Course of Basque 2009

www.aprendereuskera.
com/en
[email protected]
Euskara Euskara jalgi hadi Plazara

Free Course of Basque
March 2009, Dundee, Scotland
“Euskara Euskara jalgi hadi Plazara” Free Course of Basque – Gorka I. Bakero
1 / 76 orrialdea
www.aprendereuskera.com/en
[email protected]
SARRERA (PROLOGUE)
The idea of this course came after some conversations with my friends. The most of them
wanted to learn basque, but they have time limitations to do it. Therefore I started to search
e-courses of basque in the net (it was pure curiosity), but I didn’t found any one so I started
to write one just to expand the basque language and the basque culture.
In principle I thought only non basque speakers of Basque Country would take this
document from the web, but later I realized that a lot of people from all over the world
wants to know something else about basque language and Basque Country. Now I write it in
English to ensure the maximum expansion to the English Speaker Community (the previous
course was published in spanish in 2001, it was the first one in the net). This english version
is now available...in 2009!!! 8 years before the first Spanish version!!!
In the “loturak” (links) section in the main menu of the web a lot of interesting links about
basque language, basque communities and basque culture are included.
I want to encourage everybody to practise basque, in the beginning it could turn difficult but
when we start to learn a new language it’s natural (the author had these kind of problems
when he started to learn basque), this is the only way to learn a new language.
The learning of a new language means knowing a new culture, and this gives us a great,
interesting and happy experience, so go on with this adventure friends!
You could find some resources in the “loturak” (links) section, moreover the next list gives
more resources (I recommend music because the words could be learnt and music makes
words easier to remember);
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ewspaper www.berria.info The only one which is published completely in

basque language
Radio Euskadi Gaztea, Euzkadi Irratia, Bizkaia Irratia
(only in Biscay)…
Television ETB-1, ETB-Sat We could watch TV and listen to the radio in

www.eitb.com www.eitb.com
Internet www.berria.info
www.kaixo.com
www.jalgi.com
www.eitb.com
Music Negu Gorriak, The most known basque groups (Kortatu song in
Hertzainak, Kortatu basque and spanish)
Su ta Gar, Latzen, Heavy & rock, they are very good

Berri Txarrak, EH
Sukarra
Mikel Markez, Singer-songwriters, very beautiful songs.

Mikel Urdangarin, Mikel
Laboa.
Skalariak, Betagarri Ska

Urtz Melodic Rock
Oskorri They are very apropiate to learn basque, they are
25 years old and their very known in basque
country
Alaitz eta Maider, Trikitixa (basque tipical sounds) mixed with some
Gozategi Anaiak modern sound
Hemendik at! Disco music
This course could need anything else but it can be very useful to start with this language and
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to speak it, in any case the best way to learn a new language is to practise it, and if we want
to speak it we have to make an effort.
I would recommend a lesson per week (this depends on the time we have), after the 15th
lesson a lot of texts and words in the TV could be understood. After an indetermineted
number of lessons, to revising them is also recommended just not to forget them. To learn a
new language is not a competition, so here the point is not to be the first, the point is to
learn as well as we can.
Some of the lessons (specially the first lessons) are little long so I suppose they will require
more time than the rest of them.
The “Euskaltegi”s (centers which teach the basque language) and the “Euskal Etxea”s
(Basque Clubs) which are all over the world are very useful to learn basque, know the
basque culture and take part in it. Go to the “loturak” link in the main web and there you
will be able to find out a Basque House in your Country.
Gorka I. Bakero
[email protected]
4 / 76 orrialdea
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AURKIBIDEA (I DEX)
1. Pronunciation, IZA verb.
2. Question, negative, nongoa (Where-from)
3. EGO verb, non (Where), -tzen egon
4. “to go” and “to come” verbs. JOA (nora), -tzera; ETORRI (nondik), -tzetik
5. Possessive pronouns. norena (nire X, nirea, nireak,...)
6. Place. aurrean, atzean,...; aurrekoa, atzeko
7. Demonstrative pronouns (hau, hori, hura,...)
8. Zenbakiak (numbers)
9. Family
10. Building verbs with IZA in present form
11. UKA orainaldia
12. EDUKI, JAKI (present)
13. OR-ORI orainaldia (present)
14. OR-ORI-ORK orainaldia.
15. AHAL (can), BEHAR (to have to), AHI (to want to).
16. OR-ORK orainaldia (UKA expanded).
17. Berrikusi aditzak (verbs’ revision).
18. Datak (dates) eta orduak (the hour).
19. konparaketak (comparisons).
20. IZA iragana (past)
21. UKA iragana.
22. OR-ORI iragana.
23. OR-ORI-ORK iragana.
24. AHAL, BEHAR, AHI iraganeako aditzekin (with verbs in past tense).
25. EGO, EDUKI iraganean.
26. hitzen eraikipena (building words).
27. hiztegi: gorputza, jantziak eta etxea (dictionary: body, clothes and house).
28. OR-ORK iraganean (UKA expanded in past tense).
29. Berrikusi iraganeko aditzak.
30. Zer? Zergatik? (¿what?, ¿why?).
31. -zkero/ -z gero (in case of ...).
32. IZA, UKA ahaleran (potential).
33. IZA, UKA, OR-ORI-ORK aginteran (imperative).
34. Erlatibozko esaldiak (relative sentences).
35. IZA baldintzan eta ondorioan (conditional)
36. UKA, OR-ORI baldintza eta ondorioan.
37. OR-ORI-ORK baldintza eta ondorioan.
38. Berrikusi baldintzako eta ondorioko aditzak.
39. IZA, UKA subjuntiboan: dadin,... ( subjunctive).
40. Batzuk (different things).
41. Batzuk (different things).
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1. Gaia (1st Lesson)

In orthography there are neither accents nor the next letters: c,ñ,q,v,w,y.
All the letters are pronounced, and some of them are different to the english ones;
Euskara English Example

A like “a” in “cAt” hAu (this)
E like “e” in “bEll” nEska (girl)
I like “i” in “sIt” baI (yes)
O Like “o” in “gOd” KaixO (hello)
U Like “oo” in “gOOd” mUtila (boy)
G like “g” in “Good” Gatza (salt)
Z like “s” in “South” Zu (you)
Tz, tx, ts like “ch” in “eaCH” eTXea (house)
-il- Like “ee”+“y” in “You” ILargi (moon)
vowel+i Like “y” in “You” GarraIo (transport)
vowel
-in- Like “ñ” in spanish, or “gn” in mINa (pain)
french”, similar to “ny” in “caNYon”
In basque there is no need to include the personal pronoun in the sentences, these pronouns
are listed below:
i I
Zu You (sing)
Hura He / She / It
Gu We
Zuek You (plur)
Haiek They
As it occurs in english, the basque does not make distinctions between masculine and
femenine (this distinction occurs in the latin origin languages) neither in the adjetives and nor
in the nouns.
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The most used “aditz” (verb) is the IZAN verb, it means “to be”;
IZA (to be)

OR(who) ADITZA TRA SLATIO
ni NAIZ I am
zu ZARA you are (sing)
hura DA He / She / It is
gu GARA We are
Zuek ZARETE You are (plur)
haiek DIRA They are
In basque the verbs are located at the end of the sentence, here we have some examples:
ni Gorka naiz I am Gorka (my name is Gorka)

zu ikaslea zara You are a student
hura langilea da He / she is a worker
gu Bilbokoak gara We are from Bilbao
zuek italiarrak zarete You (plural) are italians
Haiek ikasleak dira They are students
haiek Peter eta Beth dira They are Peter and Beth
Gorka naiz I am Gorka
We could note that in the plural words a "k" is added at the end of them, in this case it has
been added to the “ikaslea” (student) word, to make plural words a “k” is always added at
the end of the word.
In fact, if we look up “student” in the dictionary we will find “ikasle”, without the final “a”,
this “a” is the article, and we could add it in the most of the ocassions to the noun.
We will finish this lesson (it has lenghtned more than I expected) with some common
expressions;
EUSKARA English
Egun on! Good morning
Arratsalde on! Good afternoon (till 7 o’clock)
Gau on! Good evenning/night
Ezkerrik asko! Thank you
Mila ezker! Thanks a lot
Ez horregaitik! You are welcome
Agur! Bye!
Gero arte! So long!
Ikusi arte! See you!
Bihar arte! See you tomorrow!
Kaixo! Hello!
On egin! Enjoy your meal! / Bon appétit!
Urte berri on! Happy new year!
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Zelan? / Zer moduz? How are you?

ondo, eta zu? Fine, and you?
ni ere ondo. I’m fine too
A translation of the following sentences could be a good ariketa (exercise);
Kaixo, ni John naiz
zu David zara
hura Elisabeth da
Gu Gazteizkoak gara (Gasteiz is Vitoria, a basque city)
Zuek Iruñakoak zarete (Iruñea is Pamplona, a basque city)
Haiek Tuterakoak dira (Tutera is Tudela)
hura maisua da (“maisua” means teacher)
zu medikua zara (“medikua” means doctor)
2. Gaia (2nd Lesson)

Interrogative sentences are built as the next diagram shows:
GALDEGAIA+VERB+SUBJECT+"?"
The subject can be omitted.
“Galdegaia” is the word which tells us what is kind of question that we make, for example
NOR means "who" (singular), NORTZUK means "who" (plural), ZER means “what”, NON
means "where", NONGOA "where…from" if we speak about one only person and
NONGOAK "where from" if we ask about more people. Here some examples:
EUSKARA E GLISH
Nor zara zu? Who are you? (sing)
Nor da hura? Who is he/she/it?
Nortzuk dira haiek? Who are they?
Nortzuk zarete zuek? Who are you? (plur)
Nor da? Who is he/she/it?
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If the question must be asked with a “yes” or a “not”, then the questions are built like the
afirmatives, for example;
EUSKARA English POSSIBLE A SWERS

Zu George zara? Are yoy George? -Bai, ni George naiz (Yes, I am George)
- Ez, ni ez naiz George, ni Albert naiz
(No, I am not George, I am Albert)
Eleanor Zarauzkoa da? Is Eleanor from Zarauz? -Bai, Eleanor Zarauzkoa da.
- Ez, Eleanor ez da Zarauzkoa, Eleanor
Donostikoa da.
Zuek Donostikoak Are you from Donostia? -Bai, gu Donostiakoak gara.
zarete? (Donostia=San Sebastián) -Ez, gu ez gara Donostiakoak, gu
Irungoak gara.
In the last answer, we wanted to say “we are from Irun” so we replace the “atzizki” (suffix)
“-koak” with “-goak” because “Irun” ends with a “-n”, we will repeat this atzizki always if
the word finish with a “-n” (gu OioNGOAK gara, LarrauNGOAK gara, WashingtoNGOAK
gara,…)
We build the negative sentences as shown below;
SUBJECT+EZ+VERB+.......
We can say again that the subject can be omitted;
EUSKARA E GLISH
Ez naiz arrantzalea, ni okina naiz I am not a fisher, I am a baker
Hura ez da garraiolaria, hura dendaria da He/she is not a carrier, he/she is a shopkeeper
Ni ez naiz Nataly, ni Monica naiz I am not Nataly, I am Monica
We have seen some occupations, now we will finish this lesson explaining how to build the
words of the occupations.
In basque, "denda" means “shop”, if we add the –ARI atzizki (atzizki=suffix) we have
"dendari" (shopkeeper); also "taberna" means bar/pub, so adding -ari we have "tabernari"
(tavern keeper or barman); with "kanta" (to sing) we build "kantari" (singer).
In another cases we add –lari, for example from "kamioi" (lorry/truck) we build "kamiolari"
(truck driver).
The learnt rule is the valid one generally but there are some exceptions, for example from
"arrantza" (fishing) we build "arrantzale" (fisher), later we will put more attention on this,
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for the time being we say that the –zale atzizki means "enthusiast of” or "he/she/it is fond of
something").
In the next ariketa (exercise) we have to translate the next texts;
-Egun on!, ni Walter naiz, eta zu?

-Kaixo, ni Laura naiz, eta Lekeitiokoa naiz, eta zu, nongoa zara zu?
-ni Bermeokoa naiz, agur Laura!
-Agur Walter!
-Arratsalde on! ni Fred naiz, eta zuek, nortzuk zarete?

-Arratsalde on, gu Mary Sue eta Mary Ann gara, eta Zumaiakoak gara, eta zu, nongoa
zara zu?
-ni Oriokoa naiz.
-Agur Fred.
-Agur.
-Kaixo, ni Cristine naiz, eta zu, zu garraiolaria zara?

-Ez, ni ez naiz garraiolaria, ni postaria (the postman) naiz.
-Barkatu (sorry), zu Alfred zara?
-Bai, ni Alfred naiz.
-agur Alfred.
-agur Cristine.
3. Gaia (3rd Lesson)

In basque few verbs are conjugated like IZAN, later we will know the reason. One of those
few verbs is the EGON verb (to be). The difference between IZAN and EGON is that the
IZAN verb is used to describe a fact (“that is big” ”hura handia da”, “I am italian””ni
italiarra naiz) and the EGON verb is used to make known a situation (“You are in Basque
Country” “Zu Euskal Herrian zaude”). This is the same difference between “ser” and
“estar” with spanish;
EGO E GLISH
ni NAGO I am
zu ZAUDE You are (sing)
hura DAGO He/She/It is
gu GAUDE We are
zuek ZAUDETE You are (plur)
haiek DAUDE They are
The situation in a place is indicated with the “-n” atzizkia (suffix) if we speak about an only
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place (BilboNIN Bilbo (Bilbo means Bilbao), mendiaNIN the mountain), or we add “-
etan” if we speak about several places (mendiETAN->IN the mountainS). If the word of the
place ends with a consonant then “-en “ is added (ParisParisEN, Madril (Madrid)
MadrilEN)
Examples;
EUSKARA E GLISH
Non zaude? Where are you?
Azkoitian nago. I am in Azkoitia.
Non dago Nerbioi-Ibaizabal ibaia? Where is the Nervión-Ibaizabal river?
Nerbioi-Ibaizabal Bilbon dago The Nervión-Ibaizabal is in Bilbao
Non dago Wally? Where is Wally?
Wally ez dago. Wally is not here
non daude behiak? Where are the cows?
Behiak mendietan daude. The cows are on the mountains.
Non ostia zaudete? Where on the world are you? (plur)
Tragu bat harTZEN gaude. We are havING a drink.
Iruñan, tragu bat hartzen gaude. in Pamplona, we are having a drink
Iruñako Jarauta kalean tragu. bat We are having a drink in the Jarauta Street of Pamplona.
hartzen gaude
kaixo, zelan zaude? Hello, how are you?
ni ondo, eta zu? I’m fine, and you?
ni ondo ere bai, agur I’m fine too, bye
In the previous list the present participle have been shown, the "hartu" (to take) verb is
found in the dictionary, we have replaced the “-tu” ending with “-tzen” to build the past
participle. Besides, this -tzen is used to build different tenses with the verbs, we will see it.
The following rules are used to build the past participle:
Verb ending ACTIO ADIBIDEZ = FOR EXAMPLE

-tu Replace -tu with -tzen HarTU harTZEN,
BegiraTU (to look at) begiraTZEN
(looking at)
-n Replace -n with -ten EgoN egoTEN
Izan Izaten
Jan (to eat) jaten
Edan (to drink) edaten
-si Replace -i with -ten Jausi (to fall) jausten
Ikusi (to see) ikusten
Ariketa (exercise);
-Kaixo Ed, non dago Katty?

-Katty Labastidan dago, eta gu berriz (on the other hand) Iruñean gaude.
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-Bai, gu Iruñean, Gaztelu Plazan (Plaza=Square) paseatzen(paseatu=to take a walk)

gaude
-non dago China?

-China Asian dago.
-eta Anthony, non dago Anthony?
-Anthony Vietnamen dago.
-non gaude?
-Bilboko Kafe Antzokian (Kafe Antzokia is a popular night club in Bilbao) gaude.
-Bilboko Kafe Antzokian gaude?

