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    Induction Motors

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    Janiel Malit
    The document discusses induction motors. It begins by defining an induction motor as an AC motor that converts AC power into mechanical power through electromagnetic induction. It then describes the basic principle of operation, where a rotating magnetic field in the stator induces currents in the rotor. The document classifies induction motors based on their principle of operation, type of current used, speed characteristics, and structural features. It then discusses the two main types of induction motors - squirrel cage and wound rotor - comparing their characteristics, applications, and performance. The document concludes by providing examples of calculations related to induction motors, such as determining slip speed, rotor EMF and reactance, and sample circuit analysis problems.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Induction Motors

    Uploaded by

    Janiel Malit
    155 views24 pages
    The document discusses induction motors. It begins by defining an induction motor as an AC motor that converts AC power into mechanical power through electromagnetic induction. It then describes the basic principle of operation, where a rotating magnetic field in the stator induces currents in the rotor. The document classifies induction motors based on their principle of operation, type of current used, speed characteristics, and structural features. It then discusses the two main types of induction motors - squirrel cage and wound rotor - comparing their characteristics, applications, and performance. The document concludes by providing examples of calculations related to induction motors, such as determining slip speed, rotor EMF and reactance, and sample circuit analysis problems.

    Original Description:

    by Gerard Ang

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The document discusses induction motors. It begins by defining an induction motor as an AC motor that converts AC power into mechanical power through electromagnetic induction. It then describes the basic principle of operation, where a rotating magnetic field in the stator induces currents in the rotor. The document classifies induction motors based on their principle of operation, type of current used, speed characteristics, and structural features. It then discusses the two main types of induction motors - squirrel cage and wound rotor - comparing their characteristics, applications, and performance. The document concludes by providing examples of calculations related to induction motors, such as determining slip speed, rotor EMF and reactance, and sample circuit analysis problems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    155 views24 pages

    Induction Motors

    Uploaded by

    Janiel Malit
    The document discusses induction motors. It begins by defining an induction motor as an AC motor that converts AC power into mechanical power through electromagnetic induction. It then describes the basic principle of operation, where a rotating magnetic field in the stator induces currents in the rotor. The document classifies induction motors based on their principle of operation, type of current used, speed characteristics, and structural features. It then discusses the two main types of induction motors - squirrel cage and wound rotor - comparing their characteristics, applications, and performance. The document concludes by providing examples of calculations related to induction motors, such as determining slip speed, rotor EMF and reactance, and sample circuit analysis problems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    Module 5

    Induction Motors

    Engr. Gerard Ang


    School of EECE
    AC Motors

    AC Motor - it is a rotating electrical machine which


    converts ac electrical power into mechanical
    power.
    Principle of Operation
    The principle of operation for all AC motors relies on the interaction of
    a revolving magnetic field created in the stator by AC current, with an
    opposing magnetic field either induced on the rotor or provided by a
    separate DC source. The resulting torque produces usable torque,
    which can be coupled to desired loads throughout the facility in a
    convenient manner.
    Classification of AC Motors

    1. According to their principle of operation


    a. Synchronous motor – plain and super
    b. Asynchronous motor
    b.1. Induction motors
     Squirrel cage induction motor
     Wound-rotor induction motor
    b.2. Commutator motor
     Series motor – single phase, universal
     Compensated motor – conductive, inductive
     Shunt motor – single, compensated
     Repulsion motor – straight, compensated
     Repulsion-start induction motor
     Repulsion induction motor
    Classification of AC Motors
    2. According to the type of current
    a. single phase
    b. three-phase

    3. According to their speed


    a. constant speed
    b. variable speed
    c. adjustable speed

    4. According to their structural features


    a. Open
    b. Enclosed
    c. Semi-enclosed
    d. Ventilated
    e. Pipe-ventilated
    f. Riveted frame
    Electric Motor Family Tree
    Induction Motors

    Induction Motor (1-φ, 3-φ) – it


    is one in which the motor field is
    induced by currents flowing thru
    the motor. The rotor has no
    connection whatsoever to the
    supply circuit.

    Principle of Operation
    The induction motor derives its name from the fact that ac
    voltages are induced in the rotor circuit by the rotating magnetic field
    of the stator. In many ways, induction in this motor is similar to the
    induction between the primary and secondary windings of a
    transformer. Hence, an induction motor may be treated as a rotating
    transformer.
    General Types of Induction Motor

    a. Squirrel cage induction motor - its


    rotor is self-contained and resembles
    a squirrel cage. The rotor conductors
    are permanently short-circuited by
    end-rings.

    b. Wound rotor or phase wound or


    rotor induction motor or slip-ring
    motors - its rotor has insulated coils
    of wire and resembles a dc armature.
    The rotor conductors are connected
    to slip rings and shorted thru the
    brushes.
    Advantages and Disadvantages of 3-
    Phase Induction Motors
    1. Advantages of 3-phase Induction Motor
     It has a simple, robust and almost unbreakable construction
     It requires minimum care and maintenance.
     Its cost is low and is very reliable
     It has a sufficiently high efficiency
     It has a reasonably good power factor
     It is self-starting

