Solution for problem #1

1. A. Calculate the Pseudocritical temperature and pressure

Calculate the critical properties of the C7+
(pc)7+ = 1188 - 431log(MWc7+ - 61.1) + [2319 - 852log(MWc7+ - 53.7)](gc7+ - 0.8)
(Tc)7+ = 608 + 364log(MWc7+ - 71.2) + [2450log(MWc7+) - 3800] log(gc7+)

We get, (pc)7+ = 348.07884 psi

(Tc)7+ = 1182.7264 oR

Component yi Pci Tci yiPci yiTci MWi yiMWi

C1 0.6893 666.40 343.33 459.35 236.66 16.04 11.06
C2 0.0863 706.50 549.92 60.97 47.46 30.07 2.60
C3 0.0534 616.00 666.06 32.89 35.57 44.10 2.35
iC4 0.0115 527.90 734.46 6.07 8.45 58.12 0.67
nC4 0.0233 550.60 765.62 12.83 17.84 58.12 1.35
iC5 0.0093 490.40 829.10 4.56 7.71 72.15 0.67
nC5 0.0085 488.60 845.80 4.15 7.19 72.15 0.61
C6 0.0173 436.90 913.60 7.56 15.81 86.18 1.49
C7+* 0.0999 348.08 1182.73 34.77 118.15 158.00 15.78
N2 0.0011 493.10 227.49 0.54 0.25 28.01 0.03
CO2 0.0001 1071.00 547.91 0.11 0.05 44.01 0.00
H2S 0
100 623.81 495.13 36.63

Pseudocritical Pressure, Ppc = 623.81 psia

Pseudocritical Temperature, Tpc = 495.13 oR

1. B. Calculate the gas gravity

MWa
gg = = 1.26
28.96

Determine the pseudo critical temperature and pressure using Brown et al. correlation

Ppc = 677 + 15.0gg - 37.5gg2

Tpc = 168 + 325gg - 12.5gg2

Substitute gg = 1.26
We get,
Ppc = 635.99 psia
Tpc = 559.03 oR

Determine the pseudo critical temperature and pressure using Sutton's correlation
 Ppc = 756.8 + 131.0gg - 3.5gg2
Tpc = 169.2 + 349.5gg - 74.0gg2

Substitute gg = 1.26
We get,
Ppc = 586.02 psia
Tpc = 492.08 oR

The results show that the pseudocritical pressure and temperature calculated from
Brown et al. are more higher than the results of Sutton's correlation and the one in
a).

Correlation Value Error %

Mole Tpc 495.13
fraction Ppc 623.81
Tpc 559.03 12.91
Brown et al.
Ppc 635.99 1.95
Tpc 492.08 0.55
Sutton's
Ppc 586.02 5.94

1.C. Plot graph of Z vs p.

p T
Ppr = and Tpr =
ppc Tpc

p ppr Tpr Z
0 0.00 1.28 1
800 1.26 1.28 0.8
1600 2.51 1.28 0.62
2400 3.77 1.28 0.63
3200 5.03 1.28 0.71
4000 6.29 1.28 0.82
4800 7.54 1.28 0.94
5600 8.80 1.28 1.05
6400 10.06 1.28 1.17
7200 11.31 1.28 1.28
8000 12.57 1.28 1.39

Graph of: Z vs. p

1.6

1.4

1.2
 Graph of: Z vs. p

1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
1.2646923

636.365 Ppc
559.03191 Tpc
586.1834
492.0876
2. Calculate the volume of the container

Step 1: Determine number of mole of each component

- At standard condition, 379.4 scf of gas is occupied by 1 lb-mole

for 1000 scf of Methane is; therefore, occupied by

nC1 = 1000/379.4 = 2.6357406 lb-mole

- Molecular weight of Hexane is: MW = 86.177 lb/lb-mole

6084 6084
MW   API   5.9
API  5.9 MW

API = 75.6890 oAPI

g
 0.001892  7.35  10 5 API – 4.52  10 8 API 2
MW
g
= 0.0071962019
MW

 g  scf
VC 6  133, 000    0.1stb = 95.709486 scf
 MW  STB

Then, nC1 = 95.71/379.4 = 0.2522654 lb-mole

- Molecular weight of CO2 is: MW = 44.01 lb/lb-mole

Water density @ 14.7 psi and 60oF is 1Kg/1litre

1kg 1kg 2.2046lb lb

 water   3
 3
 62.43 3
1l 1dm 0.03531 ft ft

Density of CO2 @ 14.7 psi and 60oF is

lb lb lb
CO2  g CO2  62.43 3
 1.53  62.43 3  95.52 3
ft ft ft

lb
0.06ft 3×95.52
Then, n CO = ft 3 = 0.130225 lb-mole
2
lb
44.01
lb-mole

Step 2: Calculate total number of mole

n = n C1 + n C6 + n CO2 = 2.635741 + 0.252265 + 0.130225 = 3.018231 lb-mole

 n = n C1 + n C6 + n CO2 = 2.635741 + 0.252265 + 0.130225 = 3.018231 lb-mole

Step 3: Calculate pseudo critical temperatures and pressure

Mole Critical Critical

Component fraction, temperature pressure,
yi Tci yiTci pci yipci
C1 0.8733 343.3 299.795 666.4 581.949
C6 0.0836 913.6 76.359 436.9 36.516
CO2 0.0431 547.9 23.640 1071.0 46.210
Total 1.0000 399.794 664.675