-Ez, ez gaude Bilboko Kafe Antzokian, gu Bilboko Azkena pub-en gaude.
-non zaude?
-etxean nago.
-kalean (kale=street) zaude?

-ez, ez nago kalean, ni zinean (zine=cinema) nago.
4. Gaia (4th Lesson)

Another verb of the few verbs which can be conjugated is the JOAN (to go) verb, the
NORA word is used to make questions, we use the atzizki –ra to indicate the destination
place (-era is used if the place ends with a consonant, just like we did with NON
(ParisParisERA, MadrilMadrilERA), and –“etara” is used if there are several
destination places.
JOA E GLISH
ni NOA I go
zu ZOAZ You go (sing)
hura DOA He/She/It goes
gu GOAZ We go
zuek ZOAZTE You go (plur)
haiek DOAZ They go
Examples:
EUSKARA E GLISH
ni bilbora noa. I go to Bilbao.
nora goaz? Where do we go to?
Bianara goaz We go to Viana
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nora zoazte? Where do you go to? (plural)

Iruñara goaz berriro. We go to Plamplona again
Iruñara, tragu bat hartzera goaz We go to Plamplona to have a drink
Bilboko Alde Zarreko dendetara I go to the shops of the Bilbao’s Old City
noa
amama ikustera noa I go to see grandmother
“tragu bat harTZERA” means "to have a drink" (purpose). The only rule to build this words
is to take the verbs like in the previous lesson and replace the –t(z)en with –t(z)era.
The last verb we conjugate is ETORRI (to come), the questions are made with NONDIK. In
order to indicate the origin place the atzizki -tik is used, and -etik if the word of the place
ends with a consonant (ParisParisETIK), and -etatik if there are several origin places
(“mendiETATIK” means “FROM the mountains”).
EUSKARA E GLISH
ni NATOR I come
zu ZATOZ You come (singular)
hura DATOR He/She/It comes
gu GATOZ We come
zuek ZATOZTE You come (plural)
haiek DATOZ They come
Examples;
EUSKARA E GLISH
ni Donostiatik nator I come from San Sebastian
nondik zatoz? Where do you come from?
nondik datoz umeak? Where do the children come from?
umeak Parisetik datoz The children come from Paris
nondik dator dirua? Where does the money come from?
dirua bankuetatik dator The money comes from the banks
tragu bat hartzetik nator I come from having a drink
etxetik nator I come from the house
eskolatik dator I come from the school
Ariketa;
-kaixo Michael, nondik zatoz?
-Tuteratik nator.
-eta nora zoaz?
-Portugaletera noa.
-nora zoaz orain (orain=now)?

-orain kalera noa, ama.
-eta nondik zatoz?
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-komunetik (komuna=toilet) nator, agur ama
Lolita pelikula bat hartzera doa
Lolita peilkula bat hartzetik dator
5.Gaia (5th Lesson)

The possessive pronouns could be used like nouns.
EUSK. E GL EUSK. E GL EUSK. E GL

NIRE kotxea My car NIREA Mine (sing NIREAK Mine (plural
object) object)
ZURE Your dog ZUREA Yours (pers ZUREAK Yours (pers sing,
txakurra sing, sing plur object)
object)
BERE katuak His/her/ its BEREA His/hers/its BEREAK his/her/its
cats (sing object)
GURE Our book GUREA Ours GUREAK Ours
liburua
ZUEN Your paperS ZUENA Yours (pers ZUENAK Yours (pers.pl.,
paperraK plur, sing plur object)
object)
HAIEN Their box HAIENA Theirs (sing HAIENAK Theirs (plural
kutxa object) object)
When the object is mentioned we say NIRE + “object” (my “object”), if a singular object is not
mentioned we say NIREA (mine), and if several objects are not mentioned we say NIREAK
(Mine(pl.)). The same structure is used to build possessives of the first, second and third person
in singular and plural.
To ask questions we use NORENA (whose) if there is a single object and NORENAK
(whose) if we know that there are several objects.
If we want to express the possession of a particular subject we add the –rena ending to the
subject, if the posesión refers to several objects we add -renak. If the subject ends with a
consonant or there is a plural subject we add –ena/enak (without the “r”).
Adibideak (examples);
EUSKARA E GLISH
Ted NIRE kotxean dator Ted is coming in MY car
NIRE aita lanean dago MY father (right now) is working
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Eta NIREA etxean dago And MINE is at home

GURE liburuak lodiak dira OUR books are thick
Baina HAIENAK ez dira lodiak But THEIRS are not thick
HAIENAK argalak dira THEIRS are thin
GURE maisua Gazteiztik dator OUR teacher comes from Vitoria
GUREA Iruñatik dator OURS (a single one teacher) comes from Iruña
GUREAK Bilbotik datoz OURS (several teachers) come from Bilbao
NORENA da liburua? WHOSE is the book?
liburua NIREA da The book is MINE
liburua Joshuarena da The book is Joshua’s
liburua Mickena da The book is Mick’s
liburua Joshuarena eta Mickena da The book is Joshua and Mick’s
liburua ikasleena da The book is the students’
norenak dira liburuak? Whose are the books?
liburuak nireak dira The books are mine
liburuak Miguelenak dira The books are Miguel’s
liburuak Inmarenak dira The books are Inma’s
liburuak ikasleenak dira The books are the students’
Ariketa (Exercise):
-ire kotxea gorria (gorri=red) da, eta zurea?

-irea berriz (berriz=however) grisa (gris=grey) da.
-orena da arkatza (arkatza=the pencil)?

-Arkatza Josephena da.
-Eta nirea non dago?
-Zurea mahaian (mahaia=table) dago
-on dago gure txakurra (txaku=dog) ?

-Gure txakurra kalean dago.
6. Gaia (6th Lesson)

In this lesson we will learn how to refer to places.
EUSKARA E GLISH
Aurrean In front (of)
Atzean behind
Gainean on/over
Azpian under
Ondoan Next to / beside
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Ezkerran On the left (ezkerra=left)

Eskuinean On the right (eskuina=right)
Kontuz! (look out!/watch out!); in basque "ondo" means “good/fine” too (ondo nago=I am
fine)
Adibideak (examples):
EUSKARA English (posible translations)

-Koadernoa mahai gainean dago The notebook is on the table
-Katua mahai azpian dago The cat is under the table
-txakurra mahai ondoan dago. The dog is next to the table.
-Txoria nire ondoan dago The bird is next to me
-Anthony etxe aurrean dago Anthony is in front of the house
-Nicole etxe atzean dago Nicole is behind the house
-txapela zure buru gainean dago The beret is on your head
-Bill zure ezkerrean dago Bill is on your left
-Zu nire eskuinean zaude You are on my right
We have used the EGON verb and all the places ending with an -n, but other endings could
be used, for example;
EUSKARA E GLISH
Mahai gaineKO koadernoa urdina da The notebook on the table is bluethe notebook
which is on the table is blue
Mahai azpiKO katua zuria da The cat under the table is white the cat which
is under the table is white
Mahai ondoKO txakurra doberman bat da The dog next to the table is a Doberman
(pinscher)
Nire ondoKO txoria horia da The bird next to me is yellow
Zure buru gaineKO txapela beltza da The beret on your head is black
zure ezkerreKOA Jason da THE ONE on your left is Jason
Nire eskumaKO PERTSONA zu zara THE PERSON on my right is you
Gure ondoKOA Anne da THE ONE next to us is Anne
Gure ondoKO neska Anne da The girl next to us is Anne
Gure ondoKOAK Sally eta Anne dira THE ONES next to us are Sally and Anne
Gure ondoKO neskak Sally eta Anne dira THE GIRLS next to us are Sally and Anne
Mary zure ondoAN doa Mary goes next to you
Alex eta Michael bere ondoRA doaz Alex and Michael go next to her/him
Haiek zubi azpiTIK datoz They come BY/FROM under the bridge (both
meanings are considered)
Haiek zubi gaineRA doaz They go TO the top of the bridge
Etxe aurreKO kotxea nirea da The car in front of the house is mine
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Taberna atzeKO furgoneta(van) haiena da The van behind the tavern is theirs
We have used the –ra suffix to express a destination place and the –tik suffix
to express origin or passing place. Besides we have used –ko to say that something is in a
place or that it belongs to a place (mahai gaineKO koadernoa the notebook WHICH IS
on the table); -koa is used like a noun (mahai gaineKOA urdina da THE ONE on the table
is blue); and -koak for objects in plural (gure ondoKOAK lagunak dira THE ONES next
to us are friends).
Ariketa;
-ortzuk dira zure ondokoak?

-ire ondokoak Alex eta Mary dira.
-on zaudete?
-Buckingham Palace aurrean gaude
-Zinean zaude?
-ez, ondoko dendan nago
7. Gaia
The demonstrative pronouns in basque are the following:
EUSKARA E GLISH
Hau this
Hori That
Hura That (further than hori)
Hauek These
Horiek Those
Haiek Those (further than horiek)
We note that hura and haiek are also used like personal pronouns in a familiar way
(hura=that, he/she/it, haiek=those, they).
EUSKARA E GLISH
-Zer da hau? - What is this?
-Hau arkatz bat da/Hau arkatza da - This is a pencil
-Norena da arkatz hau? - whose is this pencil?
-Arkatz hau nirea da. - This pencil is mine
-ZER KOLOREKOA da jertse hau? - WHAT is THE COLOR OF this sweater?
-jertse hau oria da. - This sweater is yellow.
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-eta praka horiek? - And those trousers?

-praka horiek urdinak dira. - Those trousers are blue.
-Nongoak dira mutil horiek? - Where are those boys from?
-Mutil horiek Hernanikoak dira. - Those boys are from Hernani.
-Eta neska haiek, nongoak dira neska gazte - And those girls? Where are those young girls
haiek? from?
-Neska gazte horiek Ansoaingoak dira. -Those young girls are from Ansoain
In english we add an –s to the noun to make the plural, but we note that in basque the plural
(-k) is added to the demonstrative noun (mutil horieK).
Ariketa;
-orena da karpeta (folder) hau?

-karpeta hau Davidena da.
-or da neska hori?

-eska hori Mary da.
-eta mutil hura?
-Mutil hura John da.
-Kamioi hau Michaelena da.
-Txakur horiek kalean daude.
8. Gaia
In this lesson we will study the numbers, starting from 1 to 20;
1 bat 11 hamaika
2 bi 12 hamabi
3 hiru 13 hamahiru
4 lau 14 hamalau
5 bost 15 hamabost
6 sei 16 hamasei
7 zazpi 17 hamazazpi
8 zortzi 18 hemezortzi
9 bederatzi 19 hemeretzi
10 hamar 20 hogei
We use "zenbat" (how many, how much) to build the questions about quantity. The nouns
can be put neither on the left or on the right with "bat" (1) and "bi" (2), with higher numbers
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the nouns always go on the left. Examples:
EUSKARA E GLISH
-Zenbat zarete? -How many (people) are you?
-Zenbat pertsona zarete? - How many people are you?
-hamabi gara. - We are 12 (people)
-hamabiAK gara - We are THE 12.
-hamabi pertsona gara. - We are 12 people.
-hamabi pertsonaK gara. - We are THE 12 people
-zenbat katu daude? -¿How many cats are there?
-Zazpi katu daude. - There are 7 cats.
-Zenbat katu dira zureak? - How many cats are yours ?
- lau katu nireak dira. - 4 cats are mine.
-ba beste hiruAK Wallyrenak dira. - well, THE other 3 are Wally’s.
-bai, hiru katu horiek Wallyrenak dira. - Yes, those 3 cats are Wally’s.
-zenbat da bi gehi hiru? - What is 2 plus 3?
-bi gehi hiru, bost dira. - 2 plus 3 is/equals5.
-eta bi bider hiru? - and 2 by 3?
-sei dira. - it is 6.
-eta, zenbat dira hamasei ken zazpi? - and, what is 16 minus 7?
-bederatzi dira. - (16 minus 7)/It is 9.
-eta hamabost zati hiru? - and what is 15 over 3?
-hamabost zati hiru bost dira. - 15 over 3 is 5.
In basque, the numbers between 20 and 99 are built with whole multiples of 20 (just as the
french with the numbers between 60 and 99), so we say 34 like “20 plus 14”.We show some
of these numbers in the list below:
20 hogei 40 berrogei 60 hirurogei 80 laurogei

21 hogeita bat 41 berrogeita bat 61 hirurogeita bat 81 laurogeita bat
22 hogeita bi 42 berrogeita bi 62 hirurogeita bi 82 laurogeita bi
23 hogeita hiru 43 63 83 laurogeita hiru
24 hogeita lau 44 64 84
25 hogeita bost 45 65 85
26 hogeita sei 46 66 86
27 hogeita zazpi 47 67 87
28 hogeita zortzi 48 68 88
29 hogeita bederatzi 49 berrogeita 69 hirurogeita 89 laurogeita bederatzi
bederatzi bederatzi
30 hogeita HAMAR 50 berrogeita 70 hirorogeita 90 laurogeita HAMAR
HAMAR HAMAR
31 hogeita 51 berrogeita 71 hirurogeita 91 laurogeita
HAMAIKA HAMAIKA HAMAIKA HAMAIKA
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32 hogeita HAMABI 52 72 92
33 hogeita 53 73 93
HAMAHIRU
34 hogeita 54 74 94
HAMALAU
35 hogeita 55 berrogeita 75 95
HAMABOST HAMABOST
36 hogeita 56 76 96 laurogeita
HAMASEI HAMASEI
37 hogeita 57 77 97
HAMAZAZPI
38 hogeita 58 78 98
HEMEZORTZI
39 hogeita 59 berrogeita 79 hirurogeita 99 laurogeita
HEMERETZI HEMERETZI HEMERETZI HEMERETZI
We use "ta" to join the numbers (“ta” is the "eta" abreviated word which means “and”). This
is also used to join hundreds with tens and tens with units;
100 ehun 115 ehun eta hamabost

200 berrehun 238 berrehun eta hogeita zortzi
300 hirurehun 352 irurehun eta berrogeita hamabi
400 laurehun 482 laurehun eta laurogeita bi
500 bostehun 571 bostehun eta hirurogeita hamaika
600 seirehun 601 seirehun eta bat
700 zazpirehun 799 zazpirehun eta laurogeita hemeretzi
800 zortzirehun 827 zortzirehun eta hogei zazpi
900 bederatzirehun 950 bederatzirehun eta berrogeita hamar
1000 mila 1255 mila berrehun eta berrogeita bost
2000 bi mila 2977 bi mila bederatzirehun eta hirurogeita hamazazpi
3000 hiru mila 3001 mila eta bat (in this case, we aren’t linking with tens and so we
use "eta")
4000 lau mila 4087 lau mila eta laurogeita zazpi (as before, there are no tens,
therefore we use "eta")
5000 bost mila 5112 bost mila ehun eta hamabi
6000 sei mila 6731 sei mila zazpirehun eta hogeita hamaika
7000 zazpi mila
8000 zortzi mila
9000 bederatzi mila
10000 hamar mila
11000 hamaika mila 11371 hamaika mila hirurehun eta hirurogeita hamaika
22000 hogeita bi mila 22631 hogeita bi mila seirehun eta hogeita hamaika
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36000 hogeita hamasei mila

47000 berrogeita hamazazpi mila
59000 berrogeita hemeretzi 59236 berrogeita hemeretzi mila berrehun eta hogeita hamasei
mila
84000 laurogeita lau mila
97371 laurogeita hamazazpi mila hirurehun eta hirurogeita hamaika
100000 ehun mila 151661 ehun eta berrogeita hamaika mila seirehun eta hirurogeita
bat
267678 berrehun eta hirurogeita zazpi mila seirehun eta hirurogeita hemezortzi
999999 bederatzirehun eta laurogeita hemeretzi mila bederatzirehun eta laurogeita hemeretzi
1.000.000 miloia/milioi bat
15.571.315 hamabost miloi bostehun eta hirurogeita hamaika mila hirurehun eta hamabost
Oharra (note): In spoken basque, when a word finishes with an -n an the next word begins
with a t-, this t- is pronounced like a d-, so we write "berrehun eta hamaika" but is
pronounced “berrehun Da hamaika"; and we write "jaun eta jabe" (this expression means “to
rule the roost” but we say "jaun Da jabe"). This is not a common union between words,
nevertheless this link occurs frecuently with numbers.
In case we want to build the ordinal numbers we should know that “lehen” means “first"
(without the article), and “lehenA” means “THE first”, the rest of the numbers are built
adding “-garren” (without the article) or “-garrena” (with the article) to the number.
EUSKARA E GLISH
-Zenbatgarren (ordinal galdegaia) - what car (number) is this? (“Zenbatgarren” asks for
kotxea da? the ordinal number of the car)
-LauGARREN kotxea da. - (This is) the fourTH car.
-Zenbat da aldizkaria? - How much is the magazine?
-Aldizakaria 2.25€ da. - The magazine is 2.25€.
-Aldizkaria euro bat eta berrogeita The magazine is 2 euros and 50 cents
hamar ehuneko/zentimo dira ("ehuneko"="cent")
-Irratia hamazazpi euro eta hogeita - The radio is 17 euros and 35 cents.
hamabost ehuneko dira.
-hau hogeita seiGARREN ikaslea da. - This is the twenty sixTH student
-hau hirugarrenA da. - This is THE third
-Hauek hirugarrenAK dira. - These are THE thirdS.
-hau hirugarren kurtsoA da. - This is THE third course.
-hauek hirugarren kurtsoAK dira. - These are THE third courseS.
-hauek hirugarren kurtsoKO klaseAK - These are THE classES OF THE third course.
dira.
Ariketa:
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-zenbat da haragia (haragi=meat)?