    2. Disadvantages of 3-phase Induction Motor


     Its speed cannot be varied without loss of efficiency
     Its speed decreases with the increase of load
     It has somewhat an inferior starting torque
    Distinction Between Squirrel-Cage
    and Wound Rotor Induction Motors
    Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Wound Rotor Induction Motor
    Copper losses is low Copper losses is high
    Starting torque is low but running Starting torque is higher than squirrel-
    torque is good cage induction motor
    Efficiency is high due to low rotor
    Efficiency is low
    resistance
    Speed can be varied by changing Speed can be varied very slightly by
    poles changing the extra rotor resistance
    Speed is nearly constant but
    More speed falls with load
    slightly falls with load
    Starting current is high Starting current is low
    Applications. Applications.
    It is used where low power is It is only used where high starting
    needed and speed control is not torque is required such as:
    needed such as  Rolling mills
     Printing machinery  Flour mills
     Flour mills  Lifts
     Saw mills  Crane erector
     Lathe
     Blower mills
    Slip
    1. Synchronous speed, NS – it is the speed at which the
    rotating flux rotates.
    Where:
    𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒇 p = number of poles on the rotor
    𝑵𝑺 = f = supply frequency in Hz
    𝑷 NS = synchronous speed in rpm

    2. Rotor speed, NR – it is also called as the actual speed. It is not


    calculated but measured by speedometer or tachometer.

    3. Slip or slip speed – it is the difference between the


    synchronous speed, NS and the actual speed, NR.

    𝒔𝒍𝒊𝒑 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = 𝑵𝑺 − 𝑵𝑹 𝑵𝑹 = 𝑵𝑺 (𝟏 − 𝒔)
    Slip
    4. Percentage slip (%s) - it is the difference between the synchronous
    speed, NS and the actual speed, NR expressed as a percentage of the
    synchronous speed.
    Note:
    𝑵𝑺 − 𝑵𝑹 When the rotor:
    %𝒔 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎% a. Is not rotating (at standstill), s = 1
    𝑵𝑺 b. Is rotating at synchronous speed, s = 0

    5. Measurement of Slip
    The following are the methods used for finding the slip of an
    induction motor
    a. By the actual measurement of motor speed. This method requires
    measurement of actual motor speed and calculation of
    synchronous speed
    b. By comparing rotor and stator supply frequencies
    c. By stroboscopic method
    Frequency of Rotor Current
    The frequency of the rotor current is given by:

    𝒇𝑹 = 𝒔𝒇𝑺

    Where:
    fR = frequency of rotor current
    fS = frequency of supply voltage
    Rotor EMF and Reactance
    The emf the rotor at running conditions is given by:

    𝑬𝑹 = 𝒔𝑭𝑳 𝑬𝑩𝑹

    The reactance of the rotor at running condition is given by:

    𝑿𝑹 = 𝒔𝑭𝑳 𝑿𝑩𝑹 𝒁𝑹 = 𝑹𝑹 + 𝒋𝑿𝑹

    Where: EBR = rotor emf per phase at standstill or blocked rotor


    voltage per phase
    XBR = rotor leakage reactance per phase at standstill or
    blocked rotor reactance
    XR = rotor reactance per phase
    RR = rotor resistance per phase
    ZR = rotor impedance per phase
    Sample Problems
    1. A 4-pole, 3-phase induction motor operates from a
    supply whose frequency is 50 Hz. Calculate: (a) the
    speed at which the magnetic field of the stator is rotating (b)
    the speed of the rotor when the slip is 0.04 (c) the frequency
    of the rotor currents when the slip is 0.03 (d) the frequency of
    the rotor currents at standstill (e) rotor frequency when rotor
    runs at 600 rpm.
    Solution:

    (a) the speed at which the magnetic field of the stator is


    rotating

    120𝑓 120 50
    𝑁𝑆 = 𝑁𝑆 = 𝑵𝑺 = 𝟏, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒑𝒎
    𝑃 4
    (b) the speed of the rotor when the slip is 0.04

    𝑁𝑅 = 𝑁𝑆 (1 − 𝑠) 𝑁𝑅 = 1,500 (1 − 0.04) 𝑵𝑺 = 𝟏, 𝟒𝟒𝟎 𝒓𝒑𝒎

    (c) the frequency of the rotor currents when the slip is 0.03

    𝑓𝑅 = 𝑠𝑓𝑆 𝑓𝑅 = 0.03 50 𝒇𝑹 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑯𝒛

    (d) the frequency of the rotor currents at standstill

    At standstill, s = 1

    𝑓𝑅 = 𝑠𝑓𝑆 𝑓𝑅 = 1 50 𝒇𝑹 = 𝟓𝟎 𝑯𝒛
    (e) rotor frequency when rotor runs at 600 rpm.