Pseudocritical Pressure, Ppc = 664.675 psia

Pseudocritical Temperature, Tpc = 399.794 oR

Step 4: Calculate pseudo reduced temperatures and pressure and determine the coefficient
Z

From the chart in Fig 3-12 of McCain

є = 6.7 °R

T′pc = Tpc - є
= 393.1 °R

p′pc = ppcT′pc / (Tpc + yH2S[1 - yH2S)є]

= 653.5 psia

Tpr = T / T′pc
= 1.81

ppr = p / p′pc
= 3.825

z = 0.89

Step 5: Calculate the volume of the container

znRT 0.89×3.018231×10.73×710
Vcontainer = Vg = = = 8.186 ft 3
p 2500
1.3.A. Calculate volume (in3) that will be occupied by gas in the PVT cell.

Step 1: Calculate number of mole of each component

mC1 1.3
nC1 = = = 0.0810322 lb-mole
MWC1 16.043

mC2 0.3
nC2 = = = 0.0099767 lb-mole
MWC2 30.07

mC3 0.3
nC3 = = = 0.0068032 lb-mole
MWC3 44.097

mn-C4 0.2
nn-C4 = = = 0.003441 lb-mole
MWn-C4 58.123

Total mole number: n= 0.1012531 lb-mole

Step 2: Calculate pseudo critical temperature and pressure

Component Mole Critical Critical

fraction, temperature, pressure
yj Tcj yjTcj pcj yjpcj
C1 0.8003 343.3 274.74 666.4 533.32
C2 0.0985 549.9 54.18 706.5 69.61
C3 0.0672 666.1 44.76 616.0 41.39
n-C4 0.0340 765.6 26.02 550.6 18.71
Total 1.0000 399.70 663.03

Pseudocritical Pressure, Ppc = 663.03 psia

Pseudocritical Temperature, Tpc = 399.70 oR

Step 3: Calculate pseudo reduced temperature and pressure and defind the coefficient Z

Tpr = T / Tpc
= 1.50

ppr = p / ppc
= 3.51

Z = 0.77
 Step 4: Calculate volume occupied by gas
znRT
V = = 0.21589 ft3
p

V = 372.07 in3

1.3.B. Calculate rate of change of volume with pressure

pV = znRT
znRT
V=
p
3
dv znRT 0.77×0.101253×10.73×600 -5 ft
=- 2 =- = -9.285×10
dp p 23252 psi
dv in3
= -0.1604
dp psi
he coefficient Z
2.1.A Calculate the total production rate, in MMscf/day

- Calculate the ratio of go/MWo

go
= 0.001892 + 7.38×10-5 API - 4.52×10 -8API 2
MWo

go
= 0.006057
MWo

- Calculate equivalent gas volume

go
Veq  133000
MWo

Veq = 805.581 scf/STB

- Calculate the total production rate:

MMscf  scf STB 

Q  1.012   805.581  32.7 
day  STB day 
MMscf
Q  1.038
day

2.1.B Calculate the gravity in the reservoir

- Calculate the producing gas/oil ratio:

Qg
Rs = 30948.012 scf/STB
Qo

- Calculate condensate (oil) stock tank gravity

141.5 141.5
API = - 131.5 γ= o
γo API + 131.5

go = 0.74

- Calculate reservoir gravity

γ g R s +4580γ o 0.76×30948.01 + 4580  0.74

γw = =
γo 30948.01 + 805.65
R s + 133000
MWo
γ w = 0.847
2.2.A. Calculate reservoir production rate
Production
Dry gas 12000000 scf/d
C3 14000 gal/d ( 10.433 gal/lb mole)
n-C4 6000 gal/d ( 11.937 gal/lb mole)
Condensate 1400 stb/d
H2 S 1500000 scf/d
CO2 300000 scf/d
Gas gravity, γg 0.65
°API of condensate 65 °API

- Calculate gas-oil ratio

R = (12000000 scf/d) / (1400.0 stb/d)

= 8571.43 scf/stb

- Calculate specific gravity of oil

γSTO = 141.5 / (131.5 + °API)
= 141.5 / (131.5 + 65)
= 0.7201

- Calculate molecular weight of the oil

MSTO = 5954 / (°API - 8.8)
= 5954 / (65 - 8.8)
= 105.94 lb/lb mole

- Calculate number of mole of dry gas and condensate:

ng&STO = 0.00263R + 350.2γSTO/MSTO

= 0.00263(8571.43) + 350.2(0.7201)/105.94
ng&STO = 24.92 lb mole/stb

- Calculate number of mole of other compositions.

nC3 = (14000 gal/d)(lb mole/10.433 gal) / (1400.0 stb/d)