-haragia 17.25€ da/dira.
-haragia hamar euro eta hogeita hamabost ehuneko dira.
-zenbat da etxea (house)?

-etxea ehun eta berrogeita hamasei mila zazpirehun eta hirurogeita hemeretzi euro dira.
-Zenbatgarren kurtsoan zaude?

-seigarren kutsoan nago.
9. Gaia
We will learn the relatives;
EUSKARA E GLISH ADIBIDEAK EXAMPLES

aita father Gure aita My father
ama mother Zuen ama Your mother
gurasoak parents nire/gure gurasoak My parents
seme(a) son Aitorren semeak Aitor’s sons
alaba daughter bere alaba Her/his daughter
semealabak / children bere semealabak Her/his children
haurrak
anaia Brother (of a Michaelen anaia Michael’s brother
boy)
neba brother (of a Sueren neba Sue’s brother
girl)
arreba sister (of a boy) Michaelen arreba Michael’s sister
ahizpa sister (of a girl) Sueren ahizpa Sue’s sister
aitite Grandfather beraien aitite George da His grandfather is George
amama Grandmother beraien amama Rose da His grandmother is Rose
iloba Grandson/granddaughter
osaba uncle
izeko/izeba aunt
loba Nephew/niece
lehengusu Cousin (the cousin is a boy)
lehengusina Cousin (the cousin is a girl)
gizon(a) Man
jaun(a) Mr/Sir
senarra husband
emakume(a) Woman
andre(a) Ms/Lady/Madam
emazte(a) wife
ezkongaiak The Betrothed
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neska Girl nire neska/neskalaguna My girlfriend

mutil(a) Boy zure mutila/mutilaguna Your boyfriend
suhi(a) Son-in-law
errain(a) Daughter-in-law
aitaginarreba Father-in-law
amaginarreba Mother-in-law
koinatu Brother-in-law / sister-in-law
aitabitxi Godfather / best man
amabitxi Godmother / matron of honour
senide Relative
familia family
sendi(a) Closest relatives
Adibideak;
EUSKARA E GLISH
- aitaren anaia eta amaren neba My father’s brother and my mother’s brother are my
osaba ditut. uncles.
- aitaren arrebak eta amaren ahizpak My father’s sisters and my mother’s sisters are my aunts
gure izeko dira.
- aitaren aita gure aitite da. My father’s father is my grandfather
- amaren aita gure aitite da My mother’s father is my grandfather
- Hura, Sophiaren neba (NOT He is Sophia’s brother
"ANAIA") da
- Peterren anaia (NOT "NEBA") da He is Peter’s brother.
- Hura Peterren anaia da He/(that one) is Peter’s brother.
- osabaren alaba lehengusina dut My uncle’s daughter is my cousin
-osabaren semea nire lehengusua da My uncle's son is my cousin
-nire neskaren aita dator My girlfriend's father is coming
- zure mutilaren ama dator Your boyfriend’s mother is coming
Ariketa:
-or da zure lehengusuaren arreba?

-nire lehengusuaren arreba nire lehengusina da.
-eta lehengusuren anaia?
-nire lehengusua da ere (ere=too)
-benetan? (really?)
-bai, eta nire izekoren (=izebaren) semea da ere
-eta zure lehengusinaren ahizpa?
-nire lehengusina
-eta zure lehengusinaren neba?
-nire lehengusua
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10. Gaia
Now we will build different tenses with IZAN (seen above). This is an “aditz laguntzaile”
(aditz=verb, laguntzaile=helpful) = auxiliary verb. We will conjugate the following verbs;
ZORABIATU (to become dizzy), JAUSI (to fall (down)), igo (to take up / to climb...), jeitsi
(to go down), iritsi (to arrive), IRTEN (to go out).
In Basque, the all tenses are used in a rather different way from English. When in a phrase
the fact to be remarked is what the verb expresses, the “aditz laguntzaile” (aux.verb) EGIN
should be used:
You'll fall downstairs ---> Eskilaretatik behera jausiko zara.

You'll fall down ---> Jausi eginGO zara
EUSKARA E GLISH
zorabiatu egin naiz I have become dizzy
zorabiaTZEN ARI naiz I AM gettING dizzy
erabat zorabiatuKO naiz I WILL totally become dizzy
eskilaretatik jausi zara You have fallen downstairs
jausTEN zara You fall
jausTEN ARI zara You ARE fallING
jausiKO zara You WILL fall
igo da He heva gone up
igoTZEN da He goes up
igoTZEN ARI da He IS goING up
igoKO da He WILL go up
jeitsi gara We have gone down
jeisTEN gara We go down
jeisTEN ARI gara We ARE going down
jeitsiKO gara We WILL go down
iritsi zarete You have arrived (plural)
irisTEN zarete You arrive (plur)
irisTEN ARI zarete You ARE arriving (plur)
iritsiKO zarete You WILL arrive (plur)
irten dira They have gone out
irteTEN dira They go out
irteTEN ARI dira They ARE goING out
irtenGO dira They WILL go out
The “-T(Z)EN ARI” construction builds the present continuous, and this construction is
preferred than the “-T(Z)EN EGON” (seen above). So we prefer "zorabiatzen ari naiz" than
"zorabiatzen nago" (this last construction is wrong but it is used).
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We don’t use the -TEN+ izan construction for the conjugatable verbs (see above), we
simply conjugate them. So we don’t say "joaten naiz", we conjugate the JOAN verb and we
say “noa” (just like the JOAN, ETORRI and EGON verbs), “(ni) noa” means “I go”, and as
we already know, in Basque we could remove the subject “ni”.
We find that depending on the ending of each verb we add -TEN or

-TZEN. We add -KO to the main verb to build the future, in all verbs unless the verbs that
finish with an -N, in these cases we add –GO (egonegonGO).
Verbs finished with -TU (zorabiaTU= to become dizzy), or -DU (konponDU=to repair, to
fix), we just remove the -TU or -DU ending and we add -TZEN (zorabiaTZEN,
konponTZEN).
The -I finished verbs (jausI=to fall, to fall out, to fall down; ikusI =to see), we remove the -
i and we add -TEN (jausTEN, ikusTEN).
A particular case of –i finished verbs are the -TSI o -TZI finished verbs (jeiTSI=to go
down, to come down; iriTSI= to arrive; irenTSI=to swallow; idaTZI= to write). In these
cases we bring forward the S or Z, and we add -TEN, now we will have -STEN or
-ZTEN (jeiSTEN, iriSTEN, irenSTEN, idaZTEN)
With the -N finished verbs (irteN, egiN (to do), joaN) we remove the -N and add -TEN
(irteTEN, egiTEN, joaTEN)
Summary diagram;
AZKE HIZKIA (last GEHITU (we ADIBIDEAK

letter) add) (examples)
-TU, -DU -TZEN zorabiaTU-->zorabiaTZEN, zorabituKO
-KO konponDU-->konponTZEN, konponduKO
-I -TEN jausI-->jausTEN, jausiKO
-KO ikusI-->ikusTEN, ikusiKO
-TSI/-TZI -TEN jeiTSI-->jeiSTEN, jeitsiKO
-KO idaTZI-->idaZTEN,idatziKO
-N -TEN egiN-->egiTEN, eginGO
-GO joaN-->joaTEN, joanGO
If we add BA- to the aditz laguntzaile (auxiliary verb) at the beginning, we make a
conditional tense (it is just like adding an IF to a tense). This BA- could be added also to
conjugatable verbs, in this case it is used to remark a situation, (Banago=I am already,
BAnoa=I go (I'm already going, Badago=There it is).
When we say the naked verb, just without an auxiliary verb we make the imperative tense.
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Etorri!(better if said “zatoz(te)!”)=come!, come here! (you sing /plur)

irentsi=swallow!, swallow it!, swallow them!(you sing / plur)
irten!=go out! (you sing /plur)
Adibideak (examples);
EUSKARA E GLISH
-Zer egiten ari zara? - What are you doing?
-dendara sarTZEN ARI naiz - I AM goING into a shop.
- Lekeitiora joango naiz - I will go to Lekeitio.
- Lekeitiora BAzoaz, ni Bermeora joango - IF you go to Lekeitio, I will go to Bermeo
naiz.
-han zorabiatzen BAzara, ni ez naiz - IF you get dizzy there, I won’t go
joango.
-zorabiatu BAzara, ni ez naiz joango -IF you have become dizzy, I won’t go
-non egon zara? - Where have you been?
- Donostian egon naiz. - I’ve been to San Sebastian
-irentsi pilula! - swallow the pill!.
-irentsi pilulak! - swallow the pills!
-etorri/zatoz orain Bilbora! - now, come to Bilbao! (you sing)
-banago jadanik Bilbon. - I am already in Bilbao.
Ariketa:
-Zer egiten ari zara?

-Telebista ikusten ari naiz, eta zu?
-ni Gorbeia mendira (to the Gorbea mountain) igotzen ari naiz.
-Murtxantera iritsi naiz

-ba (well...) ni ZintronikoRA joango naiz, eta gero (gero=after) TuteraRA.
-oria (noria=big wheel) zorabiatu egiten naiz, eta zu?

-ni ez naiz norian zorabiatzen, ni itsasontzian (itsasontzian=in the ship) zorabiatzen naiz.
Oharra (note): itsaso=sea (Itxaso/Itsaso is also a person name), and ontzi=container, glass;
so itsasontzi=”sea”+”container”=ship. And espaziontzi=”space”+”container”=spaceship.
11. GAIA
So far we have seen intransitive verbs, we cannot ask “WHAT?” to them because they have
no object. For example, "itsasora jausten naiz" (I fall down to the sea), we cannot ask
"WHAT do you fall down?", because “I fall down”, and “I don’t fall down ...a cat?”. We got
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the same case with "iritsi gara" (we have arrived), if we ask “WHAT have we arrived?”, we
would ask something like “we don’t arrive anything, it's just that WE arrive”.
To the sentences which have an object we could ask “WHAT?”, for example "I see the
book", so we could ask “WHAT do you see?”, and we could answer “I see the book”. This
also occurs with “I see it”, this is another sentence to which we could ask “WHAT do you
see?”, and answer “I see the book”.
The verbs at which we can ask “WHAT?” are called transitive verbs, and to conjugate them
we don’t use the IZAN verb, we will use the UKAN auxiliary verb with them, and we will
add a –(A)K to the subject of the sentences if the subject is singular, or –EK if it is plural.
We will distinguish too if the object is singular or plural (I see the book / I see the books).
UKA
SI GULARRA PLURALA
Ni NIK dut ditut
Zu ZUK duzu dituzu
Hura HARK du ditu
Gu GUK dugu ditugu
Zuek ZUEK duzue dituzue
Haiek HAIEK dute dituzte
Summary diagram;
nik T
zuk ZU
hark ---- If the object is plural we add -IT-.
guk D(IT)U GU The only exception is with "haiek dituZte".
zuek ZUE
haiek TE
We conjugate the transitive verbs with UKAN, but there is a single exception with the
present continuous (-T(Z)EN ARI), we use IZAN to conjugate it. In the previous lesson we
could ask "zer egiten ari zara?" (WHAT are you doing?), but we couldn’t ask “what do you
do?”.
In the following table, every sentence in Basque has a fact remarked, which has been written
in bold letter in the translation.
EUSKARA E GLISH
nik egin dut I have done it
nik egin dut ohea I made the bed
nik egin ditut I have done them / I did them
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nik egiTEN dut I do it

nik egiTEN ditut I do (them)
ni egiTEN ARI naiz I am doing (it/them)
nik eginGO dut I will do (it)
nik eginGO ditut I will do (them)
zuk kotxeAK ikusi dITuzu You have seen the carS
erlojua ekarri dut I have brought the clock (This phrase, should be the answer to the
question: “What did you bring?”)
haiek telebista ikusiko dute They will watch tv
haiek telebista ikusten ari dira They are watching tv
haiek telebistari begiratu diote They've looked at the tv
haiek telebista begiratu dute They have looked the tv
haiek irratia entzun dute They have listened to the radio (entzun=to listen / to hear)
MikelEK liburuak ekarri ditu Mikel has brought the books (Mikel=Michael)
AmetsEK liburuak ekarri ditu Amets has brought the books (Amets is a boy or girl name which
means “dream”)
MikelEK eta AmetsK ekarri Mikel and Amets have brought them
dituzte
Algebra ikasiko dugu We will study algebra
Zuek irakurtzen duzue You (plural person) read (it) (present simple)
zuek idazlana idatziko duzue You will write the essay (idatzi=to write, lana=work)
Ikusi duzu liburua? Have you seen the book?
irakurtzen baduzu joango naiz If you read it/In case that you read it, I will go
garajean SARTU NAIZ I HAVE GONE/COME/WENT into the garage
KOTXEA garajean SARTU I HAVE PARKED THE CAR in the garage (What have I parked
DUT in the garage? the car)
zorabiatu egin ZARA You have become dizzy
KATUA zorabiatu egin DUZU You HAVE MADE THE CAT DIZZY (WHAT did you do to the
cat? I made it dizzy)
TXAKURRAK zorabiatu You HAVE MADE THE DOGS DIZZY (WHAT have you made
DITUZU dizzy?-->the dogS)
JON zorabiatu DUZU You have made Jon dizzy (WHAT/WHO have you made dizzy?
Jon)
Zuk JOSEBA zorabiatu You have made JOSEBA dizzy
egin DUZU (WHO/WHAT have you made dizzy? Joseba)
(Joseba=Joseph) (WHO has made Joseba dizzy? You (zuK) (subject)
JosebaK kotxean CD-a JOSEBA has brought THE CD in the car
ekarri du (WHAT/WHO has brought Joseba?)
JosebaK kotxean JOSEBA has brought MIKEL in the car
MIKEL ekarri du (WHAT/WHO has brought Joseba?)
The important issue is that in those cases where the auxiliary verb EGIN is omitted, apart from
remarking a different fact, the phrase is almost always used as a reply to a question.
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Ariketa:
-kirolik (kirol=sport) egiten (al) duzu?

-ez, ez dut kirolik egiten, eta zuk?
-nik bai, nik kirola bai egiten dut.
-Egunkaria (newspaper) erosiko (erosi=to buy) (al) duzu?