    𝑓𝑅 = 𝑠𝑓𝑆

    1,500 − 600
    𝑠= 𝑠 = 0.6
    1,500

    𝑓𝑅 = 0.6 50 𝒇𝑹 = 𝟑𝟎 𝑯𝒛
    Sample Problems
    2. A 3-phase induction motor having a star-connected rotor has
    an induced e.m.f. of 80 volts between slip-rings at standstill
    on open-circuit. The rotor has a resistance and reactance per
    phase of 1 Ω and 4 Ω respectively. Calculate current/phase
    and power factor when (a) slip-rings are short-circuited (b)
    slip-rings are connected to a star-connected rheostat of 3 Ω
    per phase.

    Solution:
    Let 𝐸𝐵𝑅 be the reference voltage
    80
    𝐸𝐵𝑅 = ∠0° 𝑉
    3
    (a) When slip-rings are short-circuited, the motor is at
    standstill condition, hence s = 1

    𝑍𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑗𝑠𝑋𝐵𝑅 𝑍𝑅 = 1 + 𝑗4 Ω

    𝑠𝐸𝐵𝑅 80Τ 3 ∠0°


    𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 =
    𝑍𝑅 1 + 𝑗4

    𝑰𝑹 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟎∠ − 𝟕𝟓. 𝟗𝟔° 𝑨

    𝜃𝐸 𝐵𝑅
    𝑝𝑓 = cos 𝜃 ሿ 𝑝𝑓 = cos 0° − −75.96°
    𝜃𝐼 𝑅

    𝒑𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒 𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈
    (b) When the slip-rings are connected to a star-connected
    rheostat of 3 Ω per phase.

    𝑍𝑅 = 1 + 3 + 𝑗4 = 4 + 𝑗4 Ω

    80Τ 3 ∠0°
    𝐼𝑅 = 𝑰𝑹 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟔∠ − 𝟒𝟓° 𝑨
    4 + 𝑗4

    𝜃𝐸 𝐵𝑅
    𝑝𝑓 = cos 𝜃 ሿ 𝑝𝑓 = cos 0° − −45°
    𝜃𝐼 𝑅

    𝒑𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏 𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈
    Sample Problems
    3. A 1100-V, 50-Hz delta-connected induction motor has a star-
    connected slip-ring rotor with a phase transformation ratio of
    3.8. The rotor resistance and standstill leakage reactance
    are 0.012 ohm and 0.25 ohm per phase respectively.
    Neglecting stator impedance and magnetising current
    determine: (a) the rotor current at start with slip-rings shorted
    (b) the rotor power factor at start with slip-rings shorted (c)
    the rotor current at 4% slip with slip-rings shorted (d) the
    rotor power factor at 4% slip with slip-rings shorted (e) the
    external rotor resistance per phase required to obtain a
    starting current of 100 A in the stator supply lines.
    Solution:

    For the induction motor,

    𝐸𝑆 (𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒) 1,100


    𝑎= 3.8 = 𝐸𝐵𝑅 = 289.47 𝑉
    𝐸𝐵𝑅 (𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒) 𝐸𝐵𝑅

    Let 𝐸𝐵𝑅 be the reference voltage

    𝐸𝐵𝑅 = 289.47∠0° 𝑉

    (a) the rotor current at start with slip-rings shorted (s = 1)

    𝑍𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑗𝑠𝑋𝐵𝑅 𝑍𝑅 = 0.012 + 𝑗0.25 Ω

    𝑠𝐸𝐵𝑅 289.47∠0°
    𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 =
    𝑍𝑅 0.012 + 𝑗0.25

    𝑰𝑹 = 𝟏, 𝟏𝟓𝟔. 𝟓𝟓∠ − 𝟖𝟕. 𝟐𝟓° 𝑨


    (b) the rotor power factor at start with slip-rings shorted
    𝜃𝐸 𝐵𝑅
    𝑝𝑓 = cos 𝜃 ሿ 𝑝𝑓 = cos 0° − −87.25°
    𝜃𝐼 𝑅

    𝒑𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟖 𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈

    (c) the rotor current at 4% slip with slip-rings shorted

    𝑍𝑅 = 0.012 + 𝑗 0.04 0.25 𝑍𝑅 = 0.012 + 𝑗0.01 Ω

    𝑠𝐸𝐵𝑅 0.04 289.47∠0°


    𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 =
    𝑍𝑅 0.012 + 𝑗0.01

    𝑰𝑹 = 𝟕𝟒𝟏. 𝟐𝟔∠ − 𝟑𝟗. 𝟖𝟏° 𝑨


    (d) the rotor power factor at 4% slip with slip-rings
    shorted
    𝑝𝑓 = cos 0° − −39.81° 𝒑𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕 𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈

    (e) the external rotor resistance per phase required to obtain


    a starting current of 100 A in the stator supply lines.

    𝐼𝑅 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝐼𝑅 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡
    𝑎= 3.8 = 𝐼𝑅 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 219.39 𝐴
    𝐼𝑆 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 100Τ 3

    Let Rx be the external rotor resistance per phase


    𝐸𝐵𝑅 289.47
    𝐼𝑅 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 219.39 =
    𝑍𝑅 𝑅𝑋 + 0.012 2 + 0.25 2

    𝑹𝑿 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖 𝛀

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