= 0.9585 lb mole/stb

nn-C4 = (6000 gal/d)(lb mole/11.937 gal) / (1400.0 stb/d)

= 0.3590 lb mole/stb

nH2S = (1500000 scf/d)(lb mole/380.7 scf) / (1400.0 stb/d)

= 2.8144 lb mole/stb

nCO2 = (300000 scf/d)(lb mole/380.7 scf) / (1400.0 stb/d)

 = 0.5629 lb mole/stb

- Calculate number of mole of reservoir gas (nR)

Component ni Mwi mi

C3 0.9585 44.097 42.267

n-C4 0.3590 58.123 20.868
H2 S 2.8144 34.080 95.914
CO2 0.5629 44.010 24.772
Total 4.6948 183.820

nR = ng&STO + nC3 + nn-C4 + nH2S + nCO2

= (24.92) + (4.69)
= 29.62 lb mole/stb

- Compute the production rate of the reservoir

qsc = (29.62 lb mole/stb)(380.7 scf/lb mole)(1400.0 stb/d)
= 15785776 scf/d
= 15.79 MMscf/d

2.2.B. Calculate gravity of reservoir gas.

- Calculate the total mass of dry gas and condensate

mg&STO = 0.0762Rγg + 350.2γSTO

= 0.0762(8571.43)(0.65) + 350.2(0.7201)
= 676.72 lb/stb

- Calculate mass of the reservoir gas

mR = mg&STO + mC3 + mn-C4 + mH2S + mCO2
= (676.72) + (183.82)
= 860.54 lb/stb

- Calculate molecular weight of the reservoir gas

MWR = mR/ nR
= 860.54 / 29.62
= 29.055

- Calculate gravity of the reservoir gas

γgR = MR / 29
= 29.055 / 29
= 1.0019
2.3) Derive the composition of the wellstream fluid

Heptane plus molecular weight

in separator liquid 160
in separator gas 103
Separator yield 238.3 stb/MMscf
°API of SP liquid 46.5

Molecular
Component Separator Separator Mole fraction Weight
Liquid Gas
Mol% Mol% xi MWi xiMWi
H2 S 0.00 0.00 0.0000 34.080 0.0000
CO2 0.00 0.01 0.0000 44.010 0.0000
N2 0.01 0.13 0.0001 28.013 0.0028
C1 10.76 83.01 0.1076 16.043 1.7262
C2 6.17 9.23 0.0617 30.070 1.8553
C3 8.81 4.50 0.0881 44.097 3.8849
i-C4 2.85 0.74 0.0285 58.123 1.6565
n-C4 7.02 1.20 0.0702 58.123 4.0802
i-C5 3.47 0.31 0.0347 72.150 2.5036
n-C5 3.31 0.25 0.0331 72.150 2.3882
C6 8.03 0.21 0.0803 86.177 6.9200
C7+ 49.57 0.41 0.4957 160.000 79.3120
Total 1.0000 104.3298

Apparent Molecular weight is Mwa = 104.3298

Convert gas-oil ratios to lb mole SP gas/lb mole SP liquid.

γSTO = 141.5 / (131.5 + °API)

= 141.5 / (131.5 + 46.5)
= 0.7949

ρo = γo ρ w
= (0.79494)(62.37 lb/cu ft)
= 49.58 lb/cu ft

Thus, 238.3 stb/MMscf = 4196.4 scf/stb

= (4196.4 scf/stb)(lb mole SP Gas/380.7 scf)

(bbl/5.615 cu ft)(cu ft/49.58 lb SP liquid)
(104.33 lb SP liquid/lb mole SP lquid)
 = 4.1309 lb mole SP gas/lb mole SP liq

Calculate the composition of the recombined reservoir gas.

seperator Composition, Composition,
gas, separator recombined
Component mole liquid, gas,
fraction mole fraction mole fraction
ySP 4.1309ySP xSP 4.1309ySP + xSP zres
H2 S 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
CO2 0.0001 0.0004 0.0000 0.0004 0.0001
N2 0.0013 0.0054 0.0001 0.0055 0.0011
C1 0.8301 3.4290 0.1076 3.5366 0.6893
C2 0.0923 0.3813 0.0617 0.4430 0.0863
C3 0.0450 0.1859 0.0881 0.2740 0.0534
i-C4 0.0074 0.0306 0.0285 0.0591 0.0115
n-C4 0.0120 0.0496 0.0702 0.1198 0.0233
i-C5 0.0031 0.0128 0.0347 0.0475 0.0093
n-C5 0.0025 0.0103 0.0331 0.0434 0.0085
C6 0.0021 0.0087 0.0803 0.0890 0.0173
C7+ 0.0041 0.0169 0.4957 0.5126 0.0999
Total 1.0000 4.1309 1.0000 5.1309 1.0000
3.1.A. Determine the vapor pressure of iso-butane by using SRK EOS

T = 650 °R
p = 228.3 psia

Step1: Determine critical pressure, critical temperature, and acentric factor for iso-butane
Tc = 734.13 °R
pc = 527.9 psia
ω = 0.1852