-bai, erosiko dut.
-zein egunkari erosten duzu?
-edozein (anyone) erosten dut
-dolaretan ordaintzen (ordaindu=to pay) (al) duzu?
-ez, eurotan ordaintzen dut.
Notice that the particle “al” is very frequently used in the Basque Standard Language also called
Batua.
12. GAIA
Previously we have conjugated some intransitive verbs (EGON, ETORRI eta JOAN). Some
transitive verbs can be also conjugated, the most important transitive verb which can be conjugated
is the EDUKI (to have)
EUSKARA E GLISH
ORK SI GULARRA PLURALA
nik daukat dauzkat I have (it/them)
zuk daukazu dauzkazu You have (it/them)
hark dauka dauzka He/She/It has (it/them)
guk daukagu dauzkagu We have (it/them)
zuek daukazue dauzkazue You have (it/them)
haiek daukate dauzkate They have (it/them)
Another very common verb is the JAKIN (to know);
EUSKARA
ORK SI GULARRA PLURALA E GLISH
nik Dakit dakizkit I know (it/them)
zuk dakizu dakizkizu You know (it/them)
hark daki dakizki He/She/It knows (it/them)
guk dakigu dakizkigu We know (it/them)
zuek dakizue dakizkizue You know (it/them)
haiek dakite dakizkite They know (it/them)
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Summary diagram;
EDUKI: JAKI :
nik T nik T
zuk ZU zuk ZU
hark --- hark ---
guk DAU(Z)KA GU guk DAKI(ZKI) GU
zuek ZUE zuek ZUE
haiek TE haiek TE
Adibideak:
EUSKERA E GLISH
nik ez daukat motorra I haven't got the motorbike
nik ez dauZkat motorrak I haven't got the motorbikeS
haiek orria daukate They have the sheet
haiek orriaK dauZkate They have the sheetS
zure izena BAdakit I ALREADY know your name
zuen izenaK badakoZKIt I already know your nameS
ez dakit I don’t know
gehitzen daki He/She knows how to add
nola joaten daki He/She knows how to go (nola=how)
igeri egiten dakigu He she knows how to swim
Kotxe honek irratia dauka This car has a radio
Beroki horrek poltsikoak dauzka That coat has (some) pockets
horrek poltsikoak dauzka That (one) has (some) pockets
jaka hark poltsikoak dauzka That jacket has (some) pockets
hauek ondo dakite These (ones) know (it) well
horiek kotxe daukate Those (ones) have a car
furgoneta haiek gurpilak dauzkate Those vans have wheels
In english we use ths “to know how to” strusture to express an ability, but in basque the “how to“
(nola) words are very oftenly omitted.
In the last examples we have seen the demosntrative adjetives working like subjects with transitive
verbs. In their singular form they take the following form for transitive sentences;
hau--->honek
hori--->horrek
hura--->hark
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For plural sentences they stay in their original way (hauek, horiek, haiek).
Ariketa:
-dirua (diru=money) daukat.

-bai?, zenbat diru daukazu?
-hamazazpi euro eta berrogeita hamar ehuneko dauzkat.
-badakizu gidatzen? (gidatu=to drive)

-gidatzen badakizu?
-gidatzen dakizu?
-bai, badakit gidatzen
-bai, gidatzen badakit.
-bai, gidatzen dakit
Oharra (note): all the above seen questions and answers are right. The only difference is the “BA-“
added to the JAKIN verb which literally can be translated as “already” (i.e. badakit=I already
know).
13. GAIA
Gai honetan NOR-NORI aditz laguntzailea ikusiko dugu, aditz hau erabiltzen da maiz (erabili=to
use; maiz=oftenly). NOR-NORI is used when somebody or something receives something or when
he/she/it is the “fate” of an action (nori="to who"). In these sentences there is also an object. First,
we will see the verb, and after it we will see some examples just to clarify:
OR- ORI
OR---> ORI SI GULARREA PLURALEA
ni----->niri ZAIT ZAIZKIT
zu----->zuri ZAIZU ZAIZKIZU
hura-->hari ZAIO ZAIZKIO
gu----->guri ZAIGU ZAIZKIGU
zuek--->zuei ZAIZUE ZAIZKIZUE
haiek-->haiei ZAIE ZAIZKIE
Summary diagram:
niri T
zuri ZU
hari O
guri ZAI (ZKI) GU
zuei ZUE
haiei E
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If the noun ends with a consonant an –i is added to the nouns just to build the
“to+somebody/something” construction. If they finish with a vowel then –ri is added.
Examples:
EUSKARA E GLISH
pilota jausi da The ball has fallen (pilota=ball)
Pilota jausi ZAIT The ball has fallen TO ME
PilotaK jausi zaiZKIt The ballS have fallen to me
-Nori galdu zaio giltza? Who has lost the key to?
-Zuri galdu zaizu. -it has lost “to you”.
-DaviDI galdu zaio. -It has lost “to David”.
-AneRI galdu zaio. -It has lost “to Ane” (Ane=Ann (name))
-Nork galdu du giltza? - Who has lost the key?
-Zuk galdu duzu. - You have lost it.
-Davidek galdu du. -David has lost it.
-Nori galdu zaiZKIo giltzaK? - who have the keys lost to?
-guri galdu zaiZKIgu - they have lost “to us”.
gutuna heldu zait The letter has arrived “to me”
gutuna helduKO zait The letter will arrive “to me”
gutuna helTZEN zait The letter is arriving “to me”
kirola egiTEA gustazen zaizu? Does “to make sport” like to you?
(Do you like doing sport?)
bai, kirola egitea gustazen zait Yes, “it likes to me” (Yes, I like it)
mendira joatea gustazen zaie They like going to the mountain
entzutea gustatuko zaizu You will like listenning to it
Ariketak:
-hilerokoa (hilerokoa=the period) etorri zait
-liburua ez zaie galdu (galdu= to lose).
-Burua joaten zaie.
14. GAIA
Gai honetan, azken (azken=last) aditz laguntzailea ikusiko dugu, aditz hau NOR-NORI-NORK da
(WHO/WHAT(object)-TO WHO-WHO(subject) ). Lehen (lehen=first) idatziko dugu, eta gero
(gero=after) adibideak irakurriko ditugu (irakurri=to read).
There is an object (zer/nor=what/who), an “to who” (nori), and an “who" (nork, the subject of the
sentence). If there is a plural object then we add an –ZKI- to the auxiliary verb, just like we did
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with the NOR-NORI (above seen).
OR- ORI- ORK

ORI IRI ZURI HARI GURI ZUEI HAIEI
ORK
NIK ---- di(zki)zut di(zki)ot ------- di(zki)zuet di(zki)et
ZUK di(zki)dazu ------ di(zki)ozu di(zki)guzu ------- di(zki)ezu
HARK di(zki)t di(zki)zu di(zki)o di(zki)gu di(zki)zue di(zki)e
GUK ---- di(zki)zugu di(zki)ogu ------ di(zki)zuegu di(zki)egu
ZUEK di(zki)dazue ------ di(zki)ozue di(zki)guzue ------ di(zki)ezue
HAIEK di(zki)date di(zki)zute di(zki)ote di(zki)gute di(zki)zuete di(zki)ete
There is not a “nikniri” way because “i couldn’t give anything to me”, the same thing occurs with
zuk-zuri, nik-guri, zuk-zuei, guk-niri, zuek-zuri, guk-guri, and zuek-zuei.
We fix our eyes on a row and we note they have the same ending (see for example HAIEK row).
Now we fix our eyes on a column (for example ZURI column) and we note a –ZU- has been added
to all the forms. Like a particular case we note that HARKNIRI is dit/dizkit, and an –t has been
added instead of a –da-, this is the only exception to the general rule. The summary diagram is the
following one:
ZER/ OR ORI ORK

ni T/DA T
zu ZU ZU
hura DI (ZKI) O --
gu GU GU
zuek ZUE ZUE
haiek E TE
Adibideak:
EUSKARA E GLISH
-Zer ematen didazu? -What do you give (to me)? (the subject and the
destination of the action can be omitted in basque
because they are implied in the verb)
-nik zuri liburua ematen dizut - I give the book to you.
-nik zuri liburuaK ematen diZKIzut - I give the bookS to you.
-nik zuri ez dizut ezer ematen - I don’t give anything to you.
Haiek niri orria eman didate They have given me the sheep
Haiek niri orria ematen didate They give me the sheep
Haiek niri orria emango didate They will give me the sheep
Haiek niri orriak emango dizkidate They will give me the sheeps
nik txanpona ekarri dut I have brought the coin
nik zuri txanpona ekarri dizut I have brought you the coin
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mutilak lorea eraman du The boy has brought the flower

mutilak neskari lorea eraman dio The boy has brought the flower to the girl
ni igo naiz I have came up
niri laguna igo zait The friend has gone up to me
nik poltsa igo dut I have taken up the bag
nik zuri poltsa igo dizut I have taken up the bag to you
Ariketa:
zuek niri zapia (zapi=handkerchief) emango didazue
zuek niri zapiak emango dizkidazue
guk haiei pilota botatzen (bota=to throw) diegu
zuek Lorenari ipuina (ipuin=tale/tale book) eramaten diozue
15. GAIA
Gai honetan, AHAL , BEHAR eta NAHI aditzak erabiliko ditugu (erabili=to use). Aditz hauei
IZAN aditza gehitzen zaie (gehitu=to add), denboraREN ARABERA (denbora=time,
-REN ARABERA=according to denboraREN ARABERA=ACCORDING TO the time).
These verbs (ahal, behar and nahi) always go after the main verb in its infinitive way (joan, ekarri,
eman....)
AHAL = CA/TO BE ABLE (ahal, ahal izan, ahal izango)

BEHAR = TO HAVE TO (behar, behar izan, beharko)
AHI = TO WAT TO (nahi, nahi izan, nahiko)
The NAHI verb is never conjugated with the IZAN auziliary verbs, if the IZAN is required we
replace it with the UKAN.
Adibideak:
EUSKARA E GLISH
joan ahal naiz I can go
joan behar naiz I have to go
joan nahi DUT I want to go
jausi ahal zait It can fall (to me)
jausi behar zait It has to fall (to me)
jausi nahi zait It wants to fall (to me)
ekarri ahal dut I can bring (it)
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ekarri behar dut I have to bring (it)

ekarri nahi dut I want to bring (it)
ekarri ahal dizut I can bring (it to you)
ekarri behar dizut I have to bring (it to you)
ekarri nahi dizut I want to bring (it to you)
ekarri ahal didazu? Can you bring (it to me)?
ekarri behar didazu? Have you to bring (it to me)?
ekarri nahi didazu? Do you want to bring (it to me)?
nor etorri ahal da? Who can come?
nor etorri behar da? Who has to come?
norK etorri nahi DU? Who wants to come?
ni joan ahal naiz I can go
ni joan behar naiz I have to go
niK joan nahi DUT I want to go
ni joan ahal izan naiz I have been able to go
ni joan behar izan naiz I have had to go
niK joan nahi izan DUT I have wanted to go
ni joan ahal izango naiz I will be able to go
ni joan beharko naiz I will have to go
niK joan nahiko DUT I will want to go
Ariketa:
-Donostiara joan behar naiz

Donostiara joan behar izan naiz
Donostiara joan nahi dut
Donostiara joan ahal naiz
Donostiara joan ahal izango naiz
16. GAIA
Hemen NOR-NORK ikusiko dugu (UKAN NOR-NORK.aren zatia (zati=part) da). This is the last
aditz lauguntzaile we will conjugate. The NOR tells us the object of the sentence, and the NORK
tells us the subject.
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OR- ORK
NORK ORI I ZU HURA GU ZUEK HAIEK
NIK --- zaitut dut --- zaituztet ditut
ZUK nauzu --- duzu gaituzu --- dituzu
HARK nau zaitu du gaitu zaituzte ditu
GUK --- zaitugu dugu --- zaituztegu ditugu
ZUEK nauzue --- duzue gaituzue --- dituzue
HAIEK naute zaituzte dute gaituzte zaituztete dituzte
The only exception to the general rule is that when Haiek is the subject an –ZTE is added if the
verb ends with a –tu, instead of a –te. Summary diagram;
OR- ORK
OR ORK
ni nau t
zu zaitu zu
hura du --
gu gaitu gu
zuek zaituzte zue
haiek ditu -zte/-te
Adibideak:
EUSKARA E GLISH
zuk ni lasaitu nauzu You have calmed me down
ekarri nauzu You have brought me
zuk Patxi ekarri duzu You have brought Patxi(Patxi is a man’s name)
OierreK kotxean ekarri nau Oier has brought me in the car (Oier is a man’s
name)
eraman behar nauzu You have to bring me
Maite nauzu? Do you love me?
bai, maite zaitut Yes, I love you
maite duzu amama? Do you love the grandmother?
igeri egitea maite du He/She loves swimming
gorroto gaituzu? Do you hate us?
ez, ez zaituztet gorroto No, I don’t hate you
Bilbon ikusi gaitu He/She has seen us in Bilbao
Iruñean ikusi zaituztegu We have seen you in Pamplona
Iruñean ikusten zaituztegu We see you in Pamplona
Iruñean ikusiko zaituztegu We will see you in Pamplona
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The “gorroto” (gorroto=hate) and “maite” (maite=love) are special words and they don’t add a -
ten/-tzen to be conjugated in present tenses.
Ariketa:
etxera eraman ahal nauzu?

bai, etxera eraman ahal zaitut
Tafallatik ekarri zaituztet, eta ez nauzue maite
maite bazaitu, Parisera eramango duzu
17. GAIA
Orain (orain=now) aditz laguntzaile guztiak berriro (berriro=again) ikusiko ditugu, guztiak
(guztiak=all) gogoratzea (gogoratu=to remember) garrantzitsua (garrantzitzu=important) da.
Taulak (taula=board/table) hauek dira:
IZA (ser)
ni NAIZ
zu ZARA
hura DA
gu GARA (we are)
zuek ZARETE
haiek DIRA
OR- ORI
OR---> ORI SI GULARREA PLURALEA
ni----->niri ZAIT ZAIZKIT
zu----->zuri ZAIZU ZAIZKIZU
hura-->hari ZAIO ZAIZKIO
gu----->guri ZAIGU ZAIZKIGU
zuek--->zuei ZAIZUE ZAIZKIZUE
haiek-->haiei ZAIE ZAIZKIE
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OR- ORK
NORK ORI I ZU HURA GU ZUEK HAIEK
NIK --- zaitut dut --- zaituztet ditut
ZUK nauzu --- duzu gaituzu --- dituzu
HARK nau zaitu du gaitu zaituzte ditu
GUK --- zaitugu dugu --- zaituztegu ditugu
ZUEK nauzue --- duzue gaituzue --- dituzue
HAIEK naute zaituzte dute gaituzte zaituztete dituzte
OR- ORI- ORK

ORI IRI ZURI HARI GURI ZUEI HAIEI
ORK
NIK ---- di(zki)zut di(zki)ot ------- di(zki)zuet di(zki)et
ZUK di(zki)dazu ------ di(zki)ozu di(zki)guzu ------- di(zki)ezu
HARK di(zki)t di(zki)zu di(zki)o di(zki)gu di(zki)zue di(zki)e
GUK ---- di(zki)zugu di(zki)ogu ------ di(zki)zuegu di(zki)egu
ZUEK di(zki)dazue ------ di(zki)ozue di(zki)guzue ------ di(zki)ezue
HAIEK di(zki)date di(zki)zute di(zki)ote di(zki)gute di(zki)zuete di(zki)ete
If we know the most of the above seen we can practise listening to the radio, reading the
newspaper and watching to the tv in basque.
18. GAIA
Orain datak (dates) ikasiko ditugu:
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EUSKARA E GLISH
eguna day
astea week
Astelehena Monday
Asteartea Tuesday
Asteazkena Wednesday
Osteguna Thursday
Ostirala Friday
Larunbata Saturday
Igandea Sunday
herenegun The day before yesterday
atzo yesterday
gaur today
bihar tomorrow
etzi the day after tomorrow
urtea year
igaz the previous year
aurten This year
hilabete month
hila this month
Urtarrila January
Otsaila February
Martxoa March
Apirila April
Maiatza May
Ekaina June
Uztaila July
Abuztua August
Iraila September
Urria October
Azaroa November
Abendua December
Adibideak:
EUSKARA E GLISH
-Zer egun da gaur? -What day is today?
-Gaur ostirala da. -Today is Friday.
-ostirala, bai, baina data? -Friday, yes, but the date? (“I meant the date…”)
-2002-ko Otsailaren 21-a "bi mila eta -2002-February-21
biko otsailaren hogeita bata"
-Noiz da zure urtebetetzea? -When is your bithdate?
-Irailaren 27-an "Irailaren hogeita zazpian" - the 27th September
-Noiz zoaz klasera? - When do you go to class?
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-Astelehenetik Ostegunera - From Monday to Thursday

