Electrical Apparatus and Devices

Ailes, Pel Martine A.
BSEE-3C
Electrical Apparatus & Devices

Prelim Examination
1. What is a transformer and explain how does it works?

 Transformers, in the simplest form, are electromagnetic devices that are used to transform power. The
core of the transformer works to direct the path of the magnetic field between the primary and
secondary coils to prevent wasted energy. Once the magnetic field reaches the secondary coil, it forces
the electrons within it to move, creating an electric current via electromotive force (EMF).
2. What are the different type of transformer and explain its function and purposes?
 A power transformer is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit to another
without changing frequency.
 A autotransformer, the primary and secondary windings of an Autotransformer are linked together both
electrically and magnetically reducing the cost over conventional transformers.
 Transformers for feed installations with static converters: These are used for converting AC to DC and
also DC to AC. The first one is used for rectification purposes and the second one for inversion purposes.
 Testing transformers: These are used to conduct tests at high and ultra-high voltages.
 Power transformers for special applications: These are used in furnaces, welding and so on.
 Radio transformers: These are used in radio engineering and similar purposes.
3. What are the important requirement of transformer winding?
 The windings must be economical.
 The heating conditions of the windings should satisfy standard requirements.
 The windings must have good mechanical strength to combat the force that originates due to short
circuit.
 The windings must have the necessary electrical strength during over-voltage. The following are the two
different types of windings: Concentric windings and sandwich windings.
4. What is a transformer bushing and why it is provided?
 A transformer bushing is an insulating structure that facilitates the passage of an energized, current-
carrying conductor through the grounded tank of the transformer. The conductor may be built in to the
bushing, a bottom-connected bushing, or the bushing may be built with the provision for a separate
conductor to be drawn through its centre or draw-lead or draw-rod bushing.
5. What are the type of cooling system for oil immersed transformer and explain the method of cooling system?
 Oil Natural Air Natural, natural convection process is used for this type of cooling. The assembly of the
core and windings are placed in the oil-immersed tank. As the core and the windings heat up the
temperature of the oil in the transformer rises. As a result, the oil moves upward and flows from the
upper portion of the transformer tank. This hot oil dissipates heat in the air by natural convection and
conduction process, the oil gets cooled by the circulation of natural air and passes through the radiator
again for the use of the transformer.
 Oil Natural Air Forced, ONAF method is used for the cooling of the transformer of rating up to 60 Mega
volts ampere. As discussed above that in ONAN method, the dissipation of heat is taking place by the
convection process in which air is naturally circulated to cool down, but in this type, the forced air is
used for the purpose of cooling the transformer.
 Oil Forced Air Forced, both the oil and the air are applied by force for cooling of a transformer. The Heat
Exchanger is installed through which hot oil is circulated with the help of a pump. Air is forced to pass on
the heat exchanger with the help of high-speed fans.
 Oil Natural Water Forced, the transformer core and the windings are immersed in the oil tank. A
radiator is installed outside the tank, as the temperature rises and the oil heats up and moves upward,
the heat is dissipated by the natural process of convection and oil is passed through the radiator, but the
water is pumped and passed through the heat exchanger for cooling of the oil.
 Oil Forced Water Forced, A heat exchanger is installed through which both oil and water are passed
with the help of a pump. The level and pressure of the oil are always kept higher than that of water so
that if any leakage occurs in the system the oil mixes with the water, but water does not get mixed up
with the oil.
6.
Given:
A = 20cm x 20cm = 400 x 10-4 m2
Bmax = 1.3 Wb/m2
f = 50 Hz
E1 = 11000 V; E2 = 550 V
Stacking Factor = 0.9
Solution:
Φmax = 1.3 x 400 x 10-4 x 0.9 = 0.0468Wb
E1 = 4.44fΦmaxN1
1100 = 4.44 x 50 x 0.0468 x N1
11000
N1 = = 1058.75
4.44 × 50× 0.0468
E2 550
N2 = × N1= ×1059=52.95
E1 11000
E 1 11000
E.M.F per turn = = =10.387V
N1 550
7.
Solution:
N E1 220
Primary Turns, 1=¿ = =200¿
1.1 1.1
N E2 550
Secondary Turns, 1=¿ = =500¿
1.1 1.1
Core Area A, E1 = 4.44fΦmaxN1
200 = 4.44 x 50 x Φmax x 200
200
Φmax = =0.00495
4.44 × 50× 200
Φmax 0.00495 2 2
A= = =0.004504 m =45.04 cm
Bmax 1.1

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Ailes, Pel Martine A.

Electrical Apparatus & Devices

1. What is a transformer and explain how does it works?

1100 = 4.44 x 50 x 0.0468 x N1

Core Area A, E1 = 4.44fΦmaxN1

200 = 4.44 x 50 x Φmax x 200

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