Step2: Calculate some coefficients of SRK EOS

T
Tr = = 0.8854 psi
Tc

m = 0.480 + 1.574ω - 0.176ω=

2
0.7655

α(T) = [1 + m(1 - Tr )]
½ 2
= 1.0924

ac = 0.42748R2Tc2 / pc = 50247

b = 0.08664RTc / pc = 1.2931

Step3: Calculate A/B


A 0.427480α(T) 
=   = 6.09
B 0.08664  Tr 

A = 6.09*B

bp
B= = 1.85 10 4p
RT

Step4: Assume some value of p to calculate the value of B and A, then substitute A
and B into equation: Z3 - Z2 + (A-B-B2)Z - AB = 0

Solve this euqation, we will get three roots of Z,

The largest value of Z is considered as gaseous phase: Zg
The smallest value of Z is considered as liquid phase: ZL

Step5: Substitute Zg and ZL into fugacity equation of SRK

A ZB
ln   Z  1  ln( Z  B)  ln  
B  Z 
Table of results
p B A A-B-B2 AB ZL Zg fL fg
200 0.04 0.23 0.1874 0.0084 0.067 0.771 0.89923 0.814071
220 0.04 0.25 0.2059 0.0101 0.073 0.740 0.82299 0.795371
240 0.04 0.27 0.2245 0.0121 0.080 0.707 0.75944 0.776488
260 0.05 0.29 0.2430 0.0142 0.086 0.668 0.70571 0.757323
280 0.05 0.32 0.2615 0.0164 0.092 0.622 0.65964 0.73771
300 0.06 0.34 0.2800 0.0188 0.098 0.560 0.61974 0.717306
320 0.06 0.36 0.2985 0.0214 0.104 0.448 0.58483 0.694639
340 0.06 0.38 0.3169 0.0242 0.110 0.444 0.55405 0.670696
360 0.07 0.41 0.3353 0.0271 0.117 0.442 0.52666 0.64766
380 0.07 0.43 0.3536 0.0302 0.122 0.438 0.50221 0.625359
400 0.07 0.45 0.3720 0.0335 0.129 0.435 0.48017 0.603904

Plot Fugacity vs. Pressure

Liquid fugacities Gas fugacities

0.9

0.8
Fugacity coefficient

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340

Pressure

From the graph, the point at which liquid fugacities equal to gas fugacity is at pv = 232psi

Therefore, the vapore pressure of iso-butane at 190oF is 232psi

3.1.B. Determine the vapor pressure of iso-butane by using PR EOS

T = 650 °R
p = 228.3 psia

Step1: Determine critical pressure, critical temperature, and acentric factor for iso-butane
Tc = 734.13 °R
pc = 527.9 psia
ω = 0.1852

Step2: Calculate some coefficients of SRK EOS

T
Tr = = 0.8854 psi
Tc

m = 0.37464 + 1.54226ω - 0.26992ω2 = 0.6510

α(T) = [1 + m(1 - Tr )]
½ 2
= 1.0784

ac = 0.457236R2Tc2 / pc = 53745

b = 0.077796RTc / pc = 1.1611

Step3: Calculate A/B


A 0.457236α(T) 
=   = 7.1582
B 0.077796  Tr 

A = 7.1582*B

bp
B= = 1.66 10 4 p
RT

Step4: Assume some value of p to calculate the value of B and A, then substitute A
and B into equation: Z3 + (B-1)Z2 + (A-2B-3B2)Z - (AB - B2 - B3) = 0

Solve this euqation, we will get three roots of Z,

The largest value of Z is considered as gaseous phase: Zg
The smallest value of Z is considered as liquid phase: ZL

Step5: Substitute Zg and ZL into fugacity equation of PR EOS

ln   Z  1  ln( Z  B) 
A
ln 
 
 Z  1 2 B 
 1.66E-26
 
2 2B  Z  1  2 B 
 
 ln   Z  1  ln( Z  B) 
A
ln 

 Z  1 2 B 


2 2B 
 
Z  1 2 B 
 
Table of results
p B A B-1 A-2B-3B2 AB - B2 - B3 ZL Zg fL
200 0.03 0.24 -0.9667 0.1684 0.0068 0.059 0.755 0.900134
220 0.04 0.26 -0.9634 0.1849 0.0082 0.064 0.723 0.823994
240 0.04 0.29 -0.9600 0.2013 0.0098 0.070 0.688 0.760544
260 0.04 0.31 -0.9567 0.2176 0.0115 0.077 0.648 0.70721
280 0.05 0.33 -0.9534 0.2339 0.0133 0.081 0.601 0.661938
300 0.05 0.36 -0.9501 0.2501 0.0152 0.087 0.537 0.621837
320 0.05 0.38 -0.9467 0.2663 0.0173 0.092 0.427 0.588434
340 0.06 0.41 -0.9434 0.2823 0.0195 0.098 0.423 0.557745
360 0.06 0.43 -0.9401 0.2984 0.0219 0.103 0.418 0.530555
380 0.06 0.45 -0.9367 0.3143 0.0244 0.109 0.414 0.509012
400 0.07 0.48 -0.9334 0.3302 0.0270 0.114 0.409 0.489065