-Noiz daukazu azterketa? - When do you have the exam?
-Hilaren 27-an. - This month, in 27th.
-NoizEAN BEHIN dator Naiara? -HOW OFTEN does Naiara come?
(Naiara is a girl’s name)
-Bi urteAN BEHIN dator. - She comes once every 2 years.
-UrteAN BEHIN dator. - She come once a year
-Hiru hilean behin dator. - She comes once every 3 motnhs
-NoizERO dator Natxo? - HOW OFTEN does Naiara come?
-AsteRO dator. -She comes every week/ once a week
-Egunero dator. - She comes every day /once a day
-Hilero dator. - She comes every month / once a motnh.
-Urtero dator. - She comes every year /once a year
-Noiz zoaz oporretan? - When do you go on holidays?
-Abustuaren hamabian. -on agust 12th
We note that "noizero" and "noizean behin" have the same meanning (how often). When we have
"noizean behin" we can answer every 1,2,3,... and a time unit (once a year, once every 2 months,
every 3 days,…). But when we have “noizero”, we only can answer with a time unit (egunero,
hilero, urtero).
Gai hau amaituko (amaitu=to end, to finish) dugu orduekin (ordua=the time).
EUSKARA E GLISH
1:00 Ordu batak dira It’s one o’clock
2:00 Ordu biak dira
3:00 Hirurak dira
4:00 Laurak dira
5:00 Bostak dira
6:00 Seirak dira
7:00 Zazpirak dira
8:00 Zortziak dira
9:00 Bederatziak dira
10:00 Hamarrak dira
11:00 Hamaikak dira
12:00 Hamabiak dira
1:05 Ordu bata eta bost dira
2:10 Ordu biak eta hamar dira
3:15 Hirurak eta LAURDEN 3 and a quarter
4:20 Laurak eta hogei dira
5:25 Bostak eta hoegeita bost dira
5:30 Bost eta ERDIAK dira Half past five
6:30 Sei eta ERDIAK dira
6:35 zazpiak hogeita bost GUTXIAGO dira
6:40 zazpiak hogei gutxiago dira
6:45 zazpiak LAURDEN gutxiago dira
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6:50 zazpiak hamar gutxiago dira

6:55 zazpiak bost gutxiago dira
Ikusten duguNEZ (AS we see) ordu guztietan (with all the hours) ipintzen da (ipini=to put) the
-(r)ak suffix, eta gainera (gainera=besides), at 1:00 and at 2:00 we put the "ordu" word before. The
only exception is the “half past...”, in this case we say "eta erdiAK". At 11:10 we say "hamaikak
ETA hamar", at 10:50 "hamaikak hamar GUTXIAGO". Besides "quarter"="laurden".
Adibidez (for example);
EUSKARA E GLISH
-Zer ordu da? -What time is it?
-Hamarrak eta hogei dira. - It’s 10:20.
-Goizeko hamarrak eta hogei dira. - It’s 10:20 AM (goiz=morning)
-Gaueko hamarrak eta hogei dira. - It’s 10:20 PM (gau=night)
-Arratsaldeko bostak hamar gutxiago dira. - It’s 4:50 PM (arratsalde=afternoon)
-Zortzietatik ordu biak arte egon naiz - I have been in class from 8:00 to 2:00 (arte=until)
klasean.
-Zortzi eta bostetatik hirurak bost -Form 8:05 until 2:55.
gutxiagoetara
-Zer ordutan dator trena? - What time does the train arrive?
-Noiz dator trena? - When does the train arrive?
-hirurak eta hamazazpietan dator. - It comes at 3:17
-hiruretan dator. - It comes at 3:00
-Ordu batetan dator. - It comes at 1:00.
-Bost minutu BARRU dator. - It comes in five minutes.
-DUELA bost minutu etorri da. - It has come 5 minutes ago.
-Noizean behin pasatzen da metroa? - how often does the underground pass?
-Bost minutuan behin pasatzen da. - It passes every 5 minutes.
-Trena orduro dator. - The train passes once a hour.
-Minuturo galdetzen didazu. - You ask it to me every minute (galdetu= to ask)
Ariketak (exercises);
-oiz da zure urtebetzea?

-Abenduaren 15-an
-Urtarrilaren 27-an
-Abenduaren 24-an
-Zer ordutan etorriko zara?

-ordu batak laurden gutxiagotan.
-oizean behin pasatzen da autobusa?

-hogei minutuan behin.
-Aurreko (aurreko=previous) autobusa (autobus=bus) duela bost minutu joan da.
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-oiz egon zara Barakaldon?

-Atzo.
-Eta Santurtzin?
-Herenegun.
-Eta Portugaleten?
-Gaur egon naiz Portugaleten.
-Eta noiz egongo zara Sestaon?
-Bihar.
19. GAIA
Orain konparaketak (konparaketa=comparison) ikasiko ditugu. In these kind of sentences, first we
put the person/thing that we compare with the another object.
EUSKARA E GLISH
- Egoitz altua da. - Egoitz is tall. (Egoitz is a man’s name)
- Jon Aitor BAINO altuAGOA da. - Jon is tallER THAN Aitor (Jon and Aitor are
masculine names) Jon=Jonh
-Aitor ez da Egoitz BAINO altuAGOA. - Aitor is not tallER than Egoitz
-Josu Egoitz BEZAIN altua da. - Josu is AS tall AS Egoitz (Josu is another
masculina name) (Josu=Iesus)
-Haizea Itziar baino bajuagoa da. - Haizea is shorter than Itziar
(Haizea (wind) and Itziar are femenine names)
- Haizea ETA Ainhoa Ane baino -Haizea AND Ainhoa are shorter than Ane
bajuagoAK dira. (Ainhoa is another femenine name)
-Ane Haizea ETA Ainhoa baino altuagoa da. -Ane is taller than Haizea AND Ainhoa.
-Ane altuENA da. -Ane is the tallest.
-Inaurria erlea bezain trebea da -the ant (ant=inaurri) is as smart as the bee (erlea)
-zu ordenagailua baino trebeagoa zara. -You are smarter / more intelligent than the
computer.
-ordenagailua zu baino tentelagoa da. - The computer is sillier than you.
-Ordenagailua tentelENA da. -The computer is the silliEST.
-Hegazkina motorra baino azkarragoa da -The airplane is faster than the motorbike.
-Artza otsoa baino haundiagoa da. -The bear is bigger than the wolf.
-Otsoa artza baino txikiagoa da. - The wolf is smaller than the bear.
-Sagua txikiena da. - The mouse is the smallest one.
-Sugea otsoa baino argalagoa da. -The snake is thinner than the wolf.
-Artza sugea baino lodiagoa da. -The bear is fatter than the snake.
-Artza lodiEGI da. -The bear is TOO fast.
-Sugea argalEGI da. -The snake is TOO thin.
-guztietatik, sagua txikiena da -In all the group, the mouse is the smallest
Ariketak:
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-or da Altuena?
-Mikel altuena da.
-eta bajuena?
-Urtzi bajuena da (Urtzi is a basque masculine name).
-Balea (bale=whale) lodiena da.

-balea lodiegi da.
-Gepardoa (gepardo=cheetah) koala baino azkarragoa da
20. GAIA
Gai honetan IZAN aditzaren iragana (iragana=past) ikasiko dugu:
IZA E GLISH
ni nintzen I Was
zu zinen You (sing) Were
hura zen He/She/It Was
gu ginen We Were
zuek zineten You (plur) Were
haiek ziren They Were
We can use the next verbs to build the tenses;
IZA orainaldia ni ikaslea naiz I am a student

(present) ni zorabiatu naiz I have made sick
ni zorabiatzen naiz I make sick
ni zorabiatzen ari naiz I am making sick
ni zorabiatuko naiz I will make sick
IZA lehenaldia ni tabernaria nintzen I was a barman
(past) ni zorabiatu nintzen I made sick
ni zorabiatzen nintzen I was making sick
ni zorabiatzen ari nintzen I was making sick
ni zorabiatuko nintzen I would make sick
Aditz guztiak (all the verbs), IZAN eta besteak (IZAN and the rest of them, iraganan (iragana=past
tense) beti (beti=always) -N batez (with an -N) amaitzen dira (amaitzen dira=they finish) All the
verbs, IZAN and the rest of them, in past tense they always finish with an -N.
Adibideak:
EUSKARA E GLISH
zu Bermeora joan zinen You went to Bermeo
zu Tafallatik ibiltzen zinen You was walking through Tafalla
hura eskaileratik jaisten ari zen He / She was going down by the stairs
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(eskailera=stair) she went downstairs

gu Hernanira heldu ginen We arrived to Hernani
zuek Oiartzunera heltzen zineten You were arriving to Oiartzun
haiek Sangotzara heltzen ari ziran You were arriving to Sanguesa
Ariketak:
-Martxelo mendira igo zen?

-Ez, Martxelo ez zen mendira igo, Martxelo Ebrora joan zen.
-ora joan zineten larunbatean?

-Larunbatean Iruñara joan ginen.
-Zer egiten ari zineten atzo?

-Atzo paseatzen ari ginen.
21. GAIA
Oraingo gaian UKAN (NOR-NORK) ikasiko dugu:
UKA
SI GULARREA PLURALEA
nik nuen nituen
zuk zenuen zenituen
hark zuen zituen
guk genuen genituen
zuek zenuten zenituzten
haiek zuten zituzten
Aditzaren eskema (outline) hau da:
nik n u
zuk zen u
hark z u
guk gen (it) u EN
zuek zen u(z)t
haiek z u(z)t
I would prefer the previous table to the last outline...
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Adibideak:
EUSKARA E GLISH
Nik Aingeru ezagutu dut I have met Aingeru (masc name which means “Angel”)
Nik Aingeru ezagutzen dut I meet Aingeru (I could know him before today, so
better “I know Angel”)
Nik Aingeru ezagutuko dut I will meet Aingeru
Nik Aingeru ezagutu nuen I met Aingeru
Nik Aingeru ezagutzen nuen I was meeting Aingeru
Nik Aingeru ezagutuko nuen I would meet Aingeru
Zuk liburua ekarri zenuen You brought the book
Zuk liburuaK ekarri zenITuen You brought the bookS
Hark pelikula ikusten zuen He/She was watching the movie
Hark pelikulak ikusten zituen He/She was watching the movies
Hark pelikulak ikusi zituen He/She watched the movie
Guk patata frijituak ekarriko genituen We would bring the chips (patata=potato, frijitua=fried
patata frijituak = chips/french fries)
Ariketa:
-ork egin zuen afaria (afari=dinner)?

-Josek afaria egin zuen.
-Eta patatak, nork egin zituen patatak?
-Josek ere (ere=too, also) egin zituen.
-ork ikusten zuen Osasuna-Athletic partidua?
-Guztiok (guztiok=we all) ikusten genuen.
-Zenbat gol sartu zituzten?
-bederatzi gol sartu zituzten.
-Zenbat gol sartu zuen Osasunak?
-Osasunak bost gol sartu zituen, eta amaitu bost-lau amaitu zen.
-Haiek atzo partiduko sarrerak (sarrera=ticket) erosi (erosi=to buy) zituzten.
22. GAIA
Orain NOR-NORI ikasiko dugu:
OR- ORI
ORI SI GULARREA PLURALEA
niri zitzaidan zitzaizkidan
zuri zitzaizun zitzaizkizun
hari zitzaion zitzaizkion
guri zitzaigun zitzaizkigun
zuei zitzaizuen zitzaizkizuen
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haiei zitzaien zitzaizkien
Laburpena (summary);
OR- ORI
ORI sing/plur
niri DA N
zuri ZU N
hari ZITZAI (ZKI) O N
guri GU N
zuei ZUE N
haiei E N
Adibideak:
EUSKARA E GLISH
niri gutuna heldu zait The letter has come to me
niri gutunak heldu zaizkit The letters have come to me
niri gutuna heltzen zait The letter come to me
niri gutuna helduko zait The letter will come to me
niri gutuna heldu zitzaidan The letter came to me
niri gutunak heldu zitzaizkidan The letters came to me
niri gutuna heltzen zitzaidan The letter was coming to me
niri gutunak heltzen zitzaizkidan The letters were coming to me
niri gutuna helduko zitzaidan The letter would come to me
niri gutunak helduko zitzaizkidan The letters would come to me
Hari giltzak jausi zitzaizkion The keys fell to him/her
zuri prakak jausten zitzaizkizun The trousers fell to you
autobusa joan zitzaidan The bus went (escaped) (from me)
txartela galdu zitzaion The card lost (to him/her)
lorontzia apurtu zitzaizuen The vase broke (to you (pl))
lorontzia apurtu zenuten (you plur) broke the vase
hari hilerokoa etorri zitzaion The period came to her
guri txakurra etorri zitzaigun The dog came to us
Ariketa:
-Kontzertuko sarrerak galdu zitzaizkizuen?
-ez, ez zitzaizkigun galdu, baina garbigailuan (garbigailu=washing machine) busti (busti=to wet)
zitzaizkigun.
-niri Mario etorri zitzaidan.
-guri neska guztiak hurbiltzen (hurbildu=to come nearer) zitazizkigun.

-ba guri, Durangoko jaietan (jai=party), herriko (herri=village) mutil katxarroak
(mutil katxarro=handsome boy) etortzen zitzaizkigun.
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23. GAIA
Eta bakarrik (bakarrik=only) NOR-NORI-NORK iraganean faltatzen zaigu:
OR- ORI- ORK

IRI ZURI HARI GURI ZUEI HAIEI
NIK --- nizun nion --- nizuen nien
nizkizun nizkion nizkizuen nizkien
ZUK zenidan --- zenion zenigun --- zenien
zenizkidan zenizkion zenizkigun zenizkien
HARK zidan zizun zion zigun zizuen zien
zizkidan zizkizun zizkion zizkigun zizkizuen zizkien
GUK --- genizun genion --- genizuen genien
genizkizun genizkion genizkizuen genizkien
ZUEK zenidaten --- zenioten zeniguten --- zenieten
zenizkidaten zenizkioten zenizkiguten zenizkieten
HAIEK zidaten zizuten zioten ziguten zizueten zieten
zizkidaten zizkizuten zizkioten zizkiguten zizkizueten zizkieten
Iraganan lehenengo ipinten da NORK, gero ZER (sing/plur), eta azkenik (azkenik=finally) NORI.
Eskema (summary) ondokoa (ondokoa=following) izan ahal da:
ORK ZER(sing/plur) ORI

nik ni da
zuk zeni zu
hark zi o
guk geni (ZKI) gu N
zuek zeni___te zue
haiek zi___te e
Nabaritzen dugu (nabari=to notice), in past tense first NOR (who, the subject) is said, and after it
NORI (whom), this is just the opposite way of the present tense (orainaldia).
Adibideak:
EUSKARA E GLISH
-nik zuri liburua eman dizut. -I have given the book to you.
-nik zuri liburua eman nizun. -I gave the book to you.
-nik zuri liburuak eman nizkizun -I gave the books to you.
-nik liburuak ematen nizkizun. -I was giving the books to you.
-nik liburuak emango nizkizun. -I would give the books to you
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-haiek kotxea ikusi zizuten. -They saw the car (to you)
-Zuk niri egia esan zenidan. -You said the truth to me
-Baina berak gezurrak esan zizkidan. But he/she told me some lies.
-Lagunak Oierri telefonua eman zion. -The friend gave the phone to Oier.
-Neskek mutilei telefono zenbakia eman -The girls gave the telephone number to the boys.
zieten.
-Neskek mutilei telefono zenbakiaK eman - The girls gave the telephone numberS to the boys.
zIZKieten.
-liburua ekarri zenigun. -You brought (us) the book
-ardo botila bat eraman genizun. -We brought (to you) a bottle of wine.
Ariketak:
-Zer ekarri zenigun?

