𝑃 10190 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑊 ′ = ∑𝑦𝑖 𝑀𝑊𝑖 = 24.36
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑀𝑊 ′ 24.36 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 3
= 183.572 3
𝑉𝑚 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 0.1327 𝑚 𝑚

c. If the gas flows to a processing facility at a rate of 2800 x 103Sm3/d, what is the
mass flow of the gas in kg/s? (5 marks)

𝑇𝑐" = 219.441𝐾 , 𝑃𝑐" = 5247.05𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝐴𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑; 𝑃1 = 101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎 , 𝑇1 = 288.15𝐾

pg. 10
Sep 2021 / ENCH607 ENEP625 / Assignment # 1 / Lecture 01-Introduction and equations of state

𝑇1 288.15
𝑇𝑟 " = "
= = 1.313
𝑇𝑐 219.441

𝑃1 101.325
𝑃𝑟 " = = = 0.0193
𝑃𝑐" 5247.05

With known 𝑇𝑟 " and 𝑃𝑟 " and from Fig 23-4, compressibility factor is about 0.99

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑘𝑔
𝑛1 = , 𝑛2 = , 𝑛1 = 𝑛2 , 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 183.572
𝑍1 𝑅𝑇1 𝑍2 𝑅𝑇2 𝑚3

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑍2 𝑇2 101.325 × 2800 × 103 × 0.6 × 271 3

𝑚3
∴ 𝑉2 = = = 15.8696 × 10
𝑃2 𝑍1 𝑇1 10190 × 0.99 × 288.15 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑘𝑔 3
𝑚3 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝑔
∴ 183.572 × 15.8696 × 10 × = 33.718
𝑚3 𝑑𝑎𝑦 24 × 60 × 60 𝑠 𝑠

d. Using the result from part b, and the flow rate from part c, what is the actual
volumetric flow rate of the gas at the plant in m3/s? (2 marks)

𝑚3 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑚3
𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 15.8696 × 103 × = 0.1837
𝑑𝑎𝑦 24 × 60 × 60 𝑠 𝑠

e. Determine the standard gas flow rate in MMSCFD if the standard conditions are
60 °F and 14.69 psia? (8 marks)

60°𝐹 = 288.706𝐾 , 14.69𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 101.284𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑃𝑎 𝑉𝑎 𝑃𝑠 𝑉𝑠
𝑛𝑎 = , 𝑛𝑠 = , 𝑛𝑎 = 𝑛𝑠
𝑍𝑎 𝑅𝑇𝑎 𝑍𝑠 𝑅𝑇𝑠

Zstandard=0.99 , Zactual=0.6

𝑃𝑎 𝑉𝑎 𝑍𝑠 𝑇𝑠 10190𝑘𝑃𝑎 0.99 288.706𝐾 15869.6 𝑚3 35.3147𝑓𝑡 3 1 𝑀𝑀

∴ 𝑉𝑠 = = × × × × ×
𝑃𝑠 𝑍𝑎 𝑇𝑎 101.284𝑘𝑃𝑎 0.6 271𝐾 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 𝑚3 106

∴ 𝑉𝑠 = 99.112 𝑀𝑀𝑆𝐶𝐹𝐷

pg. 11
Sep 2021 / ENCH607 ENEP625 / Assignment # 1 / Lecture 01-Introduction and equations of state

5. A frictionless and leak-free piston can move up and down a cylinder whose diameter
and height are 10 cm and 1 m, respectively (refer to the sketch). At equilibrium, the
downward force on the piston, due to the atmospheric pressure (100 kPa) and
gravitational force on the mass of the piston, is equal to the magnitude of the upward
force on the piston, due to the pressure of gas in the cylinder. The cylinder is filled
with NH3 at 150 kPa and 20 C, which maintains the piston to its initial location of H =
80 cm. Assume that the ideal gas law is applicable.

a. Calculate the mass of the piston. (5 marks)