Plot Fugacity vs. Pressure

Liquid fugacities Gas fugacities

0.9

0.8
Fugacity coefficient

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340

Pressure

From the graph, the point at which liquid fugacities equal to gas fugacity is at pv = 228psi

Therefore, the vapore pressure of iso-butane at 190oF is 228psi

r iso-butane

0.0001854
20 340

Pressure
r iso-butane

0.0001665
 fg
0.824071 0.899234 0.8140714
0.805171 0.822994 0.7953707
0.785988 0.759444 0.7764878
0.765323 0.70571 0.757323
0.74521 0.659638 0.7377101
0.726306 0.619737 0.7173056
0.701639 0.584834 0.6946395
0.677196 0.554045 0.6706961
0.65366 0.526655 0.6476604
0.630859 0.502212 0.6253585
0.608904 0.480165 0.6039036

20 340

Pressure
3.2 Calculate the compositon of the gas and liquid
T= 620 oR
P= 1000 psi

Step 1: Determine critical pressure, criticall temperature and acentric factor

Component Tci Pci wi

Methane 343 666.4 0.0104
n-Buthane 765.3 550.6 0.1995
n-Decane 1111.7 305.2 0.4898

Step 2: Calculate coefficient of components of the composition

R 2 Tci2
a ci = 0.45724
p ci
RTci
bi = 0.07780
pci
2
α i = 1+m(1- Tr ) 
m = 0.3796+1.54226ωi -0.2699ωi2
T
Tr =
Tc
a Ti = aαci i

Table of results
Component Tr m ai(T) aci bi aTi
Methane 1.8075802 0.39561 0.746024 9293.877 0.429673 6933.458
n-Buthane 0.8101398 0.676539 1.139773 55997.79 1.160312 63824.75
n-Decane 0.5577044 1.070249 1.615419 213174.1 3.040762 344365.3

Step 3: Determine trial number for the equilibrium ratios

zi
x
i
i =  1+n  K -1
i g i

Use trial values of ng = 0.4015

Component zi Ki xi yi
Methane 0.5301 3.9920 0.2408 0.9613
n-Buthane 0.1055 0.2413 0.1517 0.0366
n-Decane 0.3644 0.0034 0.6075 0.0021
Total 1 1.0000 1.0000

Step 4: Calculate the composition dependent coefficients for z-factor calculation.

 y y  a a Tj   1-δ 
1/2
aT = i j Ti ij
i j
 a T =  yi y j  a Ti a Tj   1-δij 
1/2

Binary interaction
i j

coefficient Component j
Component i
C1 n-C4 n-C10 C1 n-C4 n-C10 Total
0.00 0.02 0.04 C1 402 753 6862 8017
0.02 0.00 0.00 n-C4 753 1469 13663 15886
0.04 0.00 0.00 n-C10 6862 13663 127078 147603
aT = 171506
Binary interaction
coefficient Component j
Component i
C1 n-C4 n-C10 C1 n-C4 n-C10 Total
0.00 0.02 0.04 C1 6408 726 93 7226
0.02 0.00 0.00 n-C4 726 86 11 822
0.04 0.00 0.00 n-C10 93 11 1 106
aT = 8154

b= yb
i
i i

Component xi bi xibi Component yi bi yibi

C1 0.2408 0.4297 0.1035 C1 0.9613 0.4297 0.4131
n-C4 0.1517 1.1603 0.1760 n-C4 0.0366 1.1603 0.0425
n-C10 0.6075 3.0408 1.8472 n-C10 0.0021 3.0408 0.0063
b= 2.1267 b= 0.4618

aTp bp
A= B=
R 2T 2 RT

Phase aT b A B
Liquid 171506.24 2.13 3.88 0.32
Gas 8154.32 0.46 0.18 0.07

Step 5: Calculate z-factors of liquid and gas.

For Liquid Phase

Substitute AL and BL into PR EOS, we get
zL3 - (1 - BL)zL2 + (AL - 2BL - 3BL2)zL - (ALBL - BL2 - BL3) = 0

For Gas Phase

Substitute Ag and Bg into PR EOS, we get
zg3 - (1 - Bg)zg2 + (Ag - 2Bg - 3Bg2)zg - (AgBg - Bg2 - Bg3) = 0

By resolving these equation with the help of calculator, we get

zL = 0.3923
 zg = 0.9110

Step6: Calculate the composition dependent coefficients for fugacity

1  
A i' =  2a Ti  yi a Ti  1-δij  
1/2 1/2

aT  i 
bj
Bi' =
b

For liquid phase

Component xi aTi xiaTi½ (1 – δi1) xiaTi½ (1 – δi2) xiaTi½ (1 – δi3)

C1 0.2408 6933 20.05 19.65 19.25
n-C4 0.1517 63825 37.56 38.33 38.33
n-C10 0.6075 344365 342.22 356.48 356.48
415124 399.83 414.46 414.06

For gas phase

Component yi aTi yiaTi½ (1 – δi1) yiaTi½ (1 – δi2) yiaTi½ (1 – δi3)

