Student’s name: Ky T.

Pham
Class: K10PE
Course: Fluid flow in production system
HOMEWORK 4
Problem 1: Estimate the density of a 0.8-specific gravity dead oil at 40 ℃
Solution:
The density of oil:
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝜌0,𝑠𝑡 = 𝛾0 × 𝜌𝑤 = 0.8 × 62.4 ( 3 ) = 49.92 ( 3 )
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡

Problem 2: The solution gas-oil ratio of a crude oil is 4000 sm3/m3 at 20 MPa and 50 ℃. Given
the following PVT data:
Bubble point pressure: 15 MPa
Oil-specific gravity: 0.8 water=1
Gas-specific gravity: 0.77 air=1
Estimate densities and viscosities of the rude oil at 50 ℃ , 15 MPa, and 20 MPa
Input data Value Value Unit
Pressure (p): 2175.566 2900.755 psia
Temperature (T): 122 122 ℉
Bubble point pressure (pb ): 2175.566 2175.566 psia
Oil specific gravity (𝛾0 ): 0.8 0.8 Water =1
Gas specific gravity (γg ): 0.77 0.77 ari=1
Solution:
141.5 =45.375 =45.375
°𝐴𝑃𝐼 = − 131.5
𝛾0
1.2048
𝑝 100.0125(°𝐴𝑃𝐼)
𝑅𝑠 = 𝛾𝑔 [ ] =880.72 =1245.55
18 100.00091𝑇
62.4𝛾0 + 0.0136𝑅𝑠 𝛾𝑔 =40.12 =37.31 lbm/ft3
𝜌0 = 1.175
𝛾𝑔
0.972 + 0.000147 [𝑅𝑠 √ + 1.25𝑇]
𝛾0
8.33 8.33
(0.43+ ) (0.43+ ) =4.1075 =4.1075
𝐴 = 10 = 10
𝐴𝑃𝐼 45.375

1.8 × 10 7
360 𝐴 =1.3950 =1.3950
𝜇𝑜𝑑 = (0.32 + 4.53
)( )
𝐴𝑃𝐼 𝑇 + 200
−7 −4
𝑎 = 𝑅𝑠 (2.2 × 10 𝑅𝑠 − 7.4 × 10 ) =-0.4811 =-0.5804
𝑐 = 8.62 × 10−5 𝑅𝑠 =0.0759 =0.1074
𝑑 = 1.10 × 10−3 𝑅𝑠 =0.9688 =1.3701
𝑒 = 3.74 × 10−3 𝑅𝑠 =3.2939 =4.6584
0.68 0.25 0.062 =0.5978 =0.5417
𝑏= + 𝑑 +
10𝑐 10 10𝑒
𝑎 𝑏
𝜇0𝑏 = 10 𝜇𝑜𝑑 =0.4030 =0.3147 cP
𝜇0 =𝜇0𝑏 + 0.001(𝑝 − 𝑝𝑏 )(0.024𝜇1.6 0.56
𝑜𝑏 + 0.38𝜇𝑜𝑏 ) =0.4030 =0.4617 cP

1
Problem 3: For the gas composition given in the following text, determine apparent molecular
weight, specific gravity, pseudo-critical pressure, and pseudo-critical temperature of the gas.

Component Mole Fraction

C 0.755
C2 0.073
C3 0.011
i-C4 0.006
n-C4 0.002
i-C5 0.003
n-C5 0.008
C6 0.001
C7 + 0.001
N2 0.070
CO2 0.050
H2S 0.020

Solution:
Compound 𝒚𝒊 𝑴𝑾𝒊 𝒚𝒊 𝑴𝑾𝒊 𝒑𝒄𝒊 𝒚𝒊 𝒑𝒄𝒊 (𝒑𝒔𝒊) 𝑻𝒄𝒊 (°𝑹) 𝒚𝒊 𝑻𝒄𝒊 (°𝑹)
C1 0.755 16.04 12.11 673 508.115 344 259.72
C2 0.073 30.70 2.20 709 51.757 550 40.15
C3 0.011 44.10 0.49 618 6.798 666 7.326
i-C4 0.006 58.12 0.35 530 3.18 733 4.398
n-C4 0.002 58.12 0.12 551 1.102 766 1.532
i-C5 0.003 72.15 0.22 482 1.446 830 2.49
n-C5 0.008 72.15 0.58 485 3.88 847 6.776
C6 0.001 86.18 0.09 434 0.434 915 0.915
C7 + 0.001 114.23 0.11 361 0.361 1024 1.024
N2 0.070 28.02 1.96 227 15.89 492 34.44
CO2 0.050 44.01 2.20 1,073 53.65 548 27.4
H2S 0.020 34.08 0.68 672 13.44 1306 26.12
1 𝑀𝑊𝑎 = 21.0929 𝑝𝑝𝑐 = 660.053 Tpc= 412.291
𝛾𝑔 = 0.7281