Hcylinder=1m, Dcylinder=10cm, Rcylinder=5cm

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 𝜋(5 𝑐𝑚)2 = 78.5398 𝑐𝑚2

𝑈𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛
150 𝑘𝑁 78.5398 𝑚2
= (150 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(78.5398 𝑐𝑚2 ) = ( )( ) = 1.1781 𝑘𝑁
𝑚2 10000
𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛
= 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛)
+ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛) = 𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 × 𝑔

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = (100 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(78.5398 𝑐𝑚2 )
100 𝑘𝑁 78.5398 𝑚2
=( )( ) = 0.785398 𝑘𝑁
𝑚2 10000

𝑚 𝑁
∴ 1.1781 𝑘𝑁 = 𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 × 9.81 + 0.785398 𝑘𝑁 ⇒ 𝑚 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 40.03 𝑚⁄ 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑔
𝑠2 𝑠2

pg. 12
Sep 2021 / ENCH607 ENEP625 / Assignment # 1 / Lecture 01-Introduction and equations of state

b. Calculate the mass of NH3 in the cylinder. (2 marks)

P = 150 kPa, T = 293.15 K
𝑣𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋(5 𝑐𝑚)2 (80𝑐𝑚) = 6283.185 𝑐𝑚3

𝑃𝑣 (150𝑘𝑃𝑎)(6283.184 × 10−6 𝑚3 )
𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤 ∴ 𝑛 = = = 386.674 × 10−6 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑅𝑇 𝑘𝑃𝑎. 𝑚3
(8.3145 )(293.15𝐾)
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
From GPSA FIG. 23-2 Molar mass of NH3= 17.0305 kg/kmol
𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ = 𝑛 × 𝑀𝑊𝑁𝐻3 = 386.674 × 10−6 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 17.0305 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 6.5853 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠

c. A metal weight with a mass of 40.03 kg is now placed on the piston, which
causes it to move downward in the cylinder. Calculate the pressure in the
cylinder and piston location (H). Assume that the temperature of NH3 remains
constant at 20 C. (6 marks)
The piston has moved downward due to extra weight on it.
𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛
= 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛)
+ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
+ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑚
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 40.03 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 = 0.3927 𝑘𝑁
𝑠2

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛
= 0.3927 𝑘𝑁 + 0.785398 𝑘𝑁 + 0.3927 𝑘𝑁 = 1.571 𝑘𝑁

1.571 𝑘𝑁
𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = = 200.03 𝑘𝑃𝑎
78.5398 𝑚2
( )
10000

Temperature and number of moles remains the same.

𝑘𝑃𝑎. 𝑚3
𝑛𝑅𝑇 (386.674 × 10−6 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙)(8.3145 )(293.15𝐾)
𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤 ∴ 𝑣 = = 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
𝑃 (200.03 𝑘𝑃𝑎)
= 4711.68 × 10 𝑚 = 4711.68 𝑐𝑚3
−6 3

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 4711.68 𝑐𝑚3

𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = = 60𝑐𝑚
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 78.5398 𝑐𝑚2

pg. 13
Sep 2021 / ENCH607 ENEP625 / Assignment # 1 / Lecture 01-Introduction and equations of state

d. Find the temperature to which the ammonia in the cylinder must be heated in
order to move the piston (with the metal weight) back to its initial position
(H=80cm). (2 marks)
The gas heated up so that the volume increases at constant pressure. The energy
added is used to push the piston upward and to increase the temperature of the gas.
After heating, the piston height increases to its original position. At that position,

𝑃𝑣 (200.03𝑘𝑃𝑎)(6283.184 × 10−6 𝑚3 )
𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤 ∴ 𝑇 = = = 390.9 𝐾
𝑅𝑛 𝑘𝑃𝑎. 𝑚3 −6
(8.3145 )(386.674 × 10 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙)
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
= 117.8 C

Alternatively, you can use Charles’s law, because number of moles and gas pressure
remains constant, volume is proportional to temperature.
𝑣2 6283.184 × 10−6 𝑚3
𝑇2 = ( ) 𝑇1 = ( ) 293.15 𝐾 ⇒ 𝑇2 = 390.9 𝐾 = 117.8 C
𝑣1 4711.68 × 10−6 𝑚3

pg. 14