C1 0.9613 6933 80.05 78.45 76.85
n-C4 0.0366 63825 9.06 9.25 9.25
n-C10 0.0021 344365 1.16 1.21 1.21
415124 90.27 88.91 87.31

Liquid Gas
Component A′i B′i A′i B′i
C1 0.38824 0.20204 1.84367 0.93040
n-C4 1.22103 0.54560 5.50900 2.51250
n-C10 2.83348 1.42982 12.56598 6.58437

Step 7: Calculate the fugacity coefficiencts of the components of liquid and gas.

 z+  21/2 +1 B 
lnfi =-ln(z-B)+(z-1)B - 21.5B  A -B  ln 
' A ' '

i i
 z-  21/2 -1 B 
i
 

Component ΦLj Φgj

C1 3.680535 0.920776
n-C4 0.128774 0.540013
n-C10 0.000698 0.214074

Step 8: Calculate K-factors of the components and the error functions

 fLi
Ki =
fgi

K  KiC 
T 2
i
i 
K iT K iC

Component KiT KiC єi

C1 3.99200 3.99721 1.70E-06
n-C4 0.24130 0.23846 1.40E-04
n-C10 0.00340 0.00326 1.73E-03
Total 1.87E-03

The sum of error functions is less than a tolerance of 0.001, so the set of trial values of K-factors
was correct.

Component zi xi yi
C1 0.5301 0.2408 0.9613
n-C4 0.1055 0.1517 0.0366
n-C10 0.3644 0.6075 0.0021
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
4.2. Compute the buttomhole static pressure

Wellhead pressure, pts 2487 psig

Barometric pressure 13.0 psia
Gas gravity, g 0.75
Vertical depth, H 10000 ft
Surface temperature, Tts 35 °F
Surface temperature, Tws 245 °F

Stept 1: Compute the average temperature

Tts + Tws
Tavg = = 140 oF
2

Tavg = 600 °R

Step 2: Estimate pws

p  H 
p ws  p ts  0.25  wh  
 100  100 
Pws = 3108.75 psia

Thus, pts + pws

pav = = 2798 psia
2

Step 3: Determine critical temperature and pressure by using Brown et al. correlation

Ppc = 677 + 15.0gg - 37.5gg2 = 667.15625 psia

Tpc = 168 + 325gg - 12.5gg 2
= 404.71875 °R

Step 4: Compute pseudo reduced temperature and pressure

pavg
ppr = = 4.19
ppc

Tavg
Tpr = = 1.48
Tpc
Step 5: Determine the coefficient Z
zavg = 0.765

Step 6: Calculate the pws

 0.01875g g H 
 
z avTav
p ws  pts e  

pws = 3378.5604 psia

4.3) Calculate the buttomhole flowing pressure

Flow rate, q 5 MMscf / d

ID 2.441 in.
Wellhead flowing pressure, ptf 2000 psia
gravity, g 0.75
Vertical depth, H 10000 ft
Average flowing temperature, Tavg 100 °F

Step 1: Assume trial value for pwf

TVD
p wf = p tf +
40,000
In order to save space, use the final trial value of pwf = 2823 psia

Step 2: Determine pressure and temperature average

pavg = (ptf + pwf) / 2

pavg = 2411.5 psia

Tavg = 460 + 100 = 560 °R

Step 3: Calculate critical temperature and pressure using Brown el, al.

Ppc = 677 + 15.0gg - 37.5gg2 = 667.15625 psia

Tpc = 168 + 325gg - 12.5gg2 = 404.71875 °R

Step 4: Determine pseudo reduced temperature and pressure

ppr = pavg / ppc

ppr = 3.6145955314

Tpr = Tavg / Tpc

Tpr = 1.3836769361

Step 5: Determinethe Zav factor from the chart

zavg = 0.715

Step 6: Calculate Reynold's number

Assume μg = 0.017 cp (constant)

μg(avg) = 0.017 cp
 NRe (avg) = 20000qg /dμg(avg)
= 4.41E+06

Assume roughness of tubing, ε = 0.0006

ε/d = 0.0002458009

Step 7: Determine Moody friction factor from chart:

favg = 0.013

Step 8: Compute pwf

0.0375gH
s = = 0.7024226
Tavgzavg

2.5272x10-5gTavgzavgfavgL(es - 1)q2
pwf = ptf e +
2 2 s

sd5

pwf = 2823.63 psi

Thus, the trial value of pwf = 2823 psia was correct.

4.4) Estimate the wellhead injection pressure

Injection rate 5 MMscf / d

ID 2.441 in.
bottomhole flowing pressure, pts 2000 psia
Gas gravity, g 0.75
Vertical depth, H 10000 ft
Wellhead Injection temperature, Tti 80 °F

- Assume roughness of tu 0.0006 in.