-Lore bat (lore=flower) ekarri genizun.
-kotxea lapurtu (lapurtu=to steal) zioten.
-ora eramaten zigun botila?

-Sukaldera (sukalde=kitchen) eramaten zizuen.
24. GAIA
Iraganan ere "AHAL", "BEHAR" eta "NAHI" erabili ahal ditugu. Orainaldian bezala (bezala=like,
orainaldian=in the present tense), ez da sekula (sekula=never) "naiz-nintzen, zara-zinen, da-zen,
gara-ginen, zarete-zineten, dira-ziren" aditzak erabiltzen "behar" eta "nahi" hitzekin (hitz=word).
Adibideak;
EUSKARA E GLISH
joan nahi dut I want to go
joan nahi nuen I wanted to go
joan ahal nintzen I could go (past)
argia piztu nahi zenuen You wanted to turn on the light (piztu=to turn on)
(argi=light)
argia piztu nahiko zenuen You would want to turn on the light
argia piztu ahal zenuen You could (past) turn on the light
argia piztu ahal izango zenuen You could (conditional) turn on the light
argia piztu behar zenuen You had to turn on the light
argia piztu beharko zenuen You would have to turn on the light
gutuna heldu behar zitzaidan The letter had to come (to me)
gutuna heldu ahal zitzaidan The letter could (past) come to me
Hark niri gutuna bialdu behar zidan He / She had to send me the letter
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gutuna bialdu nahi zidan He/she wanted to send (me) the letter (bialdu=to send)
gutuna bialdu ahal zidan He/she could (past) sent (me) the letter
Iraganan ez dira erabiltzen "behar izan", "ahal izan" eta "nahi izan" formulak.
Ariketa:
-Telebista itzali (itzali=turn off) ahal zenuen?

-Bai, itzali ahal nuen
-Irratia (irrati=radio) ekarri behar zenidan.

-Irratia ekarri beharko zenidan.
- irratia entzun (entzun=to hear) ahal nuen.
25.GAIA
EGON aditza lehenaldian konjugatuko dugu:
EGO
ni nengoen
zu zeunden
hura zegoen
gu geunden
zuek zeundeten
haiek zeuden
Eta EDUKI aditza ere bai:
EDUKI
ORK SI GULARREA PLURALEA
nik neukan neuzkan
zuk zeneukan zeneuzkan
hark zeukan zeuzkan
guk geneukan geneuzkan
zuek zeneukaten zeneuzkaten
haiek zeukaten zeuzkaten
Taula ondokoa (ondokoa=following) izan ahal da:

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sing/plur
nik n N
zuk zen N
hark z N
guk gen euka/euzka N
zuek zen___te N
haiek z___te N
Adibideak:
EUSKARA E GLISH
ni ondo nengoen I was fine
zu Tuteran zeunden You were in Tudela
bera Ribaforadan zegoen He/She was in Ribaforada
Gu Lesakan geunden We were in Lesaka
zuek lanean zeundeten You were at the work
haiek egongelan zeuden They were in the living room (egongela=living room)
nik kutxa neukan I had the box (kutxa=box)
nik kutxak neuzkan I had the boxes
zuek klabelinak zeneuzkaten You (pl) had the carnations (klabelina=carnation)
haiek torloju bat zeukaten They had a screw (torloju=screw)
Ariketa:
-ork zeukan giltza?

-Marcosek zekan giltza.
-OR zegoen kalean? (kale=street)

-kalean MIKEL zegoen.
-O zegoen Mikel?

-Mikel KALEA zegoen.
-ORK zeuzkan apunteak? (apunte=note)

-IRATIK apunteak zeuzkan
-ZER zeuzkan Iratik?

-Iratik APUTEAK zeuzkan.
26. GAIA
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Let’s see how to build some words:
egin=to do
A lot of verbs can be made just adding the “EGIN” (egin=to do) to a word;
EUSKARA E GLISH
hitz egin To speak (hitz=word)
txisa egin To urinate (txis=urine)
kaka egin To have a shit (kaka=shit)
txistu egin To whistle (txistu=whistle)
lan egin To work (lan=work, job)
kide=mate
the -kide/-ide suffix can be added to many words. It literally means "Mate". Adibideak;
EUSKARA E GLISH
Lankide Jobmate/workmate (lan=job/work)
Klasekide Classmate (klase=class)
Ikaskide “studymate” (ikasi=to study)
Bidaide Tripmate (bidaia=trip)
Ohekide “Bedmate” (ohea=bed)
zalea=supporter / keen on
Adding the -zalea suffix to a word we build a word meaning "supporter of / fanatic of / keen on”.
Adibideak;
EUSKARA E GLISH
mendizale "Mountain (walkings) fanatic"
zinezale "Cinema fanatic”
futbolzale “soccer supporter" (futbol=soccer)
euskalzale "Basque culture supporter " (culture, language,...)
pilotazale "Basque ball supporter "
neskazale "A person who loves women" (neska=woman)
gonazale "fond of skirts" (gona=skirt, so this person loves girls!!!!!!)
kirolzale "fond of sports "
irratizale "radio fan"
ari=to do, to be doing something

Adding the -ari/-lari suffix we build profesión words ("the person who makes anything ").
EUSKARA E GLISH
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kantari singer (kantatu=to sing)

abeslari singer (abestu=to sing (also))
bertsolari poet (the one who makes versos) (in the basque culture a
“bertsolari” is a person who sings versos “a capella”)
aizkolari "the one who works with the axe" (aizkora=axe)
gidari driver (the one who drives) (gidatu=to drive)
-tasun.
With the -TASU suffix we mean the quality of anything. Adibideak;
EUSKARA E GLISH
elkartasuna soliradity, "ability to join between people" (elkartu=to join)
anaitasuna Brothership (anaia=brother)
lasaitasuna calmly (lasai=calm)
batasuna Union / Unity (bat=one)
txikitasuna Smallness (txikia=small)
-pena.
We use this suffix to indicate an action.
EUSKARA E GLISH
elkarpena Unity / Joint (action of joinning)
itzulpena translation / return (itzuli=translate / to return)
garaipena victory (garaitu=to win)
ikuspena Sight (ikusi=to see)
oroitzapena remenber (oroitu=to remenber / to remind)
-garri
The -GARRI suffix means “worthy of” / “ability of”. Adibidez;
EUSKARA E GLISH
ikusgarria "worhty of be seen" (ikusi=to see)
miresgarria "worthy of admiration " (mirestu=to admire)
sugarria "ability of burn" (sua=fire)
27. GAIA
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Orain hitz erabilgarri (erabili=to use; erabilgarria=useful) batzuk ikusiko ditugu:
GORPUTZA JA TZIAK ETXEA

EUSKARA E GLISH EUSKARA E GLISH. EUSKARA E GLISH.
burua head soineko Dress sukaldea Kitchen
bekokia Forehead gona Skirt egongela Living room
bekaina Eyebrow prakak Trousers logela Bedroom
betile Eyelash alkondara Shirt komuna Toilet
ezpainak Lips galtzerdiak Socks teilatu Roof
kokotsa Chin jaka Jacket horma Wall
lepoa Neck gerrikoa Belt solairu Floor
ilea Hair bularretakoa Bra igongailua Lift / elevator
begia Eye zapatak Shoes sutegia Cooker / stove
sudurra Nose botak Boots txorroa Faucet / tap
belarria Ear gorbata Tie sukaltarria Sink / washbasin
ahoa Mouth soingainekoa Coat garbigailua Washing machine
bularra Chest eskularruak Gloves labea Oven
sorbalda Shoulder jertsea Sweater aulkia Chair
bizkarra Back bainujantzia Swimming tranks mikrouhinak Microwave
ditia Tit txapela Beret leihoa Window
ditiburu Nipple kapela Hat mahaia Table
zila Navel txanoa Cap hozkailua Fridge/refrigerator
besoa Arm bikinia Bikini plater-ikuzgailua Dishwasher
ukondo Elbow amantala Apron platera Plate
eskuturra Wrist zapia Handkerchief / scarf azpila Fountain/spring
eskua Hand galtzontziloak Shorts edalontzia Glass
atzamarra Finger kuleroak Panties sardeska Fork
atzazala Nail betaurrekoak Glasses goilara Spoon
hanka Leg txandala Jogging suit labana knife
belauna Knee belarritakoak Earrings lapikoa Pot / saucepan
oina Foot eraztuna Ring zartagina Fry pan
behatzak Toes eskuturrekoa Bracelet kazola Casserole
zakila Penis idunekoa necklace ipitza Scourer
barrabilak testicles ehogailua Coffee maker
alua vagina katilua Coffee / tea cup
gerria Waist garbikaria Washing poder /
laundry detergent
ipurdia Ass lisakina iron
sabela belly
Hitz guzti hauek erabilgarriak (useful) izan ahal dira. Adibidez:

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EUSKARA E GLISH
-Nola jantzi da Arkaitz? How did Arkaitz dress?
-Zer jantzi du Arkaitzek? What has dressed Arkaitz?
-Arkaitzek alkondara gorria eta praka Arkaitz has dressed the red shirt and the black
beltzak jantzi ditu. trousers
-Ama! nire logelara noa... Ama! I am going to my room...
-Ez, etorri orain sukaldera! no, come now to the kitchen!
If we want to say “i have headache” we say "buruko mina daukat" (I have “ache of head”),
backache should be "bizkarko mina daukat" (I have “ache of back”).
In order to say “my nose itches” we use "sudurrean azkure daukat" (“I have itch in my nose”),
another example could be "ipurdian azkure daukat" (“I have itch in the ass”).
28. GAIA
Orain UKAN osatuko (osatu=to complete) dugu NOR-NORK aditzarekin iraganean.
OR- ORK
ORK I ZU HURA GU ZUEK HAIEK
NIK --- zintudan nuen --- zintuztedan nituen
ZUK ninduzun --- zenuen ginduzun --- zenituen
HARK ninduen zintuen zuen ginduen zintuzten zituen
GUK --- zintugun genuen --- zintuztegun genituen
ZUEK ninduzuen --- zenuten ginduzuen --- zenituzten
HAIEK ninduten zintuzten zuten ginduzten zintuzteten zituzten
Adibideak:
EUSKARA E GLISH
-Haiek ni eraman ninduten -They brought me
-haiek Aritz eraman zuten. -They brought Aritz.
nik hartu zintudan I took you
zuk maite ninduzun You loved me
The most used verbs are the verbs we previously have seen (nuen/nituen, zenuen/zenituen, ....),
anyway these last verbs (zintudan,…) could be heard, so we should know them.
Ariketa:
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-ork maite zintuen?

-Rafak maite ninduen.
-eta ni, nork maite ninduen?
-eska ezezagun (ezaguna=known, ezezaguna=unknown) batek maite zintuen.
-ork eraman zintuzten etxera?

-Rachelek eraman gintuen.
29. GAIA
Aditz guztien taulak iraganean berrikusiko (berrikusi=review, revise) ditugu;
IZA E GLISH
ni nintzen I was
zu zinen You were (sing.)
hura zen He/She was
gu ginen We were
zuek zineten You were (plur.)
haiek ziren They were
OR- ORK
ORK I ZU HURA GU ZUEK HAIEK
NIK --- zintudan nuen --- zintuztedan nituen
ZUK ninduzun --- zenuen ginduzun --- zenituen
HARK ninduen zintuen zuen ginduen zintuzten zituen
GUK --- zintugun genuen --- zintuztegun genituen
ZUEK ninduzuen --- zenuten ginduzuen --- zenituzten
HAIEK ninduten zintuzten zuten ginduzten zintuzteten zituzten
OR- ORI
ORI SI GULARREA PLURALEA
niri zitzaidan zitzaizkidan
zuri zitzaizun zitzaizkizun
hari zitzaion zitzaizkion
guri zitzaigun zitzaizkigun
zuei zitzaizuen zitzaizkizuen
haiei zitzaien zitzaizkien
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OR- ORI- ORK

NIK --- nizun nion --- nizuen nien
nizkizun nizkion nizkizuen nizkien
ZUK zenidan --- zenion zenigun --- zenien
zenizkidan zenizkion zenizkigun zenizkien
HARK zidan zizun zion zigun zizuen zien
zizkidan zizkizun zizkion zizkigun zizkizuen zizkien
GUK --- genizun genion --- genizuen genien
genizkizun genizkion genizkizuen genizkien
ZUEK zenidaten --- zenioten zeniguten --- zenieten
zenizkidaten zenizkioten zenizkiguten zenizkieten
HAIEK zidaten zizuten zioten ziguten zizueten zieten
zizkidaten zizkizuten zizkioten zizkiguten zizkizueten zizkieten
30. GAIA
Now we will look at what happens when "zer?" is used. This question is employed when a person
has not heard or understood the message of another person, it is just like a “sorry?”. We will see
also the "zergaitik?" question (zergaitik?=why?).
ZER?
We add the “-ela/-la” suffix to the aditz laguntzaile (izan, nor-nori, nor-nork/ukan, or nor-nori-
nork).
ZERGAITIK?
We add the “-elako/-lako” to the aditz laguntzaile.
These suffixes are added acordding to the following rules:
Words ending with... Example ZER? ZERGAITIK?

-A (replace –a with zara, da zarela, dela zarelako, delako
-ela, or -elako) dira direla direlako
-E (replace –e with zarete, duzue zaretela, duzuela zaretelako, duzuelako
-la, or -lako)
-U (add duzu, du duzuela, duela duzuelako, duelako
-ela, o -elako)
-T (replace –t with dut, zait, dit dudala, zaidala, dudalako,zaidalako
-dala or o -dalako) didala didalako
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- (replace –n with nuen, zidan nuela, zidala duelako, zidalako

-la or -lako)
When "zer?" is used to ask about a question, in the answer we add the "ea" (ea=let’s see..) word,
and the aditz laguntzaile must end with an –n.
Adibideak;
EUSKARA E GLISH
-Zergaitik ez zinen etorri? -Why didn’t you come?
-kotxea apurtu zitzaidalako. -Because the car had damaged (to me).
-Zergaitik ez zara etorri? -Why haven’t you come?
-Kotxea apurtu zaidalako -Because the car has damaged (to me).
Zergaitik ematen dute klase? -Why do they give class?
Irakasleak etorri direlako. -Because teachers have come.
-Irakasleak etorri dira. -Teachers have come.
-Zer? -What? / Sorry?
-Irakasleak etorri direla. -(I say that) teachers have come.
-Irakasleak ez dira etorri. -Teachers have not come.
-zer? - What? / Sorry?
-Irakasleak ez direla etorri. -(I say that) tachers have not come.
-Irakasleak etorri dira? -Have teachers come?
-zer? - What? / Sorry?
-Ea irakasleak etorri diren -(I ask if) teachers have come
-Irakasleak etorri ziren? -Did teachers come?
-Zer? - What? / Sorry?
-ea irakasleak etorri ziren. -(I ask if) teachers came
esan didate Aitor gaixo dagoELA (They) have told me THAT Aitor is sick
esan didate Miren sendatu dELA (They) have told me THAT Miren has cured.
Badakit Marta sendatu dELA I know THAT Miren has cured
Banekien sendatu zeLA I knew THAT (She) had cured
Iruditzen zait gaizki dagoELA It looks (to me) LIKE (he/she/it) is bad
ni joan nintzen gaizki nengoELAKO I went BECAUSE I was bad/sick
joango naiz nahi duDALAKO (I) will go BACAUSE (I) want
esan zidan joango zeLA nahi zueLAKO (He/she/it) told to me THAT (he/she/it) would go
BECAUSE (he/she/it) wanted
Galdetu zizun EA norena zen kotxea (He/she/it) asked to you (THAT) whose was the car
galdetu dizu EA norena dEN kotxea (He/she/it) has asked to you (THAT) whose is the car
"ADITZ LAGUNTZAILE + ETA" structure can be also seen with no “zergatik” question, in this
case structure has a “BECAUSE” word. Adibidez;
57 / 76 orrialdea
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EUSKARA E GLISH
Kenduko dut gaizki dago ETA I will remove it BECAUSE it is bad
joaten da haserretu da ETA (He/she/it) goes BECAUSE He/she/it has get
angry
badakit ikusi dut ETA I already know BECAUSE I have seen it
banekien ikusi nuen ETA I already knew BECAUSE I saw it
Ariketa:
-Zergaitik haserretu zara?

