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    Photo Electric Effect

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    Abdullah Zafar
    The photoelectric effect occurs when electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter, ejecting electrons from the material. Einstein's explanation that light consists of discrete quanta called photons helped explain experimental observations that could not be explained by the classical wave theory of light. The minimum frequency of incident light required to eject electrons is called the threshold frequency, and is dependent on the material. The kinetic energy of ejected electrons depends on the frequency but not the intensity of incident light. [END SUMMARY]

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    Photo Electric Effect

    Uploaded by

    Abdullah Zafar
    84 views19 pages
    The photoelectric effect occurs when electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter, ejecting electrons from the material. Einstein's explanation that light consists of discrete quanta called photons helped explain experimental observations that could not be explained by the classical wave theory of light. The minimum frequency of incident light required to eject electrons is called the threshold frequency, and is dependent on the material. The kinetic energy of ejected electrons depends on the frequency but not the intensity of incident light. [END SUMMARY]

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    The photoelectric effect occurs when electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter, ejecting electrons from the material. Einstein's explanation that light consists of discrete quanta called photons helped explain experimental observations that could not be explained by the classical wave theory of light. The minimum frequency of incident light required to eject electrons is called the threshold frequency, and is dependent on the material. The kinetic energy of ejected electrons depends on the frequency but not the intensity of incident light. [END SUMMARY]

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    84 views19 pages

    Photo Electric Effect

    Uploaded by

    Abdullah Zafar
    The photoelectric effect occurs when electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter, ejecting electrons from the material. Einstein's explanation that light consists of discrete quanta called photons helped explain experimental observations that could not be explained by the classical wave theory of light. The minimum frequency of incident light required to eject electrons is called the threshold frequency, and is dependent on the material. The kinetic energy of ejected electrons depends on the frequency but not the intensity of incident light. [END SUMMARY]

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 19

    Presentation by

     Bilal Hassan
     Muhammad Madni
     Abdullah Zafar
     Zain ul Abidin
     Malaika Jmeel
     Afia khan
     Fakhra Zafar
    Photo Electric Effect

    defination:

    The phenomenon in which electro magnetic raddiation i.e light of


    suitable frequency is incident on metal surface to rip out the electrons from its
    surface is called as Photoelectric Effect.
    These electro magnetic radiation may be x-rays, gamma rays, u.v rays and infra
    red rays etc.
    Historical background:
    Hienrich hertz firstly discovered this effect in 1887 during his research about
    electromagnetic radiation. He observed that on absporption of certain frequencies of
    light substances would give off a visible spark and this spark was later identified as
    electrons.
    Then in1902 Phillip Lenard made an experimental setup and explained this effect very
    well and he also study the effect of intensity on photo electrons.
    In 1905 Albert einstein gave his theory that light has dual nature like wave and particle
    nature and it transfer from one place to another in discontinuous manner i.e in the form
    of energy packets named as photons. he also proposed the photoelectric equation by
    using Max planck equation(E=hf) which he proposed in 1900.
    The photoelectric equation is such that:
    K.E=hf-
     Lenard experimental setup
    Source of light
    Evacuated glass tube
    Two metal plate i.e emitter and collector
    Ammeter for measuring the current
    Battery for supplying potential
    Work function: Metal Work function(ev)
    Sodium (Na) 2.4
    The minimum amount of
    Potasium (k) 2.3
    energy required to to rip out an electron
    from metal surface is called work function. Aluminium(Al) 4.2
    It is denoted by Copper(cu) 4.6
    Every metal has its own particular work Zinc (zn) 3.6
    function.

    Threshold frequency:
    the minimum frequency of
    incident light at which photoelectric effect
    occurs is called as threshold frequency.
    According to the photo electric equation of
    Einstein:
    h(f-fo)=1/2mv2 (1)
    where fo is the thres hold frequency.
    Graph b/w threshold frequency and K.E

    From above equation no (1) we can conclude that:


     If f<fo – K.E is negative i.e . No emission of electrons
     If f=fo – K.E is zero i.e. emission of electron just begin
     If f>fo – K.E is possitive i.e. emission of electron takes place
    Saturation Current
    The limiting current through an electron tube such that
    further increase of voltage produces no further increase in current is called as
    Saturation current.
    On increasing positive potential on anode w.r.t cathode more and more electron
    are attracted toward anode and photo current increases until it reaches to the
    saturation value.
    Stopping Potential
    the minimum magnitude of negative potential on anode w.r.t
    cathode which can just stop the photo current is called as stopping potential or
    stopping voltage. It represented by vo and its mathematical formula is:
     vo=Kmax/e
     stopping potential is independent of intensity of the light.
     it depends on the frequency of light as we can see it in both graph.
    Effect of intensity on photo electric effect
    According to Classical wave theory:
    If we use dim light i.e light of low intensity it will produce electron having less K.E and
    bright light will produce electron have high K.E.
    But experiment shows that the kinetic energy of light does not depend on intensity.

    As the graph shows that the


    stopping potential is same
    for high and low intensity

    So by increasing the intensity the photo current increases but the kinetic energy of the
    electrons remains unafffected.
    Effect of frequency on photoelectric effect
    According to Classical wave theory:
    The light of any frequency can cause photoelectric effect.
    But in experiments has proved it wrong.
    As the suitable frequency required for photo electric effect which is called as threshold frequency
    which we have discussed above.
    frequency is direcltly related to the kinetic energy of electrons and it can not effect the emission of
    electrons.
    Time-Delay problem in wave theory
    According to Classical wave theory:
    If we use light having frequency below the Threshold frequency it will take
    some time to produce photoelectric effect.
    As electron will continuously absorb energy of light.
    After some time it would be able to jump from the valance shell of material.
    But experimentally it had been seen that there is no time-delay in producing
    photoelectric effect.
    photoelectric effect is an instantenous process as we throw the light of
    suitable frequency then electrons are ejected from it.
    Calculations and Observations
    Effect of Area on photo electric current:
    At voltage of -4.8v at voltage of – 2.9v
    Area (cm2) Current(uA) Area(cm2) Current(uA)

    0.2 1.20 0.3 4.65

    0.4 2.40 0.4 6.21

    O.5 3.01 0.5 7.76


    Effect of intensity on current

    at the voltage of -4.2v

    Intensity(w/ Current(uA)
    m2)

    5 0.9
    10 1.8
    15 2.7
    20 3.61
    25 4.51
    30 5.41
    Application
    Photo Cell:
    it is the best application of photo electric effect.
    defination:
    A device which converts light energy into
    electrical energy is called the photo cell.
    Principle:
    works on the principal of photo electric effect.
    Working:
    When light of suitable frequency is allowed to fall on
    photo emotive cathode C, the photo electrons are
    emitted and current flow through the external circuit/
    Load Resistor. The potential difference across the load
    is used to operate the system.
    Uses of photo cell:
    1) it is used In reproduction of sound which is recorded on
    a movie film
    2) Used in exposure meter for having a good photograph.
    3) It used in burgler alarm. This device is kept near a safe
    to be protected from a thief.
    4) It used in lux-meter to determine the intensity of light

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