- First trial: Assume trial error of pwf

TVD
p wf = p tf +
40,000
- In order to save space, I start using the trial value of pwf = 2890 psia

pavg = (pts + pws) / 2

= (2000 + 2890) / 2
= 2445 psia

- Find pseudocritical properties from gas gravity

ppc = 656.5 psia

Tpc = 389.7 °R

- Calculate pseudoreduced pressure and temperature

ppr = pavg / ppc

= 2445 / 656.5
= 3.724

Tpr (avg) = Tavg / Tpc

= (80 + 460) / 389.7
= 1.386

zavg = 0.690

- Assume gas viscocity as constant

μg(avg) = 0.017 cp

- Calculate Reynold's number

 NRe (avg) = 20000qg / μg(avg)d
= 20000(5)(0.75) / (0.0170)(2.441)
= 2E+06

e / d = 0.0006 / 2.441
= 0.00025

- From Moody friction chart:

favg = 0.013

0.0375gH
s =
Tavgzavg
= 2(0.75)(10000) / 53.34(80 + 460)(0.690)
= 0.7547

es = 2.1271

- Calculate wellhead injection pressure

2.5272x10-5gTavgzavgfavgL(es - 1)q2
pwf2 = ptf2es +
sd5

p2wf = (2000 ^ 2)(2.1271) + [25(0.75)(80 + 460)(0.690)(0.013)

(10000)(2.1271 - 1)(5 ^ 2) / ((0.7547)(2.441 ^ 5))]

= 8899439 psia2

pwf = 2983 psia

- The first trial value is not correct

- Second trial

Use the trial value of pwf = 2983 psia

pavg = (pts + pwf) / 2

= (2000 + 2983) / 2
= 2491.5 psia

- Calculate pseudoreduced pressure and temperature

ppr = pavg / ppc

= 2492 / 656.5
 = 3.795

Tpr (avg) = Tavg / Tpc

= (80 + 460) / 389.7
= 1.386

zavg = 0.690

- Calculate wellhead injection pressure

0.0375gH
s =
Tavgzavg
= 2(0.75)(10000) / 53.34(80 + 460)(0.690)
= 0.7547

es = 2.1271

2.5272x10-5gTavgzavgfavgL(es - 1)q2
pwf2 = ptf2es +
sd5

p2wf = (2000 ^ 2)(2.1271) + [25(0.75)(80 + 460)(0.690)(0.013)

(10000)(2.1271 - 1)(5 ^ 2) / ((0.7547)(2.441 ^ 5))]

= 8899439 psia2

pwf = 2983 psia

The second trial is correct

Therefore, the wellhead injection pressure is 2983 psia
4.5 Calculate buttomhole pressure

Gas flow rate, qg 5465 Mscf / d

Oil flow rate, qo 132 STB / d
Water rate, qw 117 STB / d
Gas, γg 0.619
Oil 53.0 °API
Well depth, H (H = L) 12150 ft
Tubing ID, d 1.995 in.
Pipe roughness, є = 0.0018 in.
Wellhead flowing temperature, Ttf 125 °F
Bottomhole flowing temperature, Twf 275 °F
Wellhead flowing pressure, ptf 5523 psia

- First, determine fluid properties from fluid gravity.

Gas Properties
ppc = 674.3 psia

Tpc = 357.2 °R

Mg = 29γg
= 29(0.62)
= 17.95 lb/lb mole

Oil Properties

γo = 141.5 / (131.5 + °API)

= 141.5 / (131.5 + 53.0)
= 0.767

ρo = γo ρ w
= (0.767)(62.37)
= 47.83 lb/ cu ft

Mo = 5954 / (°API - 8.8)

= 5954 / (53 - 8.8)
= 134.71 lb/lb mole
Second, assume that the reservoir fluid is single-phase gas in the tubing and find specific
gravity of reservoir gas.

mass of production = mg + mo + mw
= (qgMg / 380.7) + (5.615qoρo) + (5.615qwρw)
 = ((5465 x 1000)(17.95) / 380.7) + (5.615(132)(47.83))
+ (5.615(117)(62.37))

= 334117 lb/d

mole of production = ng + no + nw
= (qg / 380.7) + (5.615qoρo / Mo) + (5.615qwρw / Mw)

= ((5465 x 1000) / 380.7) + (5.615(132)(47.83) / 134.71) +

(5.615(117)(62.37) / 18.0153)

= 16893 lb mole/d

MgR = mass of production / mole of production

= 334117 / 16893
= 19.78 lb/lb mole

Thus, γgR = MgR / 29

= 19.78 / 29
= 0.6820

qsc = (16893 lb mole/d)(380.7 scf/lb mole)

= 6431067 scf/d
= 6.43 MMscf/d

Third, find reservoir fluid properties from computed specific gravity, γgR.

ppc = 665.8 psia

Tpc = 373.1 °R

1) Calculate pwf using average temperature and z-factor method.