-jaramona (jaramon=attention) egiten ez didazulako.
-zer?
-jaramona ez didazula egiten!!!!
-Zer esan dizu?

-esan dit Bilbo Bizkaiko hiriburua dela...
-jajajjajajaja, benetan? eta zer gehiago (gehiago=more) esan dizu?
-Iruñea afarroako hiriburua dela.
-Zergaitik igo zen mendira?

-Asteburua (asteburu=weekend) mendian igaro (igaro=spend (the time)) nahi zuelako.
31. GAIA
Orain -ZKERO=-Z GERO ikusiko dugu. Both of them can be used with the same meaning ("IN
CASE OF"). Adibideak;
EUSKARA E GLISH
Jon etorriZKERO ni joango naiz IN CASE OF Jon comes, I will go
Jokin etorriZ GERO ni joango naiz IN CASE OF Jokin comes, I will go
Etxera joanEZKERO lo egingo dut IN CASE OF going home, I will sleep
Zuk ekarriZ GERO, poztuko da IN CASE OF you bring (it), (he/she/it) will
make happy
Zuk ekarriZ GERO, poztuko zen IN CASE OF you bring (it), (he/she/it) would
make happy
Hark ekarriZKERO, zu ixildu IN CASE OF he/she/it brings it, be quiet
Ariketa;
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-ik goilara hartuZKERO, zu zikinduko (zikindu=get dirty) zaitut
-Zure telefono zenbakia jakinEZKERO, laister (laister=soon) deituko (deitu=to call) nizun.
32. GAIA
Lehen (before) erabili dugu AHAL + ADITZ LAGUNTZAILE structure, baina IZAN eta UKAN
aditzekin bakarrik ikasiko dugu beste era (era=way, form) bat.
IZA
ni naiteke
zu zaitezke
hura daiteke
gu gaitezke
zuek zaitezkete
haiek daitezke
UKA
ORK SI GULARREA PLURALEA
nik dezaket ditzaket
zuk dezakezu ditzakezu
hark dezake ditzake
guk dezakegu ditzakegu
zuek dezakezue ditzakezue
haiek dezakete ditzakete
Eskematikoki, ondoko taula daukagu;
ORK SI G / PLUR PERTSO A

nik T
zuk ZU
hark D EZA / ITZA KE ----
guk GU
zuek ZUE
haiek TE
Aditz hauek ahalerako eran (ahalera=potential), laguntzaileak dira, baina ez da sekula

(sekula=never) aditz nagusi deklinatzen (-ko, ten/tzen).
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Adibideak;
EUSKARA E GLISH
komunera joan naiteke? Can I go to the toilet?
komunera joan ahal naiz? Can I go to the toilet?
Pilota jausi daiteke The ball can fall
pilota jausi ahal da The ball can fall
Ondo ibili gaitezke We can walk right
Ondo ibili ahal gara We can walk right
nik goxokia jan dezaket I can eat the sweet
nik goxokia jan ahal dut I can eat the sweet
nik goxokiaK jan dITZAket I can eat the sweetS
nik goxokiak jan ahal ditut I can eat the sweetS
As we have observed the potential conjugated verb has the same meaning that the AHAL + ADITZ
LAGUNTZAILE structure. We observe also that if the main verb ends with –i or –tu ("ibili",
"sartu"…), these endings can be removed, but it is not mandatory.
Ariketak;
-on egon daiteke Wally?

-Wally futbol zelaian (zelai=land/field) egon daiteke
-Zer egin dezake Wallyk?
-Wallyk gol bat sar dezake.
-gol bat ez, Wallyk gol asko (asko=very much) sar ditzake.
-Zuk golak sartu ditzakezu.
33. GAIA
Oraingo atalean we learn the "agintera" (agintera=imperative).
The following estructure IZAN, in its imperative tense, is used with intransitive verbs (intransitive
verbs has no object in its prase):
zu ADITZA+ zaitez
zuek ADITZA + zaitezte
We use the UKAN conjugated verb to build imperative phrases with transitive verbs (verbs whith
an object in the phrase);
ORK SI G PLUR
zuk ADITZA + ezazu ADITZA + itzazu
zuek ADITZA + ezazue ADITZA + irzazue
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With NOR-NORI-NORK;
ORK IRI HARI GURI HAIEI
ZUK -idazu -iozu -iguzu -iezu

-izkidazu -izkiozu -izkiguzu -izkiezu
ZUEK -idazue -iozue -iguzue -iezue
-izkidazue -izkiozue -izkiguzue -izkiezue
Taula ondokoa izan daiteke;
(PLUR)SI G ORI ORK (zuk / zuek)

niri da
hari -(IZK)I o zu
guri gu zue
haiei e
Adibideak;
EUSKARA E GLISH
Eskolara joan zaitez! Go to the school! (you, singular)
Eskolara joan zaitezte! Go to the school! (you, plural)
etorri zaitez! Come! (you sing)
etorri! Come! (you, sing/plur)
ekar ezazu liburua Bring the book (you sing)
ekar itzazu liburuak Bring the books (you sing / plural object)
ekar ezazue liburua Bring the book (you plur / sing object)
ekar idazu liburua Bring to me the book (you sing / sing object)
ekar izkadazu liburuak Bring to me the books (you sing / plural object)
eraman iozu bere tabakoa Carry his/her/its tobacco to him/her/it (you sing)
eraman iozue bere tabakoa Carry his/her/its tobacco to him/her/it (you plur)
eraman iezue haien tabakoa Carry their tobacco to them (you plur)
eraman izkiezue haien gauzak Carry their things to them (you plur)
eman iezu pilota Give them the ball (you sing)
ema iezu pilota Give them the ball (you sing)
As we have seen, if the verb ends with an -i, this –i can be removed, it does not change the
meaning. In example, EKARRI -> EKAR (ekarri=to bring), IKUSI -> IKUS (to see). The same
rule can be applicated to the verbs which end with -n, in example, EMAN -> EMA when the
imperative verb is conjugated.
Beno, ikusi dugunez (“ok, as we have seen”), agintera egiteko modu bat baino gehiago daude.
Modu hauek ondokoak dira;
61 / 76 orrialdea
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EUSKARA E GLISH
joan! Go! (you sing / plur)
joan zaitez! Go! (you sing)
ekarri liburua! Bring the book! (you sing / plur)
ekarri ezazu liburua! Bring the book! (you sing)
ekarri liburuak! Bring the books! (you sing / plur)
ekarri itzazu liburuak! Bring the books! (you sing)
ekarri idazu liburua! Bring me the book! (you sing / plur)
ekarri izkidazu liburuak! Bring the books! (you sing)
When we i asked with a “ZER?” after an imperative, we add the -teko/-tzeko suffix to the verb.
Adibideak:
EUSKARA E GLISH
-ekarri liburua! -Bring the book
-zer? -What?
-liburua ekartzeko!. -to bring the book!
-ema idazu liburu hori! -Give me that book!
-zer? -What
-liburu hori ekartzeko! -To bring that book!
Agintera ikusi dugu, baina gauza bat mesedez (mesedez=please) eskatzeko (eskatu=to ask for),
geroaldia (futur tense) erabiliko dugu;
EUSKARA E GLISH
liburua ekarriko didazu, mesedez,? Could you bring me the book, please? (literally it
should be something like “will you bring me the
book, please?
ekarriko duzu liburua, mesedez? Could you bring the book, please?
Zure izena esango didazu, mesedez? Could you tell me your name, please?
Ariketa:
-eraman ezazu jaka!

-zer?
-jaka eramateko!
-emango didazu mesedez zure telefonoa?

-zer?
-ea zure telefonoa emango didazun
62 / 76 orrialdea
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-Ekar itzazue diskoak.
-emaiezue haien pilota
-emaizkiezue haien pilotak
34. GAIA
Gai honetan, erlatibozko esaldiak (relative phrases) ikasiko ditugu.
Erlatibozko esaldiak egiteko, aditz laguntzaileei -N atxikitzen (atxikitu=to add / to stick) dizkiegu
.
Aditz laguntzailea -A batekin amaitzen bada, -A kentzen dugu, eta -EN ipintzen dugu. Iraganean
(iragana=lehenaldia=past) izaten bada ez dugu ezer egiten, aditz guztiak -N batekin amaitzen
direlako.Adibideak;
da--> den
gara-->garen
dira-->diren
dut-->dudan
dit-->didan
ginen-->ginen
zidan-->zidan
duzu-->duzun
Adibideak;
EUSKARA E GLISH
Zorabiatu deN mutila Oier da The boy WHO has made sick is Oier.
gustatzen zaizuN neska ez da etorri (hau The girl WHO you like has not come (what a pity!)
pena!)
gustatzen zitzaizun neska etorri da (zorionak!) The girl WHICH you liked has come (congratulations!)
nor da gustatzen zaizuN neska? Who is the girl (WHICH) you like?
Bilbora joan zeN laguna kokolo bat da The friend (WHO) went to Bilbao is a silly one
Bilbora etorri nahi zueN neska bere ahizpa da The girl WHO wanted to came to Bilbao is his/her sister
Bilbora etorri nahi duen neskak ikusi nau The girl WHO wants to came to Bilbao has seen me
Bilbora etorri nahi duten neskek ikusi naute The girls WHO want to came to Bilbao has seen me
Bilbora etorri nahi duten neskak beltzaranak The girls WHO want to came to Bilbao are black-haired
dira
Bilbora etorri nahi duenak ikusi nau The one WHO wants to come to Bilbao has seen me
Bilbora etorri nahi dutenek ikusi naute The ones WHO want to come to Bilbao have seen me
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Bilbora etorri nahi duena beltzarana da The one WHO wants to come to Bilbao is black-haired
Bilbora etorri nahi dutenak ilegorriak dira The ones WHO want to come to Bilbao are red-haired
Oparia eman didan laguna Andoni da The friend WHO has given me the gift is Andoni
Oparia eman zidan laguna Andoni da The friend WHO gave me the gift is Andoni
Adibideak;
-Gustatzen zaion mutila nire auzokoa da. (auzo=neighborhood, auzokoa=neighboring)
-non dago Fernandok eman dizun erlojua? (erloju=clock)

-Fernando eman didan erlojua mahai gainean dago.
-non dago ekarri nizun argazkia? (argazki=photo)

-Ekarri zenidan argazkia nire poltsikoan dago (poltsiko=pocket).
35. GAIA
Orain tokatzen zaigun aditza BALDINTZA (baldintza=condition, conditional) da. Baldintzako
esaldi bat egiteko bi motako (mota=kind) aditzak erabiltzen ditugu, BALDINTZA eta
ONDORIOA (ondorio=consequence). Lehenik (lehenik=first) IZAN aditza ikusiko dugu (baldintza
eta ondorioa).
In order to build the conditional, we add the -ko/-go suffix to the main verb (just like in the future
tenses). The BALDINTZA is the condition to be fulfilled, and when it is fulfilled the ONDORIO
(consequence) can be carried out.
IZA
OR BALDI TZA O DORIOA
ni banintza nintzateke
zu bazina zinateke
hura balitza litzateke
gu bagina ginateke
zuek bazinate zinatekete
haiek balira lirateke
Adibideak;
EUSKARA E GLISH
Ni alkatea banintza hau Txiki kalea If I was major, this street would be Txiki street
litzateke
Arinago helduko balitza ni poztuko If he/she/it arived earlier, I would make happy
nintzateke
Beranduago helduko bagina lagunak If we arrived later, the friends would go
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joango lirateke
lorontzi jausiko balitza apurtuko litzateke If the vase fell, it would break.
Adibideak;
-Gernikara joango banintza, Genikako Arbolara joango nintzateke.
-Harekin egongo banintza, Legutiora joango ginateke.
-San Juan de Gaztelugatxen egongo balira, ondo egongo lirateke.
36. GAIA
Baldintza eta ondorioa ikusiko dugu UKAN aditzarekin;
ORK BALDI TZA O DORIO

nik banu nuke
banitu nituzke
zuk bazinu zenuke
bazenitu zenituzke
hark balu luke
balitu lituzke
guk bagenu genuke
bagenitu genituzke
zuek bazenute zenukete
bazenituzke zenituzkete
haiek balute lukete
balituzke lituzkete
Bai baldintzak, bai ondorioak (either the baldintza or the ondorio) iraganeko antza
(antza=similarity) daukate.
65 / 76 orrialdea
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NOR-NORI aditza baldintzan;
ORI BALDI TZA O DORIO

niri balitzait litzaidake
balitzaizkit litzaizkidake
zuri balitzaizu litzaizuke
balitzaizkizu litzaizkizuke
hari balitzaio litzaioke
balitzaizkio litzaizkioke
guri balitzaigu litzaiguke
balitzaikigu litzaizkiguke
zuei balitzaizue litzaizueke
balitzaizkizue litzaizkizueke
haiei balitzaie litzaieke
balitzaizkie litzaizkieke
Taulak;
ORI BALDI TZA O DORIOA

niri t da
zuri zu zu
hari o o
balitzai (zki) litzai (zki) KE
guri gu gu
zuei zue zue
haiei e e
Adibideak;
EUSKARA E GLISH
-Zer egingo zenuke giltzak lurrera jausiko -What would you do if the keys fell (to you) to
balitzaizkizuke? the floor?
-Jausiko balitzaizkidake lurretik hartuko -If they fell, I would take them from the floor.
nituzke.
Hark azterketa ekarriko balu guk egingo If he/she/it carried the exam, we would do it
genuke
Beranduago helduko balira, autobusa joango If they arrived later, the bus would go (to them)
litzaieke
Irakasleak aginduko balu, guk etxerako lana If the teacher ordered (it), we would have to do
egin beharko genuke The homework (etxerako lana=”work for home”
homework))
Gustatuko litzaidake Zarautzen egotea I would like to be at Zarautz
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Adibideak;
-Txakurra azkarrago joango balitza, ihes egingo (ihes egin=to escape) litzaizueke.
-Zer egingo zenuke txakurra ihes egingo balitzaigu?
-Txakurra ihes egingo balitzaizueke, nik harrapatuko (harrapatu=to take / to catch) nuke.
37. GAIA
Azkenik (azkenik=finally) NOR-NORI-NORK aditzaren "baldintza" eta "ondorioa" ikusiko dugu.
ORI BALDI TZA

ORK
NIK --- banizu banio --- banizue banie
--- banizkizu banizkio --- banixkizue banizkie
ZUK bazenit --- bazenio bazenigu --- bazenie
bazenizkit --- bazenizkio bazenizkigu --- bazenizkie
HARK balit balizu balio baligu balizue balie
balizkit balizkizu balizkio balizkigu balizkizu balizkie
GUK --- bagenizu bagenio --- bagenizue bagenie
--- bagenizkizu bagenizkio --- bagenizkizue bagenizkie
ZUEK bazenidate --- bazeniote bazenigute --- bazeniete
bazenizkidate --- bazenizkiote bazenizkigute --- bazenizkiete
HAIEK balidate balizute baliote baligute balizuete baliete
balizkidate balizkizute balizkiote balizkigute balizkizuete balizkiete
Eta hona hemen (hona hemen=right here) taula eskematikoa;
ORK ZER/ OR (sing/plur) ORI

ni t/d
zeni zu
li o
BA geni (ZKI) gu
zeni___te zue
li___te e
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Eta ondorioa ondokoa izango litzateke;
O DORIOA
NORI
NORK
NIK --- nizuke nioke --- nizueke nieke
--- nizkizuke nizkioke --- nizkizueke nizkieke
ZUK zenidake --- zenioke zeniguke --- zenieke
zenizkidake --- zenizkioke zenizkiguk --- zenizkieke
HARK lidake lizuke lioke liguke lizueke lieke
lizkidake lizkizuke lizkioke lizkiguke lizkizueke lizkieke
GUK --- genizuke genioke --- genizueke genieke
--- genizkizueke genizkioke --- genizkizueke genizkieke
ZUEK zenidakete --- zeniokete zenigukete --- zeniekete
zenizkidakete --- zenizkiokete zenizkigukete --- zenizkiekete
HAIEK lidakete lizukete liokete ligukete lizuekete liekete
lizkidakete lizkizukete lizkiokete lizkigukete lizkizuekete lizkiekete
Taula eskamatikoa;
ORK OR (sing/plur) ORI

ni da
zeni zu
li o
geni (ZKI) gu KE
zeni___te zue
li___te e
Taula hau eta aurrekoa (aurrekoa=the previous one) oso (oso=very) antzekoak (antzeko=similar)
dira.
Adibideak;
EUSKARA E GLISH
Gutuna emango bazenidake nik Josuri emango If you (sing.) gave me the letter I would give it to Josu
nioke
Egia esango bazenigute gozokiak emango If you (plur) told us the true, we would give you
genizkizueke the sweets
Gertatu dena esango bazenioke, diskoak ekarriko If you (sing.) told him/her what has happened,
lizkizuke he/she would bring the records to you
Adibideak;
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-Zer emango zenidake edalontzioa emango banizu?