2
 Problem 4: Estimate gas viscosities of a 0.70-specific gravity gas at 90 ℃ and 1 MPa, 5 MPa, 10
MPa, and 50 MPa.

Parameter Value Value Value Unit

Pressure 145.038 725.189 1450.377 7251.887 psia
Temperature 194 194 194 194 ºF
Gas-specific gravity 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Solution
Pseudo-critical pressure =668.5014 =668.5014 =668.5014 =668.5014 psia
o
=385.6318 =385.6318 =385.6318 =385.6318 R
Pseudo-critical temperature
Uncorrected gas viscosity at 14.7 psia =0.012176 =0.012176 =0.012176 =0.012176 cP
Corrected gas viscosity at 14.7 psia (𝜇1 ) =0.012176 =0.012176 =0.012176 =0.012176 cP
Pseudo-reduced pressure =0.22 =1.08 =2.17 =10.85
Pseudo-reduced temperature =1.7 =1.7 =1.7 =1.7
𝜇𝑔
𝐼𝑛(( × 𝑇𝑝𝑟 ) =0.459881 =0.580514 =0.721396 =1.500963
𝜇1
Gas viscosity =0.011372 =0.012830 =0.014771 =0.032208 cP
Where
Pseudo-critical pressure:
𝑝𝑝𝑐 = 709.604 − 58.718𝛾𝑔 .

Pseudo-critical temperature:
𝑇𝑝𝑐 = 170.491 + 307.344𝛾𝑔 .

Applications of the pseudo-critical pressure and temperature are normally found in petroleum
engineering through pseudo-reduced pressure and temperature defined as:
𝑝
𝑝𝑝𝑟 = 𝑝 ,
𝑝𝑐

𝑇
𝑇𝑝𝑟 = 𝑇 ,
𝑝𝑐

The atmospheric pressure viscosity (𝜇1 ) can be expressed as

𝜇1 = 𝜇1𝐻𝐶 + 𝜇1𝑁2 + 𝜇1𝐶𝑂2 + 𝜇1𝐻2𝑆 .

Where

𝜇1𝐻𝐶 = 8.188 × 10−3 − 6.15 × 10−3 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝛾𝑔 ) + (1.709 × 10−5 − 2.062 × 10−6 𝛾𝑔 )𝑇,

Dampsey (1965) developed the following relation:

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 𝜇𝑔
𝜇𝑟 = 𝐼𝑛(( × 𝑇𝑝𝑟 ).
𝜇1
Thus, gas viscosity at elevated pressure can be readily calculated using the following relation:
𝜇1 𝜇
𝜇𝑔 = 𝑒 𝑟.
𝑇𝑝𝑟

Based on the table below, we have the table that show the results of gas viscosity:

Pressure Gas viscosity

1 MPa 0.011372
5 MPa 0.012830
10 MPa 0.014771
50 MPa 0.032208

Problem 5: Calculate gas compressibility factors and densities of a 0.65-specific gravity gas at 80
℃ and 1 MPa, 5 MPa, 10 MPa, and 50 MPa with the Hall–Yarborough method. Compare the
results with that given by the Brill and Beggs correlation. What is your conclusion?
Solution:
Hall-Yarborough method:
Pseudo-critical pressure:
𝑝𝑝𝑐 = 709.604 − 58.718𝛾𝑔 .

Pseudo-critical temperature:
𝑇𝑝𝑐 = 170.491 + 307.344𝛾𝑔 .

Applications of the pseudo-critical pressure and temperature are normally found in petroleum
engineering through pseudo-reduced pressure and temperature defined as:
𝑝
𝑝𝑝𝑟 = 𝑝 ,
𝑝𝑐

𝑇
𝑇𝑝𝑟 = 𝑇 ,
𝑝𝑐

Hall and Yarborough (1973) presented a more accurate correlation to estimate z-factor of natural
gas. This correlation is summarized as follow:
1
𝑡𝑟 = 𝑇 ,
𝑝𝑟

2
𝐴 = 0.06125𝑡𝑟 𝑒 −1.2(1−𝑡𝑟 ) ,

4
𝐵 = 𝑡𝑟 (14.76 − 9.76𝑡𝑟 + 4.58𝑡𝑟 2 ,
𝐶 = 𝑡𝑟 (90.7 − 242.2𝑡𝑟 + 42.4𝑡𝑟 2 ,
𝐷 = 2.18 + 2.82𝑡𝑟 ,
and
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟
𝑧= ,
𝑌

Where Y is the reduced density to be solve from:

𝑌+𝑌 2 +𝑌 3 +𝑌 4
𝑓(𝑌) = (1−𝑌)3
− 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟 − 𝐵𝑌 2 + 𝐶𝑌 𝐷 = 0,

So, gas viscosity:

2.7𝛾𝑔 𝑝
𝜌𝑔 = .
𝑧𝑇

Brill and Beggs correlation:

Pseudo-critical pressure:
𝑝𝑝𝑐 = 709.604 − 58.718𝛾𝑔 .
Pseudo-critical temperature:
𝑇𝑝𝑐 = 170.491 + 307.344𝛾𝑔 .
Applications of the pseudo-critical pressure and temperature are normally found in petroleum
engineering through pseudo-reduced pressure and temperature defined as
𝑝
𝑝𝑝𝑟 = 𝑝 ,
𝑝𝑐
𝑇
𝑇𝑝𝑟 = 𝑇 ,
𝑝𝑐

Brill and Begg’s z-factor correlation is expresses as follows:

𝐴 = 1.39(𝑇𝑝𝑟 − 0.92)0.5 − 0.36𝑇𝑝𝑟 − 0.1,
0.066 0.32𝑝𝑝𝑟 6
𝐵 = (0.62 − 0.23𝑇𝑝𝑟 )𝑝𝑝𝑟 + (𝑇 − 0.037) 𝑝𝑝𝑟 2 + ,
𝑝𝑟 −0.86 10𝐸

𝐶 = 0.132 − 0.32log (𝑇𝑝𝑟 ),

𝐷 = 10𝐹 ,

𝐸 = 9(𝑇𝑝𝑟 − 1),

𝐹 = 0.3106 − 0.49𝑇𝑝𝑟 + 0.1824𝑇𝑝𝑟 2 ,

𝑎𝑛𝑑
1−𝐴 𝐷
𝑧=𝐴+ + 𝐶𝑝𝑝𝑟 ,
𝑒𝐵

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 2.7𝛾𝑔 𝑝
So, gas viscosity: 𝜌𝑔 = 𝑧𝑇

So, we have the results:

Hall-Yarborough method Brill and Beggs correlation
Pressure
Gas compresibility factor Gas density Gas compresibility factor Gas density
1 MPa 0.9991 0.4008 0.9885 0.4051
5 MPa 0.9440 2.1208 0.9414 2.1267
10 MPa 0.8946 4.4761 0.8906 4.4961
50 MPa 1.1801 16.96662 1.1616 17.2359
Based on this results we can conclude that: when we calculate gas compressibility factor-z and gas
density by Hall-Yarborough method gives nearly results when calculating them by Brill and Breggs
correlation.
Problem 7: Give production well with production rate q = 1000 bbl/day, wellbore radius rw = 0.25
ft and the thickness of the reservoir h = 100 ft. Assuming fluid density is constant, time t = constant.
a. Determine the velocity where r = rw.
b. Determine the velocity where r = 100 ft.
c. Determine the velocity where r = 1000 ft.
d. Plot of the velocity (v) versus r where r varies from rw to 1000 ft
Solution:
𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 3
Convert: 1000 (𝑑𝑎𝑦) = 1000 × 5.615 (𝑑𝑎𝑦) = 5615 (𝑑𝑎𝑦)

a)

The cross-sectional area:

𝐴 = 2𝜋 × 𝑟𝑤 × ℎ = 2𝜋 × 0.25(𝑓𝑡) × 100(𝑓𝑡) = 50𝜋 (𝑓𝑡 2 ),
Production rate:
𝑞 = 𝐴 × 𝑣.
So, the velocity is:
𝑓𝑡3
𝑞 5615 ( ) 𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑣=𝐴= = 35.75 (𝑑𝑎𝑦).
50𝜋 (𝑓𝑡 2 )

b)
The cross-sectional area:

6
 𝐴 = 2𝜋 × 𝑟𝑤 × ℎ = 2𝜋 × 100 (𝑓𝑡) × 100 (𝑓𝑡) = 2 × 104 𝜋 (𝑓𝑡 2 ),
Production rate:
𝑞 = 𝐴 × 𝑣.
So, the velocity is:
𝑓𝑡3
𝑞 5615( ) 𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑣=𝐴= = 0.0894 (𝑑𝑎𝑦).
2×10 𝜋 (𝑓𝑡 2 )
4

c)

The cross-sectional area:

𝐴 = 2𝜋 × 𝑟𝑤 × ℎ = 2𝜋 × 1000(𝑓𝑡) × 100(𝑓𝑡) = 2 × 105 𝜋 (𝑓𝑡 2 ),

Production rate:

𝑞 = 𝐴 × 𝑣.
So, the velocity is:
𝑏𝑏𝑙
𝑞 5615( ) 𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑣=𝐴= = 0.00894 (𝑑𝑎𝑦 ),
2×105 𝜋 (𝑓𝑡 2 )

b) Addcording the results in part a,b,c we have the table below shows the relationship between
velocity and wellbore radius:

7
 Wellbore Velocity
𝑓𝑡
radius (ft) (𝑑𝑎𝑦)
0.25 35.75
50 0.1788
100 0.0894
200 0.0447
300 0.0298
400 0.0223
500 0.0179
600 0.0149
700 0.01278
800 0.01118
900 0.00993
1000 0.00894

40

35

30
Velocity (ft/day)

25

20

15

10

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Wellbore radius (ft)

Fig 1: The graph show the relationship between wellbore radius and velocity.
Based on this results, one must conclude that, when wellbore radius increase, the velocity will
decline sizably.