(from Natural Gas Engineering textbook, Chapter 8)

Find pws by trial and error method from this equation.

pwf2 = ptf2es + 25GTavgzavgfavgL(es - 1)q2 / sd5

In order to save space, the final trial value of pwf = 7171 psia will be shown.

pavg = (ptf + pwf) / 2

= (5523 + 7171) / 2
= 6347.2 psia
 Tavg = (Ttf + Twf) / 2
= (125 + 275) / 2
= 200 °F
= 660 °R
Find pseudoreduced properties to determine deviation factor at pavg and Tavg.

ppr = pavg / ppc

= 6347.2 / 665.8
= 9.534

Tpr (avg) = Tavg / Tpc

= 660 / 373.1
= 1.769

zavg = 1.108

μg1 = 0.0126 cp

μg (avg) / μg1 = 2.695

μg (avg) = 2.695 x 0.0126

= 0.0338 cp

The Reynold's number is given by:

NRe (avg) = 20000qscγg / μgd

= 20000(6.43)(0.6820) / (0.0338)(1.995)
= 1300073

є/d = 0.0018 / 1.995

= 0.0009

From Moody friction chart (Sanjay Kumar textbook):

favg = 0.0193

s = 2γgH / 53.34Tavgzavg
= 2(0.6820)(12150) / 53.34(660)(1.108)
= 0.4249
 es = 1.5294

Then, pwf2 = ptf2es + 25γgTavgzavgfavgL(es - 1)qsc2 / sd5

= (5523 ^ 2)(1.5294) + [25(0.6820)(660)(1.108)(0.0193)

(12150)(1.5294 - 1)(6.43 ^ 2) / ((0.4249)(1.995 ^ 5))]

= 51430314 psia2

pwf = 7171 psia

Thus, the trial value of pwf = 7171 psia was correct.

2) Calculate pwf using Cullender & Smith method.

(from Natural Gas Engineering textbook, Chapter 8)

Find pseudoreduced properties at each point.

Tmf = (Ttf + Twf) / 2

= (125 + 275) / 2
= 200 °F
= 660 °R

Wellhead: Tpr = Ttf / Tpc = (125 + 460) / 373.1 = 1.568

Midpoint: Tpr = Tmf / Tpc = 660 / 373.1 = 1.769

Bottom: Tpr = Twf / Tpc = (275 + 460) / 373.1 = 1.970

Wellhead: ppr = ptf / ppc = 5523 / 665.8 = 8.296

d = 1.995 in. < 4.277 in.

Thus, F = 0.10797qsc / d2.612

 = 0.10797(6.43) / (1.995 ^ 2.612)
= 0.11432

F2 = 0.01307

Calculate left-hand side of equation 8.46 and 8.47.

37.5γgH/2 = 37.5(0.6820)(12150) / 2

= 155374

Calculate Itf:

At wellhead (Tpr = 1.568 and ppr = 8.296).

ztf = 1.014

ptf / Ttfztf = 5523 / ((125 + 460) x 1.014)

= 9.3107

Itf = (ptf / Ttfztf) / [F2 + ((ptf / Ttfztf)2 / 1000)]

= 9.3107 / [0.01307 + ((9.3107 ^ 2) / 1000)]
= 93.33

Step 1 (Upper half of flow string)

In order to save space, the final trial value of Imf = 98.24 will be shown.

From 37.5γgH/2 = (pmf - ptf)(Imf + Itf)

pmf = ptf + (37.5γgH/2) / (Imf + Itf)

= 5523 + (155374 / (98.24 + 93.33))
= 6334 psia

ppr = pmf / ppc

= 6334 / 665.8
= 9.514
At midpoint (Tpr = 1.769 and ppr = 9.514).

zmf = 1.107

pmf/Tmfzmf = 6334 / (660 x 1.107)

= 8.6718

Imf = (pmf / Tmfzmf) / [F2 + ((pmf / Tmfzmf)2 / 1000)]

= 8.6718 / [0.01307 + ((8.6718 ^ 2) / 1000)]
= 98.24

Thus, the trial value of Imf = 98.24 was correct.

Step 2 (Lower half of flow string)

In order to save space, the final trial value of Iwf = 102.11 will be shown.

From 37.5γgH/2 = (pwf - pmf)(Iwf + Imf)

pwf = pmf + (37.5γgH/2) / (Iwf + Imf)

= 6334 + (155374 / (102.11 + 98.24))
= 7110 psia

ppr = pwf / ppc

= 7110 / 665.8
= 10.679

At bottom (Tpr = 1.970 and ppr = 10.679).

zwf = 1.180

pwf/Twfzwf = 7110 / ((275 + 460) x 1.180)

= 8.1994

Iwf = (pwf / Twfzwf) / [F2 + ((pwf / Twfzwf)2 / 1000)]

= 8.1994 / [0.01307 + ((8.1994 ^ 2) / 1000)]
= 102.11
Thus, the trial value of Iwf = 102.11 was correct.

Thus, from parabolic interpolation:

37.5γgH/2 = (pwf - ptf)(Itf + 4Imf + Iwf) / 6

 pwf = ptf + [6(37.5γgH/2) / (Itf + 4Imf + Iwf)]
= 5523 + [6(155374 / (93.33 + 4(98.24) + 102.11))]
= 7107 psia

Method Calculated pwf (psia)

Average temperature and z-factor 7171
Cullender & Smith 7107

In conclusion, Both methods give the values of pwf that have slightly difference. Cullender
& Smith method has more accuracy because z-factor in this method is a function of both
temperature and pressure. Ans