-Edalontzia emango bazenit nik gatzontzia emango nizuke
-Haiek guri hiztegia (hiztegi=dictionary) ekarriko baligute, guk haiei hormirudiak (horma=wall,
irudi=image hormirudi=poster) eramango genizkioke.
38. GAIA
Gai honetan BALDINTZA eta ONDORIOA berrikusiko (berri=new) (ikusi=to see)
(berrikusi=review / revise) ditugu;
Izan aditza;
IZA
OR BALDI TZA O DORIOA
ni banintza nintzateke
zu bazina zinateke
hura balitza litzateke
gu bagina ginateke
zuek bazinate zinatekete
haiek balira lirateke
Ukan (NOR-NORK) aditza;
ORK BALDI TZA O DORIO

nik banu nuke
banitu nituzke
zuk bazinu zenuke
bazenitu zenituzke
hark balu luke
balitu lituzke
guk bagenu genuke
bagenitu genituzke
zuek bazenute zenukete
bazenituzke zenituzkete
haiek balute lukete
balituzke lituzkete
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NOR-NORI aditza;
ORI BALDI TZA O DORIO

niri balitzait litzaidake
balitzaizkit litzaizkidake
zuri balitzaizu litzaizuke
balitzaizkizu litzaizkizuke
hari balitzaio litzaioke
balitzaizkio litzaizkioke
guri balitzaigu litzaiguke
balitzaikigu litzaizkiguke
zuei balitzaizue litzaizueke
balitzaizkizue litzaizkizueke
haiei balitzaie litzaieke
balitzaizkie litzaizkieke
Taula;
ORI BALDI TZA O DORIOA

niri t da
zuri zu zu
hari balitzai (zki) o litzai (zki) o KE
guri gu gu
zuei zue zue
haiei e e
70 / 76 orrialdea
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NOR-NORI-NORK aditza;
ORI BALDI TZA

ORK
NIK --- banizu banio --- banizue banie
--- banizkizu banizkio --- banixkizue banizkie
ZUK bazenit --- bazenio bazenigu --- bazenie
bazenizkit --- bazenizkio bazenizkigu --- bazenizkie
HARK balit balizu balio baligu balizue balie
balizkit balizkizu balizkio balizkigu balizkizu balizkie
GUK --- bagenizu bagenio --- bagenizue bagenie
--- bagenizkizu bagenizkio --- bagenizkizue bagenizkie
ZUEK bazenidate --- bazeniote bazenigute --- bazeniete
bazenizkidate --- bazenizkiote bazenizkigute --- bazenizkiete
HAIEK balidate balizute baliote baligute balizuete baliete
balizkidate balizkizute balizkiote balizkigute balizkizuete balizkiete
Taula;
ORK ZER/ OR (sing/plur) ORI

ni t/d
zeni zu
li o
BA geni (ZKI) gu
zeni___te zue
li___te e
O DORIOA
NORI
NORK
NIK --- nizuke nioke --- nizueke nieke
--- nizkizuke nizkioke --- nizkizueke nizkieke
ZUK zenidake --- zenioke zeniguke --- zenieke
zenizkidake --- zenizkioke zenizkiguk --- zenizkieke
HARK lidake lizuke lioke liguke lizueke lieke
lizkidake lizkizuke lizkioke lizkiguke lizkizueke lizkieke
GUK --- genizuke genioke --- genizueke genieke
--- genizkizueke genizkioke --- genizkizueke genizkieke
ZUEK zenidakete --- zeniokete zenigukete --- zeniekete
zenizkidakete --- zenizkiokete zenizkigukete --- zenizkiekete
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HAIEK lidakete lizukete liokete ligukete lizuekete liekete

lizkidakete lizkizukete lizkiokete lizkigukete lizkizuekete lizkiekete
Taula eskamatikoa;
ORK OR (sing/plur) ORI

ni da
zeni zu
li o
geni (ZKI) gu KE
zeni___te zue
li___te e
39. GAIA
The last tense we will learn is the subjunctive, and only for the IZAN and UKAN verbs (with
another verbs is not very used). The subjunctive is a mood that represent an act or state (not as a
fact but) as contingent or possible.
IZA
NI naitezan
ZU zaitezan
HURA Dadin
GU Gaitezan
ZUEK zaiteztezan
HAIEK daitezan
And the UKAN verb;
UKA
ORK
SI G PLUR
NIK dezadan ditzadan
ZUK dezazun ditzazun
HARK dezan ditzan
GUK dezagun ditzagun
ZUEK dezazuen ditzazuen
HAIEK dezaten ditzaten
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Taula ondokoa izan ahal da;
ORK OR (SI G/PLUR) ORK

nik da
zuk zu
hark ---
guk DEZA/DITZA gu N
zuek zue
haiek te
Adibideak;
EUSKARA E GLISH
joan gaitezan Lesakara Let’s go to Lesaka
etor daitezan menditik Come (they) from the mountain
egin duzuna ikus dezagun Let’s see what you have done
argazkiak ikus ditzaten See (they) the pictures
Gelditzeko esan digu hitz egin dezagun (They) have told us to stay to speak
Ekarri gaitu aspertu gaitezan (He/She/it) has brought us to get bored
ekarri gaitu hitz egin dezagun (He/She/it) has brought us to speak
hitz egin dezagun Let’s speak
Ikusten dugu, ahaleran bezala (bezala=like), -i batekin amaitzen diren aditzetan, -i kentzen dugula.
Salbuespen (salbuespen=exception) modura (salbuespen modura=as an exception), "joan gaitezan"
esan beharrean (esan beharrean=instead of saying) "goazen" esaten dugu. Beraz (beraz=therefore),
GOAZE =JOA GAITEZA , eta "joan gaitezan" txarto (txarto=bad/wrong) dago.
Ariketa;
73 / 76 orrialdea
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Pelikula ikus dezagun
Pelikulak ikus ditzagun
goazen Tafallara!
Azkar etorri daitezan
40. GAIA
Gai honetan, eta hurrengoetan (hurrengo=following), ikastaroan zehar (ikastaro-an zehar=through
the course) ahaztu (ahaztu=to forget) zaizkidan kontu (kontu=matter) batzuk (batzuk=some)
ikusiko ditugu.
Nola esatan da euskaraz "tired"? ba galdera hau erantzuteko (erantzun=to answer), "-ta" erabiltzen
dugula esango dugu.
Adibidez;
ADITZA OLA? E GLISH HOW?

Nekatu nekatuta To tire Tired
jaitsi jaitsita To wake up Awake
lo egi lo eginda To sleep Asleep
izutu izututa To frighten Frightened
itxi itxita To lock Locked
Tokiak (toki=place) adierazteko (adierazi=to express), ondoko hauek erabiltzen ditugu;
O ORA O DIK O GOA E GLISH

hemen hona hemendik hemengoa Here, to here, from here, from here
hor horra hortik horkoa There, to there, from there, from there
We use "nondik" when there is movement, i.e. "hortik nator"="I come from there ". And "nongoa"
is used to express origin with no movement, i.e. "nongoa da Maitane?"="Where is Maitane from?.
BEZALA=LIKE
MODUA =MODURA=AS / LIKE A
Adibidez;
EUSKARA E GLISH
txakur modura igeri egiten du He/she/it swims like a dog
txakurrak bezala jaten du He/she/it eats like dogs (jan=to eat)
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zapia txano modura jarri du He/she has dressed the scarf as a hat
BEHARREA =I STEAD OF
With the "beharrean" word no aditz laguntzaile is added to the main verb.
Adibidez;
EUSKARA E GLISH
gurekin etorri beharrean INSTEAD OF coming with us, they have gone to
Gazteizera joan dira Gazteiz
niri liburua eman beharrean INSTEAD OF giving me the book, they have given
besteei eman diete it to the other people.
esan didazuna esan beharrean INSTEAD OF telling me what you have told me,
egia esan beharko zenuke you would have to tell the true
41. GAIA
Aditz laguntzailari - EZ gehituz gero, erderazko (erdera=any non basque language) "AS" lortzen
(lortu=to achieve) dugu.
Adibidez;
EUSKARA E GLISH
berandu etorri zareteNEZ, ez As you have arrived late, you will not have dinner
duzue afalduko
hain lotsatia denez, ez du ezer esango As he/she is so shy, he/she will not say anything
azterketa gaizki egin zuenez, As he/she did badly the exam, he/she will not
ez du gaindituko pass it
Aditz laguntzailari -E EA gehituz gero, erderazko "WHEN" lortzen dugu. Baina iraganean -LA
gehitzen da. Adibidez;
EUSKARA E GLISH
heltzen direNEAN esaiezu Tell it to them WHEN they arrive
heltzen direnean nik esango diet I will tell it to them WHEN they arrive
heltzen zireLA Urko joan zen WHEN they arrived Urko went
esan zidatela flipatu nintzen I was crazy WHEN they told it to me
eman niola zabaldu zuen He/She opened it WHEN I gave it to him/her
With relative phrases, if the main verb is in negative, - IK is added to the aditz laguntzaile
75 / 76 orrialdea
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of the secondary verb, no –LA is added.

Adibidez;
EUSKARA E GLISH
ez dakit etorriko direnik I do not know whether they will come
badakit etorri direla I yet know that they have come
badakit ez direla etorri I yet know that they have not come
ez dakit etorri direnik I do not know whether they have come
ez dakit etorri zirenik I do not know whether they came
ez dit esan etorriko zenik He/she has not told me whether he/she is to come
ez zuen aipatu egia zenik He/she did not mention whether it was true
ez dut esango nork egin behar duenik I will not say who has to do it
ez dut esango nork egin behar ez duenik I will not say who has not to do it
esango dut nork egin behar duen I will say who has to do it
esango dut nork egin behar ez duen I will say who has not to do it
Azkenik, esango dugu esaldi konposatuetan, bakarrik behin batean ipini daitekela aditz
laguntzailea.
Aditzaren denbora (denbora=time/tense) azken aditzaren aditz laguntzaileak esaten digu.
Adibidez;
EUSKARA E GLISH
Etxera joan, armarioa zabaldu, prakak ipini eta
I went home, open the wardrobe, dress the trousers and go to the
berriro kalera joan nintzen street again
bapatean baloiari eman eta gola sartu zuen He/she suddenly kicked the ball and made goal
oraintxe bertan etxera joan eta zure diskoa I go home right now and bring you your record
ekarriko dizut
Orain telefonoa hartu eta deitzen diot I take now the pone and call him/her
76 / 76 orrialdea

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www.aprendereuskera.

Euskara Euskara jalgi hadi Plazara

March 2009, Dundee, Scotland

ewspaper www.berria.info The only one which is published completely in

Television ETB-1, ETB-Sat We could watch TV and listen to the radio in

Su ta Gar, Latzen, Heavy & rock, they are very good

Mikel Markez, Singer-songwriters, very beautiful songs.

Skalariak, Betagarri Ska

1. Gaia (1st Lesson)

Euskara English Example

IZA (to be)

ni Gorka naiz I am Gorka (my name is Gorka)

Zelan? / Zer moduz? How are you?

A translation of the following sentences could be a good ariketa (exercise);

Kaixo, ni John naiz

Gu Gazteizkoak gara (Gasteiz is Vitoria, a basque city)

Zuek Iruñakoak zarete (Iruñea is Pamplona, a basque city)

Haiek Tuterakoak dira (Tutera is Tudela)

hura maisua da (“maisua” means teacher)

zu medikua zara (“medikua” means doctor)

2. Gaia (2nd Lesson)

The subject can be omitted.

EUSKARA English POSSIBLE A SWERS

We build the negative sentences as shown below;

We can say again that the subject can be omitted;

In the next ariketa (exercise) we have to translate the next texts;

-Egun on!, ni Walter naiz, eta zu?

-Arratsalde on! ni Fred naiz, eta zuek, nortzuk zarete?

-Kaixo, ni Cristine naiz, eta zu, zu garraiolaria zara?

3. Gaia (3rd Lesson)

Verb ending ACTIO ADIBIDEZ = FOR EXAMPLE

-Kaixo Ed, non dago Katty?

-Bai, gu Iruñean, Gaztelu Plazan (Plaza=Square) paseatzen(paseatu=to take a walk)

-non dago China?

-Bilboko Kafe Antzokian gaude?

-kalean (kale=street) zaude?

4. Gaia (4th Lesson)

nora zoazte? Where do you go to? (plural)

-nora zoaz orain (orain=now)?

-komunetik (komuna=toilet) nator, agur ama

Lolita pelikula bat hartzera doa

Lolita peilkula bat hartzetik dator

5.Gaia (5th Lesson)

EUSK. E GL EUSK. E GL EUSK. E GL

Eta NIREA etxean dago And MINE is at home

-ire kotxea gorria (gorri=red) da, eta zurea?

-orena da arkatza (arkatza=the pencil)?

-on dago gure txakurra (txaku=dog) ?

6. Gaia (6th Lesson)

Ezkerran On the left (ezkerra=left)

EUSKARA English (posible translations)

-ortzuk dira zure ondokoak?

-eta praka horiek? - And those trousers?

-orena da karpeta (folder) hau?

-or da neska hori?

-Kamioi hau Michaelena da.

-Txakur horiek kalean daude.

the nouns always go on the left. Examples:

20 hogei 40 berrogei 60 hirurogei 80 laurogei

-ire kotxea gorria (gorri=red) da, eta zurea?

-orena da arkatza (arkatza=the pencil)?

-on dago gure txakurra (txaku=dog) ?

-ortzuk dira zure ondokoak?

-orena da karpeta (folder) hau?

-or da neska hori?

-or da zure lehengusuaren arreba?

AZKE HIZKIA (last GEHITU (we ADIBIDEAK

-oria (noria=big wheel) zorabiatu egiten naiz, eta zu?

AHAL = CA/TO BE ABLE (ahal, ahal izan, ahal izango)

-oiz da zure urtebetzea?

-oizean behin pasatzen da autobusa?

-oiz egon zara Barakaldon?

-ora joan zineten larunbatean?

-ork egin zuen afaria (afari=dinner)?

-ora eramaten zigun botila?